The Lymphatic and the Immune System

What is perforin?

a protein produced by NK cells

Cytotoxic T cells attack target cells by doing what?

activating genes that trigger apoptosis

Identify the structure labeled "3"

afferent lymphatic

The process by which antibodies bind to the antigen on the surface of cells, forming large immune complexes, is called

agglutination.

Inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are

allergies.

An antibody binds to an antigen at a specific area called the

antigen binding site.

A substance that provokes an immune response is called a (n)

antigen.

A substance that provokes an immune response is called a(n)

antigen.

Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except

chemotaxis of phagocytes.

The attraction or repulsion of certain cells to chemicals in their environment is called

chemotaxis.

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except

complement. IS: - Epithelium - Secretions - Basement Membranes - Body Hair

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ______ immunity.

innate

Characteristics of specific defenses include all of the following except

intrinsic. INCLUDE: - Tolerance - Versatility - Specificity - Memory

After puberty, the thymus gradually shrinks and becomes more fibrous, in a process called

involution.

All of the following are true of the primary response to antigen exposure except that

it is delayed by the memory cell stage.

The white pulp of the spleen is populated by

lymphocytes

An inflammatory response is triggered when

mast cells release histamine and heparin.

The cells responsible for producing antibody molecules are _____ cells.

plasma

In response to tissue damage and infection, circulating proteins called pyrogens

produce a fever.

Lymph nodes do all of the following except

remove excess nutrients from the lymph.

B cells prepare for activation by presenting an antigen bound to Class II MHC proteins in a process called

sensitization.

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by

specific immunity.

The largest single collection of lymphoid tissue in the adult body is located in the

spleen.

Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except

the brain.

The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except

the venae cavae

All of the following are true of lymphocytes except that

they are granulocytes.

Most of the lymph returns to the venous circulation by way of the

thoracic duct.

The thymus produces several complementary hormones called

thymosins.

Stem cells that will form T cells develop in the

thymus.

Identify the structures labeled "4"

trabeculae

The site on an antibody that is specifically tailored to fit antigen is called the

variable segment.

Interferons are released by some macrophages and lymphocytes, but also by cells carrying what pathogen?

viruses

All of the folllowing are true of the secondary response to antigen exposure except that it

weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.

All of the following are true of the secondary response to antigen exposure except that it

weakens quickly because memory B cells only survive for a year or two.

Areas of the spleen that contain. large aggregations of lymphocytes are known as

white pulp.

_______ will develop when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues.

Autoimmune disorders

The cells responsible for antibody-mediated immunity are the ______ cells.

B

The body's nonspecific defenses include all of the following except

B and T cells.

Identify the dominant cell type in the area labeled "2"

B cells

Immunoglobulins that are found on the surface of B cells and may activate antibody production are

IgD

Immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are

IgE.

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are

IgG

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are

IgG

Immunoglobulins, formed of five subunits, which are the first antibodies to be produced in response to infection are

IgM

Which of the following statements regarding lymph is false?

Lacteals are prominent lymphatic vessels in the respiratory system.

______ are connective tissues dominated by lymphocytes.

Lymphoid tissues

__________ cells enable the immune system to respond quickly and robustly if the same antigen is encountered a second time.

Memory

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ______ cells.

NK

_______ are clusters of lymphoid nodules deep to the epithelial lining of the small intestine.

Peyer's patches

The cells directly responsible for cell-mediated immunity are the ______ cells.

T

Adaptive immunity is the result of the actions of

T and B cells.

If the thymus shrank and stopped functioning properly, we would expect to see an immediate decrease in the number of

T cells.

Which of these statements about lymph flow in a node is false?

The afferent lymphatic vessel enters at the hilum.

_______ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen.

Tolerance

Fever is the maintenance of body temperature higher than

37.2 C or 99 F

Identify the area where dividing lymphocytes are found.

5

_____ cells provide cell-mediated immunity.

CD8 T

Lymphatic vessels commonly occur in association with

blood vessels.

Examples of physical barriers against pathogens include all of the following except

blood.

The primary function of the lymphatic system is

defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats.

Helper T cells do all of the following except

destroy target cells using perforins.

The movement of phagocytes through capillary wall is called

diapedesis

The movement of phagocytes through the capillary wall is called

diapedesis

Autoantibodies are

directed against the body's own antigens.

Identify the structure labeled "1"

efferent lymphatic

Before specific defenses are activated, most antigens must

either infect cells or be processed by a phagocyte.

Which class of leukocyte is particularly abundant in the red pulp of the spleen?

free and fixed macrophages

Identify the structure labeled "5"

germinal center

The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their

heavy-chain constant segments.

Cells that help regulate the antibody-mediated immune response are ________ cells.

helper T

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes the disease known as AIDS, selectivity infects ______ cells.

helper T

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of

helper T cells.

When large numbers of antibodies encounter their antigenic targets, they interact to form a three-dimensional structure known as a(n)

immune complex.

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called_____

immunity.

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through placenta from mother to fetus is called _______ immunity.

naturally acquired passive

Antibodies may bind to superficial sites on bacteria or other toxins, making the toxin incapable of attaching itself to a cell. This mechanism is known as

neutralization.

During a primary response to antigen exposure, all of the following occur except

neutrophils invade the surrounding areas, releasing chemotactic substances.

The process by which the surface of a microoragnism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called

opsonization

The process by which the surface of a microorganism is covered with antibodies and complement, rendering it more likely to be phagocytized, is called

opsonization