The Enlightenment and Revolutions Packet

Fighting between colonists and the British army began in April _______________.

1775

In _____ the treaty of Paris recognized the colonies independence.

1783

What does laissez-faire mean, and who explained it in The Wealth of Nations?

Adam Smith explained laissez-faire in The Wealth of Nations. It is the doctrine that the state should not regulate the economy.

The states later approved ten __ to the constitution, known as the __

Amendments, Bill of Rights

The __ of confederation created an excessively __ central government

Articles, Weak

The great war for empire, fought between ________ and France, took place in ______ and north america.

Britain; India

Under the treaty, England gained control of _____, Spanish Florida, and all lands east of the Mississippi. Spain acquired the ______ territory.

Canada; Louisiana

__________________ the Great, who ruled Russia from 1762 to __________________, knew the works of the Enlightenment philosophes.

Catherine; 1796

George Washington was commander in chief of the _______________ army.

Continental

How did Enlightenment philosophy affect government, society, and the arts?

Enlightenment philosophes sought to produce the ideal society and valued reason, natural law, equality, and freedom; the separation of powers, laissez-faire, the social contract, religious tolerance, rights for women, deism, salons, and the growth of publishing and reading; in the arts, the rococo style expressed grace, charm, lightness, and pleasure

In what ways was American independence shaped and influenced by Enlightenment political ideas?

Enlightenment political ideas emphasized the ideas of the social contract and popular sovereignty. These ideas deeply influenced the American desire to declare (and fight for) independence from Great Britain in order to set up their own government of the people, by the people, and for the people.

The constitutional convention of 1787 created a __ system in which the national and state governments shared power

Federal

Support from _________, _______________, and the Dutch republic helped the colonists with the American revolution

France, Spain

Explain why inductive reasoning is necessary to the scientific method.

Francis Bacon, developed the scientific method, believed they should learn about nature by using inductive reasoning.

Two rivalries emerged: one between Britain and ______ over colonial empire and another between Austria ______ over Silesia.

French; Prussia

Explain the difference between a geocentric and heliocentric view of the universe.

Geocentric is the places earth at the center of the universe. Heliocentric is the sun-centered. The difference is what is centered in the two ideas.

How did Galileo revolutionize the field of astronomy?

He discovered mountains on earths moon, 4 moons revolving around Jupiter, and sunspots. His observations destroyed the Ptolemaic conception .

Why was Antoine Lavoisier important?

He invented a system of naming chemical elements . Many people consider him the founder of modern chemistry

Explain the federal system's separation of powers.

In the separation of powers, their was three branches to limit the gain of too much power. The Constitution created a federal system that shared the power.

Who discovered the universal law of gravitation?

Isaac Newton discovered the universal law of gravitation.

Who were Haydn and Mozart?

Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart were two Enlightenment composers who produced a popular form of classical, not baroque, music.

Austria's __________________ implemented radical reforms; he abolished __________________ and eliminated the death penalty.

Joseph II; serfdom

The British colonies in North America each had ________________ that tended to act independently.

Legislature

How did Locke's and Newton's ideas influence Enlightenment intellectuals?

Locke's idea of a tabula rasa and Newton's emphasis on natural law led thinkers to focus on creating a better, even ideal, society.

Using __ ideas, the government was separated into three branches: executive, legislative and __

Montesquieu , Judicial

Which three philosophes were most important in the first half of the eighteenth century?

Montesquieu, Voltaire, and Diderot dominated the intellectual landscape of the Enlightenment.

How did the Scientific Revolution change the way Europeans viewed the universe and the place of human beings in it?

Most of the citizens did not come close to the intellectual background as the greatest minds of their time. When the Scientific Revolution began to disprove past ideals and new ideas were shown to the masses, many experienced fear.

The treaty of _____ was signed in 1763 and left control of India to the ______

Paris; Britain

Where was Earth in Ptolemy's and Copernicus's conceptions of the universe?

Ptolemy thought it was earth centered and geocentric. Copernicus thought it was sun centered and heliocentric.

How did the rise of rationalism pave the way for the Scientific Revolution?

Rationalism is based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge.

Who wrote the phrase, "I think, therefore I am"? In what work did the phrase appear?

René Descartes wrote the phrase, wrote in the discourse on the method.

What made the rococo style of art different from the earlier baroque style?

Rococo style art was secular and emphasized grace, charm, lightness, and gentle action rather than grandeur and power.

The term rococo comes from a French word, rocaille, referring to flowing leaf, shell, and scroll shapes used in decoration. Why do you think flowing, organic shapes would be a key feature of an art form that is viewed as "secular"?

Rococo was highly secular, emphasizing grace, charm, and gentle action, a lot of the artist liked how it looked when using the style.

After the Seven Years' War, Britain imposed the ______________ and other taxes in an effort to cover its expenses.

Stamp Act

The War of the Austrian __________________ took place in Europe, Asia, and__________________.

Succession; North America

What instruments made scientific discoveries possible and helped ideas spread quickly?

Telescope and microscope (instruments)The printing press helped spread new ideas quickly and easily.

To what extent did the ideas of the Enlightenment influence the politics of eighteenth-century Europe?

That was the time in which the absolutist governments of Europe began to fall, being replaced with Constitutional Monarchies or other representative governments. This led to upheaval in much of Europe as the "old guard" of nations faced revolutions or wars with nations (like France) that wanted to change their own political orders as well.

How does Rousseau's The Social Contract describe liberty?

The Social Contract argues that liberty is achieved when an entire society agrees to be governed by the general will; people are "forced to be free."

What is the scientific method, and why did Francis Bacon develop and promote it?

The scientific method is a systematic procedure for connecting and analyzing evidence. This was crucial to science in the modern world. Bacon wanted science to benefit industry, agriculture and trade.

The term laissez-faire literally means "to let (people) do (as they choose)." Explain how laissez-faire illustrates the principle of letting people do what they want.

The state shouldn't interrupt the free play of natural economic forces by imposing regulations on the economy. Instead, the state should leave the economy alone. This doctrine became known by it's French name, laissez-faire.

What is the universal law of gravitation?

The universal law of gravitation is one of Newton's three rules f motion; it explains that planetary bodies continue in elliptical orbits around the sun.

How did Renaissance intellectuals view mathematics?

They believed that mathematics was the key to understanding the nature of things in the universe. Mathematics was seem as the key to navigation, military science and geography.

According to The Wealth of Nations, what were the three main functions of government?

To protect society from invasion (army); to defend citizens from injustice (police); and to perform public works (roads, canals, and bridges).

What two reasons did Mary Wollstonecraft present for giving women equal rights?

Wollstonecraft argued that men's arbitrary power over women was wrong and that women, as human beings who had reason, deserved equal rights.

The British ended the war after their defeat at __ in 1781.

Yorktown

In the system of enlightened __________________, rulers tried to follow Enlightenment principles while keeping their royal __________________.

absolutism; powers

Eighteenth-century rulers' concern with the __________________ of power among states led them to use their armies to conquer new lands.

balane

Both Frederick William I and Frederick II stressed service to the __________________ and enlarged the Prussian __________________.

king; army

The bill of rights derived from the concept of ___ rights proposed by _____ and the eighteenth-century philosophes.

natural; John Locke

In order to please the Russian __________________, Catherine did not enact reform; she took strong measures against Russian __________________, and their conditions worsened.

nobility; peasants

On July 4, 1776 the _______________ continental congress approved the Declaration of Independence.

second

The enlightened absolutists were guided mostly by their interest in the power and welfare of their __________________.

state

In 1748, the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle was signed, which guaranteed that all __________________ would return to their original powers, except __________________, which remained in the hands of Prussia.

territories; Silesia