The Reformation Unit - MCQ and Terms

The political support by various German princes for Luther and the Protestant Reformation is best explained by which of the following?

The opportunity religious conflict gave the princes to challenge the authority of the Pope and Habsburgs.

Edict of Nantes

A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France. The reign of Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes prepared the way for French absolutism in the seventeenth century by helping restore internal peace in France. Henry's willingness to sacrifice religious principles to political necessity saved France.

Indulgence

A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins. According to Catholic theology, individuals who sin could be reconciled to God by confessing their sins to a priest and by doing an assigned penance, such as praying or fasting. But beginning in the twelfth century learned theologians increasingly emphasized the idea of purgatory, a place where souls on their way to Heaven went to make further amends for their earthly sins. Both earthly penance and time in purgatory could be shortened by drawing on what was termed the "treasury of merits." This was a collection of all the virtuous acts that Christ, the apostles, and the saints had done during their lives.

Politiques

Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse. The politiques also favored accepting the Huguenots as an officially recognized and organized group. The death of Catherine de' Medici, followed by the assassination of King Henry III, paved the way for the accession of Henry of Navarre, a politique who became Henry IV.

Which of the following best explains why the printing press was a significant factor in spreading protestant ideas

It greatly decrease the cost and quantity of written materials

Which of the following pieces of the evidence in the passage does NOT support the claim that Tetzel's treatment of indulgences was viewed as corrupt?

Luther's following of academic custom in publishing his Ninety-Five Theses.

The ability of Luther's Ninety-Five Theses to have a significant effect on Europe is best explained by which of the following?

The use of the newly developed printing press to rapidly spread Protestant ideas.

Which of the following does the author most directly used as evidence for the persistence of religious reformers

Their use of the printing press to denounce their accusers

Which of the following was likely the purpose of Saint Teresa's way of perfection

To justify the reform of a Catholic religious order, the Carmelites

Mannerist work differed from works of the Northern Renaissance such as Massys' Madonna and Child in which of the following ways?

While both Mannerist and Northern Renaissance works depicted religious subjects, Northern Renaissance works placed more emphasis on human-centered naturalism.

Muntzer makes his argument that the princes should rise up against the Catholic Holy Roman Emperor and his followers primarily by

telling them it is the will of God as shown in scripture

The development of the artistic style known as Baroque was most closely associated with which of the following developments

The Catholic reformation

Union of Utrecht

The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands. The north was Protestant; the south remained Catholic. Philip did not accept this, and war continued. England was even drawn into the conflict, supplying money and troops to the northern United Provinces. Hostilities ended in 1609 when Spain agreed to a truce that recognized the independence of the United Provinces.

Which of the following best explains why protestant reformers such as Martin Luther stress the use of the vernacular languages for religious text and instruction

They believed that religious teaching should be directly accessible to as wide an audience as possible

The Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism. It was first published in 1536 and its final form was finished in 1559. The cornerstone of Calvin's theology was his belief in the absolute sovereignty and omnipotence of God and the total weakness of humanity. Before the infinite power of God, he asserted, men and women are as insignificant as grains of sand.

Williams claim regarding James design in the first paragraph is best explained by which of the following developments

Conflict between the Catholic Stuart monarchy and protestant interest in parliament

Saint Theresa's discussion of God's attitude towards women Best reflects

Debates during the renaissance regarding proper gender roles

Mannerist painters differed from earlier Renaissance artist primarily in there

Deliberate use of distortion and elongation

Mannerist works, such as Madonna with the Long Neck, tended to employ which of the following elements?

Distorted and dramatic depictions employed to heighten emotion.

Huguenots

French Protestants influenced by John Calvin. Huguenots lived in major cities, such as Paris, Lyons and Rouen. By the time King Henry II died in 1559, perhaps one-tenth of the population had become Calvinist. Significant numbers of those who ruled, however, were attracted to the Reformed religion of Calvinism. Initially, Calvinism drew converts from among reforminded members of the Catholic clergy, industrious city dwellers ad artisan groups.

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic order founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534. They played an important part in the Catholic Reformation and helped create conduits of trade and knowledge between Asia and Europe. While recuperating from a severe battle wound in his legs, Loyola studied books about Christ and the saints and decided to give up his military career and become a soldier of Christ. During a year spent in seclusion, prayer, and asceticism, he gained insights that went into his great classic, Spiritual Exercises.

Which of the following groups most frequently commissioned Mannerist and Baroque art during the 1500s?

Monarchs and other rulers who sought to enhance their stature.

Anticlericalism

Opposition to the power of churches or clergy in politics. In some countries, for example, France and Mexico, this opposition has focused on the role of the Catholic Church in politics. The critics concentrated primarily on three problems: clerical immorality, clerical ignorance, and clerical pluralism, with the related problem of absenteeism. Charges of clerical immorality were aimed at a number of priests who were drunkards, neglected the rule of celibacy, gambled, or indulged in fancy dress. Charges of clerical ignorance were motivated by barely literate priests who simply mumbled the Latin words of the Mass by rote without understanding their meaning.

Saint Theresa's text is best understood as direct part of the

Protestant reformation

Which of the following best explains why protestant reformers live sometimes came into conflict with protestant rulers of the states in which they lived

Some reformers believe that the church should not be subject to the secular state

De Raemond's purpose in the passage is to criticize which of the following Protestant beliefs?

That the Bible should be directly accessible to all believers.

Loyola's "Rules" were created to most directly support which of the following?

The Catholic Reformation

Williams description of his status within the English government is best explained by which of the following

The assertion of parliamentary supremacy over the monarchy in the English government

Which of the following does the author use evidence for the argument of the reformation was a series of parallel movements

The blending of religious reformers protest with those of Layman

Which of the following most directly influence to Richelieu views on the power of the king

The challenges posed to the French government during uprisings by the nobility

Richelieu's ideas Best Reflect which of the following developments in Europe during the 16

The creation of new systems of government that is centralized state power

Which of the following does the author most directly used as evidence of a shift in political attitudes towards authority

The demands of why people for their leaders to adopt protestant reform

Which of the following was nearly universal motivation for royal patronage of the arts in the early modern period

The desire to enhance prestige in authority

Spanish Armada

The fleet sent by Philip II of Spain in 1588 against England as a religious crusade against Protestantism. Weather and the English fleet defeated it. Philip prepared a vast fleet to sail from Lisbon to flanders, where a large army of Spanish troops was stationed because of religious wars in the Netherlands. The Spanish ships were to escort barges carrying some of the troops across the English Channel to attack England. The Spanish Armada met an English fleet in the Channel before it reached Flanders. The English ships were smaller, faster, and more maneuverable, and many of them had great firing power than their Spanish counterparts.

Muntzer's appeal to the princes to overthrow the political order is best explained by which of the following developments?

The increasing use of Luther's religious ideas to challenge political authority.

The graph most strongly indicates which of the following about the likelihood of those accused of witchcraft being executed in the period 1500 to 1700?

The likelihood of those accused of witchcraft being executed remained approximately the same throughout the period.

Protestant

The name was originally given to followers of Luther, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups. The word Protestant derives from the protest drawn up by a small group of reforming German princes at the Diet of Speyer in 1529. The princes "protested" the decisions of the Catholic majority, and the word gradually became a general term applied to all non-Catholic western European Christians.

which of the following most accurately describes a significant trend in witchcraft prosecutions shown by the graph?

The number of prosecutions increased sharply in the late 1500s and decreased sharply in the late 1600s.

Holy Office

The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy. Pope Paul III established the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Roman and Universal Inquisition, with jurisdiction over the Roman Inquisition, a powerful instrument of the Catholic Reformation. The Roman Inquisition was a committee of six cardinals with judicial authority over all Catholics and the power to arrest, imprison, and execute suspected heretics.

The author's view of the sixteenth century was most likely influenced by which of the following?

The ongoing divisions and conflicts with Christianity in spite of the Catholic Reformation.

Predestination

The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works. Calvin did not describe free will to human beings because that would detract from the sovereignty of God. Men and women cannot actively work to achieve salvation.

Which of the following evidence does the author provide to support the claim that Luther's theses were meant for a wider audience?

The translation of Luther's theses and their rapid printing.

The patterns in the graph most strongly support which of the following conclusions about witchcraft prosecutions in the early modern period?

Witchcraft prosecutions are closely associated with religious conflict.