The Nature and Extent of Crime
False
Arrests and court appearances have been shown to be deterrents to chronic offending.
True
Gang membership has increased over the past decade.
True
Hate crimes are also referred to as bias crimes.
kill many victims in a single violent outburst.
Mass murderers:
True
One argument with regard to higher crime rates in some regions of the country points to the influx of immigrants.
Monitoring The Future
One of the most important sources of self-report data is the _____ study, conducted annually using approximately 2,500 high school seniors.
False
One problem with the data in the FBI's UCR is the fact that people often lie on self-reports.
True
Overreporting due to victims' misinterpretation of events is one of the weaknesses of the NCVS.
True
Serial killers kill over a long period of time but typically assume a "normal" identity between murders.
False
The consensus view of crime holds that criminal law is created and enforced by those who hold political and economic power.
False
The consensus view of crime is largely responsible for laws defining property crimes, such as larceny and burglary.
social control
The consensus view rests on the assumption that criminal law has a ___________ function.
racial threat
The view that younger African American males are subject to greater police control when their numbers increase within the population is known as ________ hypothesis.
True
There are three views of how and why some behaviors become illegal and are considered crimes while others remain noncriminal.
True
There is evidence that the reporting accuracy of self-report studies differs among racial, ethnic, and gender groups.
False
Trafficking in pornography and the trafficking and sale of illegal substances are considered bias crimes.
b. a better understanding of the psychology of the criminal mind.
When fully implemented, NIBRS will provide the following except: a. links between arrests and crime clearances. b. a better understanding of the psychology of the criminal mind. c. details on individual crime incidents (offenses, offenders, victims, property, and arrests). d. the ability to distinguish between attempted and completed crimes. e. expansion of the number of offense categories included.
d. The use of sex by females to control and influence male behaviors accounts for offending patterns.
Which explanation is no longer considered valid in explaining the differences in offending patterns between males and females? a. Patterns are based on gender-based traits such as hormonal differences. b. Differences in socialization between males and females affect offending patterns. c. Better verbal abilities in females promote talking to diffuse conflict as opposed to fighting. d. The use of sex by females to control and influence male behaviors accounts for offending patterns. e. None of these since offending patterns are the same between males and females.
c. Incomplete acts lumped together with completed acts.
Which is not a problem associated with the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)? a. Overreporting due to victim's misrepresentation of events. b. Sampling errors that produce a group of respondents who do not represent the nation as a whole. c. Incomplete acts lumped together with completed acts. d. Highly accurate reporting of crime. e. Underreporting stemming from the embarrassment of reporting crime.
e. Illegally dumping industrial waste
Which of the following is considered a corporate crime? a. Bribery b. Forgery c. Disparaging the competition d. Murdering the owner of a competing business e. Illegally dumping industrial waste
e. The fact that self-reports capture offenses not reported to the police
Which of the following is not considered a problem with self-reporting? a. Over reporting by some victims tends to compensate for the under reporting of other victims. b. The subject's reluctance to report crimes they have committed c. The possibility that self-reports are not generalizable to the population at large d. Poor recall of past crimes e. The fact that self-reports capture offenses not reported to the police
South
Which region of the United States has the highest rates of property crimes and violent crimes?
c. Elderly males are predominantly arrested for alcohol-related matters such as public drunkenness and drunk driving.
Which statement regarding the relationship between age and crime is true? a. The older someone becomes, the more likely they are to commit white collar crimes. b. There is no relationship between age and crime. c. Elderly males are predominantly arrested for alcohol-related matters such as public drunkenness and drunk driving. d. Age is positively related to criminality. e. The elderly make up less than 1% of all arrestees.
Conflict
Which view of crime promotes that there is a class struggle between the rich and the poor?
True
White-collar crime are such acts as income tax evasion, credit card fraud, and bank fraud.
True
You are more at risk of being assaulted by someone you know than by a stranger.
d. A young man who shoots the cashier of a convenience store that he is attempting to rob
Your local police department is concerned with this year's most recent crime statistics. The police chief meets with city officials and his higher-ranking police personnel. They meet to discuss potential policies and procedures in order to reduce the crime rates in their city. One higher-ranking police captain believes that the increase in instrumental crimes is the problem. _______ is an example of an instrumental crime. a. A home burglary b. An alcoholic who commits a DUI and kills a child who is attempting to cross the street c. A parent who strikes his child with a belt d. A young man who shoots the cashier of a convenience store that he is attempting to rob e. A drunken husband who shoots his wife during a late night fight
a. cleared.
Your local police department is concerned with this year's most recent crime statistics. The police chief meets with city officials and his higher-ranking police personnel. They meet to discuss potential policies and procedures in order to reduce the crime rates in their city. One improvement that pleases the police chief is that over 45% of all of the city's Part I crimes have resulted in an arrest. When an offender is arrested and charged with a crime the offense is considered: a. cleared. b. adjudicated. c. disposed. d. closed. e. Finished.
Prostitution
Your local police department is concerned with this year's most recent crime statistics. The police chief meets with city officials and his higher-ranking police personnel. They meet to discuss potential policies and procedures in order to reduce the crime rates in their city. The mayor is more concerned with violent crimes. She believes that when people hear that her city has experienced an increase in violent crimes, they will no longer come to visit. Since the city is on a beach, tourism is a major source of revenue, so the mayor is concerned that the most recent crime statistics will cause a decrease in these revenues. If the mayor is most concerned with violent crimes, which crime does not concern her as much?
public order crimes
Your local police department is concerned with this year's most recent crime statistics. The police chief meets with city officials and his higher-ranking police personnel. They meet to discuss potential policies and procedures in order to reduce the crime rates in their city. The police chief believes that the department needs to focus on crimes like prostitution and drug abuse because the two are interconnected and he believes that both are linked to more serious crimes. Drug use and prostitution are examples of:
Traffic Citations
______ are not reported in Part I or Part II of the offense section of the UCR.
Three-Strike Laws
_______ are sentencing codes that require that an offender receive a life sentence after conviction for a third felony.
Crime
_______ is a violation of social rules of conduct, interpreted and expressed by a written criminal code.
Serial Killers
kill over a long period of time but typically assume a "normal" identity between murders.
Cleared
A crime is said to be ________ when at least one person is arrested or charged with the commission of the offense.
True
A key advantage of the NCVS is its ability to capture offenses that were never reported to the police.
self-report surveys
A research approach that questions large groups of subjects, such as high school students, about their own participation in delinquent or criminal acts is/are:
Consensus
According to the _______ view of crime, behaviors that become crimes are essentially harmful to a majority of citizens and therefore there is general agreement regarding which behaviors need to be controlled.
False
According to the consensus view of crime, crime can sometimes act as a social good.
True
Age is inversely related to criminality.
a. crime can sometimes act as a social good.
Although the three views of crime differ, they would agree with all except: a. crime can sometimes act as a social good. b. criminal law has a social control function. c. the definition of crime is constantly changing and evolving. d. criminal law defines crime. e. social forces mold the definition of crimes.
True
Apparent increases in crime rates in the UCR may actually reflect changes in the way the police record their data.
Public order/victimless
Behaviors considered illegal because they run counter to existing moral standards are known as ___________ crimes.
drug profits
Contemporary modern gangs are thought to be motivated mostly by:
True
Crimes such as murder and rape are cleared at higher rates than property crimes.
Italian
Currently, which ethnic group does not dominate organized crime?
White collar
Employee pilferage, bribery, commodities law violations, mail fraud, computer fraud, and embezzlement are examples of _________ crimes.
lower
Immigrants have significantly _______ rates of incarceration than the average U.S. citizen.
Summer
In which season do the greatest numbers of reported crimes occur?
False
Instrumental violence is usually directed towards a particular person or members of a group.
False
Instrumental violence is violent behavior motivated by rage, anger, or frustration.
Early onset
Kids who have been exposed to a variety of personal and social problems at an early age—a concept referred to as _________ .
Conflict
Laws defining property crimes, such as larceny and burglary, are created in response to the ______ view of crime.
True
Marijuana is the current drug of choice of most high school seniors.
a. over the past two decades, both violent and property crimes have been decreasing significantly.
Mary, a student at a community college in New York, is in the United States on a student visa that allows her to remain in the United States until she obtains her master's degree in biology. She is considering returning to her home country because she is concerned with the increase in crime at her college and in the surrounding area. Mary attempts to find information on the crime rates in her hometown to compare to those in the city where she currently attends college. After doing research on U.S. crime rates over the past few years, Mary is surprised to learn that: a. over the past two decades, both violent and property crimes have been decreasing significantly. b. over the past two decades, both violent and property crimes have been increasing significantly. c. the crime rate has remained steady over the past several decades. d. over the past two decades, property crimes have been increasing significantly, but violent crimes have been decreasing. e. over the past two decades, violent crimes have been increasing significantly, but property crimes have been decreasing.
a. Female sex hormones account for more aggressive female behavior.
Mary, a student at a community college in New York, is in the United States on a student visa that allows her to remain in the United States until she obtains her master's degree in biology. She is considering returning to her home country because she is concerned with the increase in crime at her college and in the surrounding area. Mary attempts to find information on the crime rates in her hometown to compare to those in the city where she currently attends college. Mary was a crime victim once in the three years that she has been in the United States. A female acquaintance assaulted Mary while Mary was out celebrating her birthday at a local bar with some friends. The offender was drunk and became agitated when she thought that Mary had taken her seat. With regard to female criminality, all of the following are true except: a. Female sex hormones account for more aggressive female behavior. b. Females are socialized to avoid being violent and aggressive. c. Female criminals are troubled, alienated at home, and pursue crime as a means of compensating for their disrupted personal lives. d. Girls have been found to be superior to boys in verbal ability, which enable them to diffuse conflict more easily. e. All of the statements are true.
e. There are differences in the way crime is measured.
Mary, a student at a community college in New York, is in the United States on a student visa that allows her to remain in the United States until she obtains her master's degree in biology. She is considering returning to her home country because she is concerned with the increase in crime at her college and in the surrounding area. Mary attempts to find information on the crime rates in her hometown to compare to those in the city where she currently attends college. Why will it be difficult for Mary to compare the crime rates in a U.S. city with her hometown of London, England? a. Only solved cases are included in England's crime rates. b. England does not have any crime statistics that are available to civilians. c. England is a dictatorship and manipulates crime rates so that their country appears to be safe. d. England has no crime. e. There are differences in the way crime is measured.
False
Most boys are socialized to avoid being violent and aggressive.
It relies on victim's memory and honesty.
Mr. and Mrs. Jones receive a survey that asks them for information about crimes of which they have been victims. They are asked a series of questions to assess whether they individually have been victims of crime but also whether their household has been victimized. What would be a weakness in the results of the survey being completed by Mr. and Mrs. Jones?
Part I
Murder, forcible rape, robbery, burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, arson, and aggravated assault make up the FBI's _______ crimes.
moral entrepreneurs
People who wage campaigns to control behaviors they view as immoral or wrong are referred to as __________.
Chronic offenders
Persistent repeat offenders who organize their lifestyle around criminality are rerrred to as:
victimless
Public order crimes such as prostitution and drug abuse are also referred to as ____________ crimes.
False
Self-report studies rely upon the victims of crime to report their experiences.
Juveniles
Self-report surveys are conducted most often on:
Spree Killers
Spread their murderous outburst over a few days or weeks.
False
Spree killers kill many victims in a single violent outburst.
True
The Monitoring the Future study is one of the most important sources of self-report data with regard to drugs.
True
The NIBRS includes all the offenses that occur in an incident, rather than only the most serious offense
True
The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), a comprehensive, nation-wide survey of victimization in the United States.
False
The National Crime Victimization Survey and the UCR are the only methods of crime data collection used in the United States.
Interactionist
The _______ view of crime contends that the definition of crime is subjective.
Interactionist
The _______ view of crime contends that there are moral entrepreneurs who want to control behaviors they view as immoral or wrong.
Uniform Crime Report
The ________ is considered official crime data collected by the FBI.
Interactionist
The __________ view of crime holds that criminal law reflects the preferences and opinions of people who hold social power in the society and use their influence to impose their own values and moral code on the rest of the population.
True
The interactionist view of crime falls between the consensus and conflict visions.
18.
The peak age for property crime is 16; and the peak age for violent crime is:
False
The racial threat hypothesis contends that young minority males are a greater threat than young white males.
Culture Bias
The theory of __________ suggests that slavery, racism, and the destruction of black culture have created a criminal justice system that incarcerates blacks at higher rates than whites.
Decreased
The trend line for property victimization has _______ since the early 1990s.
False
UCR data captures all criminal violations.
False
Violent crime rates in the United States have increased significantly since the early 1990s.
False
Violent offenses are more common than property offenses.
a. Phishing
Which is not an alternative crime measure? a. Phishing b. Data mining c. Meta-analysis d. Experimental data e. Cohort data
b. Question format that often validates responses.
Which is not one of the potential problems of the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)? a. Inability to record the personal criminal activity of those victims interviewed, such as drug use or gambling. b. Question format that often validates responses. c. Underreporting due to the embarrassment of reporting crime to interviewers, fear of getting in trouble, or simply forgetting an incident. d. Sampling errors, which may produce a group of respondents who do not represent the nation as a whole. e. Overreporting due to victims' misinterpretation of events.
Truth-In-Sentencing Laws
Which laws require that convicted felons spend a significant portion of their sentence behind bars?
c. Prostitution
Which of the following is a public order crime? a. Domestic violence b. Political rallies c. Prostitution d. Embezzlement e. Hate speech
b. Data mining creates a graphical representations of the spatial geography of crime.
Which statement is false regarding alternative crime measures? a. Meta-analysis involves gathering data from a number of previous studies. b. Data mining creates a graphical representations of the spatial geography of crime. c. Cohort data involve observing over time a group of people who share certain characteristics. d. Sometimes criminologists conduct controlled experiments to collect data on the cause of crime. e. Examining group behavior helps provide insight into crime trends.
d. Girls are granted greater personal freedom.
Which statement is not an explanation regarding gender differences in the crime rate? a. Males are stronger and better able to commit violence. b. Hormones make men more aggressive. c. Girls are socialized to be less aggressive. d. Girls are granted greater personal freedom. e. None of the above statements explain gender differences.
Three-strikes
_______ laws require that an offender receive a life sentence after conviction for a third felony
Simple assault
________ are not included in the Uniform Crime Report's list of Part I or index crimes.
Career criminal/ chronic offender
________ is the term commonly used to describe persistent repeat offenders who organize their lifestyle around criminality.
Self-Report Studies
________ provide(s) information on the personal characteristics of offenders, such as their attitudes, values, beliefs, and psychological profiles.
Early onset
________ refers to the beginning of antisocial behavior during early adolescence, after which criminal behavior is more likely to persist throughout the life span.
Hate crimes
_________ are criminal acts directed toward a particular person or members of a group because they share a discernible racial, ethnic, religious, or gender characteristic.
Organized crime
_________ involves the criminal activity of people and organizations whose acknowledged purpose is economic gain through illegal enterprises.
Truth-In-Sentencing Laws
_________ require that convicted felons spend a significant portion of their sentence behind bars.
Moral entrepreneurs
__________ are people who wage campaigns to control behaviors they view as immoral or wrong.
Larceny
___________ is the legal term for theft.
Expressive Violence
____________ is violent behavior motivated by rage, anger, or frustration.