The Spanish Civil War Midterm

What is "nationalism"? Is there a different with "patriotism"? Give examples.

- Nationalism is the identity one has to one's nation or community based on culture, or own nation's politics. Nationalism searches to have a political structure that defends and fosters these national traditions. This is a political ideology. - Patriotism does not necessarily stem from political, ethnic, or cultural aspects of the country. This term refers to the state, to the love of a country, regardless the number of nations or ethnicities it compromises, regardless ideology. It is the love of one's country regardless of culture, ethnicity or politics.... It is a feeling.

What is Absolutism?

A political doctrine and practice of unlimited centralized authority and absolute sovereignty as vested especially in a monarch or dictator.

Who is Alfonso XIII?

Alfonso XIII, (born May 17, 1886, Madrid, Spain—died February 28, 1941, Rome, Italy), Spanish king (1902-31) who by authorizing a military dictatorship hastened his own deposition by advocates of the Second Republic.

How did the enlightenment affect Spain?

Charles III (r. 1759-88), Spain's enlightened despot par excellence, served his royal apprenticeship as king of Naples. He was one of Europe's most active patrons of the Enlightenment, a period during which attempts were made to reform society through the application of reason to political, social, and economic problems. Despite Charles's attempt to reform the economy, the impact of the Enlightenment was essentially negative. Anticlericalism was an integral part of Enlightenment ideology, but it was carried to greater lengths in Spain than elsewhere in Europe because of government sponsorship. Public charities financed by the church were considered antisocial because they were thought to discourage initiative, and they were therefore abolished. The state suppressed monasteries and confiscated their property. The Jesuits, outspoken opponents of regalism, were expelled. Their expulsion virtually crippled higher education in Spain. The state also banned the teachings of medieval philosophers and of the sixteenth-century Jesuit political theorists who had argued for the "divine right of the people" over their kings. The government employed the Inquisition to discipline antiregalist clerics.

What is the CEDA?

Confederation of the Right- The catalyst for this new transition was the formation of the CEDA. Whose leader was José-Maria Gil-Robles. They were an alliance of many right-winged parties and the most notable was the same leader and was called People's Action. This party was set-up in 1933.

Differences between Moderate and Conservatives

Conservatives are skeptical of deliberate change to the status quo. They have less confidence than liberals in the power of human reason. Instead, they emphasize the importance of religion and tradition. Conservatives believe that society organically grows and improves with limited intervention. As a result, they usually favor minimally regulated free market economics and social welfare. Moderates do not have a specific political doctrine. They may hold any of the positions of liberals and conservatives. Moderates are simply people who try to avoid radical extremes by choosing the middle road between the two ideologies.

Spanish Liberalism

Emerged in the late 18th century in reaction against several aspects of Western European society during the era of Absolutism. It stressed the autonomy and dignity of the individual in several domains of social and political life. Demanded more equal civil liberties in contrast with aristocratic privilege, religious freedom rather than subservience to an established state religion, and individual initiate and the free market instead of state-dominates mercantilism economies, and, eventually led to democracy in lieu of monarchical authoritarianism.

What was the Succession war?

European conflict of the early 18th century, triggered by the death of the childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700. His closest heirs were members of the Austrian Habsburg and French Bourbon families; acquisition of an undivided Spanish Empire by either threatened the European balance of power.

Impacts of Catholic Kings reign

Fernando and Isabelle- As a consequence of Isabella's famous piety and Fernando's almost Machiavellian strategies, when their grandson, Carlos I of Spain, took the throne he was able to become Holy Roman Emperor, overseeing the largest European empire since Roman times, which he was able to defend using the wealth accumulated from the vast American colonies previously accumulated.Isabella and Fernando, from two regions in the north of Spain, had managed to generate a legacy for Carlos that controlled more of Europe than anyone had been able to do since the 9th century.

What is the Popular Front?

Frente Popular- based on the notion of a broad alliance of all progressive forces to oppose fascism, or the far Right in general, the Spanish Popular Front was formed in late 1935. It was made up of middle-class Republican parties.

José Antonio Primo de Rivera

He was a lawyer and politician, who founded the Spanish fascist party Falange Española de las JONS and was executed in the early months of the Spanish Civil War.

Sabino Arana

He was the founder of the Basque Nationalism. It is important to consider him as an important person in Spain because his cause worked toward louring Spaniards in and accepting them.

Azaña

He was the leader of the Republican Left. This group was a loose grouping of several parties during the Second Republic. They inherited the concern for practical reform of the Reformist Republicans, from which they most had emerged, but also the anticlericalism associated with the historic Republican movement. The group's main components were the Radical Socialists and other smaller groups. Their prime importance was of cultural considerations. Social change was only going to come from education. They blamed the church on Spain's intellectual and cultural stagnation.

Alcala Zamora

He was the leader of the Republican Right that was a group formed by members of the previous old "dynamics parties' that had converted to Republicanism. Their main interest was public reform and their main value was to ensure that they would not damage the interests of the middle class.

Isabelle II

Isabella II (Spanish: Isabel; 10 October 1830 - 9 April 1904) was Queen of Spain from 1833 until 1868. She came to the throne as an infant, but her succession was disputed by the Carlists, whose refusal to recognize a female sovereign led to the Carlist Wars. After a troubled reign, she was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1868, and formally abdicated in 1870. Her son, Alfonso XII, became king in 1874.

Why the 2nd Republic is so important in Spanish History? Summarize the second republic.

It began as a late consequence of the stock market crash of 1929 and was terminated by the dictatorship of General Franco, who emerged victorious from the Spanish Civil War after plotting a military coup against the republic. The period marked the second time in Spanish history that citizens could vote for their leaders. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 sent Spain spiraling into an economic crisis and led to the downfall of General Miguel Primo de Rivera's dictatorial government. Spanish King Alfonso XIII had supported the dictatorial regime and therefore became a symbol of oppression in the eyes of the working class, who, after a period of turmoil, helped the Republicans rise to power and win the election. During the transition between the fall of the dictatorship in 1930 and the proclamation of the republic in 1931, the Pact of San Sebastián was signed by the Republicans to overthrow the monarchy. The Second Spanish Republic effectively came to an end on April 1, 1939, when General Francisco Franco and his forces were declared victorious in the Spanish Civil War. After decades of dictatorship and varying levels of repression, Franco died in 1975. King Juan Carlos I, the great-grandson of Alfonso XIII and Franco's chosen successor, supported Spain's transition to a democracy and called for elections.

Who were the kings during the Spanish Bourbon Dynasty? Who do you think had the most influential rule of them all and why?

Look at graph

Significance of Felipe V's reign?

Philip was the first member of the French House of Bourbon to rule as king of Spain. The sum of his two reigns, 45 years and 21 days, is the longest in modern Spanish history.

Regeneralism

Process of national self-examination, sought to bring about far-reaching change in the way the country was run, including a vague widely-felt urge to "regenerate" it. (The "Regenerationists")

Ley Sallica

Salian law, was the ancient Salian Frankish civil law code compiled around AD 500 by the first Frankish King, Clovis. The written text is in Latin, or in "semi-French Latin" according to some linguists,[1] it also contains what Dutch linguists describe as one of the earliest known records of Old Dutch, perhaps second only to the Bergakker inscription.[2] It remained the basis of Frankish law throughout the early Medieval period, and influenced future European legal systems. The best-known tenet of the old law is the principle of exclusion of women from inheritance of thrones, fiefs and other property. The Salic laws were arbitrated by a committee appointed and empowered by the King of the Franks. Dozens of manuscripts dating from the 6th to 8th centuries and three emendations as late as the 9th century have survived.[3]

How did Spanish Socialism start?

Socialism, social and economic doctrine that calls for public rather than private ownership or control of property and natural resources. According to the socialist view, individuals do not live or work in isolation but live in cooperation with one another. Furthermore, everything that people produce is in some sense a social product, and everyone who contributes to the production of a good is entitled to a share in it. Society as a whole, therefore, should own or at least control property for the benefit of all its members.

The Spanish Civil War in Spain. Write all you know about it.

Spanish Civil War, (1936-39), military revolt against the Republican government of Spain, supported by conservative elements within the country. When an initial military coup failed to win control of the entire country, a bloody civil war ensued, fought with great ferocity on both sides. The Nationalists, as the rebels were called, received aid from Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany. The Republicans received aid from the Soviet Union, as well as from International Brigades, composed of volunteers from Europe and the United States. The war was an outcome of a polarization of Spanish life and politics that had developed over previous decades. On one side, the Nationalist, were most Roman Catholics, important elements of the military, most landowners, and many businessmen. On the other side, the Republican, were urban workers, most agricultural labourers, and many of the educated middle class. Politically, their differences often found extreme and vehement expression in parties such as the Fascist-oriented Falange and the militant anarchists. Between these extremes were other groups covering the political spectrum from monarchism and conservatism through liberalism to socialism, including a small communist movement divided among followers of the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and his archrival, Leon Trotsky. In 1934 there was widespread labour conflict and a bloody uprising by miners in Asturias that was suppressed by troops led by General Francisco Franco. A succession of governmental crises culminated in the elections of February 16, 1936, which brought to power a Popular Front government supported by most of the parties of the left and opposed by the parties of the right and what remained of the centre.

What is Partido Socialista Obrero Español (PSOE)?

Spanish Socialist Workers' Party- is a social-democratic[8] political party in Spain. The PSOE has been in government for a longer time than any other political party in modern democratic Spain: from 1982 to 1996 under Felipe González; from 2004 to 2011 under José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, and currently since 2018 under Pedro Sánchez.

What is the PNV

The Basque Nationalist Party (commonly known by the combined Basque and Spanish acronym, EAJ-PNV) was established in 1895 in Bilbao by journalist Sabino de Arana y Goiri to contest local elections. However, the party soon expanded to the rest of Vizcaya province and later to the entire country. Since its founding, the EAJ-PNV has adopted a moderate Christian Democratic stance, endorsing a mixed economy and opposing unfettered capitalism.

Why 1898 was a turning point in Spanish History?

The Colonial Disaster of 1898- This was when Spain lost the civil war and along with that, they lost other countries It simulated various forces: 1.Process of national self-examination, sought to bring about far-reaching change in the way the country was run, including a vague widely-felt urge to "regenerate" it. (The "Regenerationists") a.España es ell problema, Europa la solición. 2.Another was the feeling of distinctivesness in certain regions which led to demands for some of self-government a.French Revolution (1789)- the king is sent away in 1793 b.Because of the French revolution there was a understanding of why people wanted to have a say in their government and who they elect. This idea was spread to Spain. c.They were absolute monarchies 3.Yet a third was the worker's movement, which believed in a quite different form of salvation, through social revolution. Also the blame in the main leaders, king, ... These three very different from each other; they were also far from homogeneous and divided into a number of often antagonistic strands. The result between 1898-1923 was their common frustration.

What is Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT)?

The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (English: National Confederation of Labour; CNT) is a Spanish confederation of anarcho-syndicalist labour unions, which was long affiliated with the International Workers' Association (AIT). When working with the latter group it was also known as CNT-AIT. Historically, the CNT has also been affiliated with the Federación Anarquista Ibérica (English: Iberian Anarchist Federation); thus, it has also been referred to as the CNT-FAI. Throughout its history, it has played a major role in the Spanish labor movement.

What was the impact of the French Revolution? How did the French Revolution impact Spanish history?

The French Revolution was a watershed event in modern European history that began in 1789 and ended in the late 1790s with the ascent of Napoleon Bonaparte. During this period, French citizens razed and redesigned their country's political landscape, uprooting centuries-old institutions such as absolute monarchy and the feudal system. The upheaval was caused by widespread discontent with the French monarchy and the poor economic policies of King Louis XVI, who met his death by guillotine, as did his wife Marie Antoinette. Although it failed to achieve all of its goals and at times degenerated into a chaotic bloodbath, the French Revolution played a critical role in shaping modern nations by showing the world the power inherent in the will of the people. A Monarchy in Crisis As the 18th century drew to a close, France's costly involvement in the American Revolution, and extravagant spending by King Louis XVI and his predecessor, had left the country on the brink of bankruptcy. Not only were the royal coffers depleted, but two decades of poor harvests, drought, cattle disease and skyrocketing bread prices had kindled unrest among peasants and the urban poor. Many expressed their desperation and resentment toward a regime that imposed heavy taxes - yet failed to provide any relief - by rioting, looting and striking. The main tie to Spain would be he revolutionary ideas that spawned from the overthrown monarchy in France. Because the French people were able to do it, the Spanish thought they could too because the were in the same boat. Spain's Bourbon monarchy introduced repressive policies, revived the Inquisition, and ended plans for new domestic reforms. After revolutionary forces executed French Bourbon king Louis XVI in 1793, Spain joined Britain and other European powers in a war against France. The following year France invaded Spain and ravaged its northern provinces, occupying Bilbao and San Sebastian. After initial Spanish resistance, Godoy admitted defeat. Resentment among the Spanish people grew, and they turned against Godoy and Charles. Godoy was deposed and Charles was forced to abdicate in favor of his son, Ferdinand VII. Napoleon, who had already decided to assume direct control of Spain, used the unrest as an opportunity to invade Spain. Napoleon ousted both Ferdinand and Charles and placed his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, on the Spanish throne.

Spanish Republic

The Second Republic was formed on April 14, 1931 after local elections returned anti-monarchist representatives in most cities and large towns. Although much of rural Spain elected pro-monarchist politicians, everyone, including King Alfonso XIII, knew that local caciques (local town bosses) controlled the vote.

What is Caciquismo?

The Spaniards retained caciques as hereditary chiefs in the Indian communities to serve as minor judges, to apportion labour, and exact tribute. Bosses of forced labour gangs were called caciques in colonial Mexico and curacas in Peru. The term was later adopted in Spain, where its connotation of political bossism was even stronger.

Reconquista

The effort by Christian leaders to drive the Muslims out of Spain, lasting from the 1100s until 1492.

Why Morocco has been so important in Spanish History?

The most notable situation in this dictatorship was that in Morocco. Marruecos- Previously confined to the garrison town of Ceuta and Melilla, Spanish involvement in Morocco as a whole began to protect mining interests and the desire to prevent French control over the southern shore of the Strains of Gibralter. Under the Franco-Moroccan Treaty of 1912 Spain was allocated a 'zone' in northern Morocco as a Protectorate, but it was always threatened by terrain and local tribes. After much territory difficulties the area was abandoned by 1975.

What is a trade union? Why was it important?

The workers movement in the 1970s, they separated into trade unions. It is located in a small box in the reading. - founded in 1888 as a federation of Socialist trade unions. It seeks the improvement of workers' material conditions through strictly industrial activity. This was an attitude that had shown during the Primo dictatorship. It rose during the 2nd regime and was banned by Franco. After its' sister party Socialist Party came to power its influence weakened. The tavern in which this was founded was on our working tour.

Fuero

These are charters of privileges and some self-government rights that were granted to regions, towns and medieval corporate entities.

What is a "pronunciamiento"?

These were rebellions against the national government by military officers. They may take the shape of a coup (like Franco) but in some cases they just want changes to governmental policy and maybe the constitution

What is a state and the evolution of the term throughout history.

This is a set of sovereign governmental institutions which control a well-defined, contiguous territory, which imposes a single legal code over all persons residing in that territory, and which ultimately or potentially possesses a monopoly over the right to use force to implement that legal code.

The Royal Palace in Madrid. Explain all you know about it.

This palace has maybe 200 rooms and is built around a giant courtyard overlooking Madrid. There are Royal Gardens off to the right and is the home (occasionally) for the royal family. It is used for special meetings and award ceremonies. The last US President to visit the Palace was Obama. The last king to actually live in the Palace was (). The building replaced the old Moorish fortress that once stood in the very spot. The cathedral that the royal family is baptized in stands next door to the courtyard. In the armory one can see many well known pieces of armor used in battle and by the king. There are also children's armor that was used for play. There are also many gifts that were given to the king in the armory. The servants lived on the top two floors in their own small apartments.

Why Spain was most powerful in the 16th and 17th Centuries

This was due to the discovery of the New World by Christopher Columbus. This gave power to rule over much of Europe and even places like the Philippines.

What caused the Spanish Civil War, and how did Franco rise to power?

When considering any war, one must analyze the events leading up to the conflict and how it developed to affect the outcomes that occurred. In the case of the Spanish Civil War the prior governmental activity affected it in ways that would have been hard to reverse. This paper will prove as an analysis of the episodes leading up to the civil war of 1936-1939. The first thing that comes to mind when looking into the Spanish Civil War is the government of the time. It was very up and down during this period of time. For example, there were always opposing parties that wanted to take control and of these spawned coups. The first notable coup to consider is that of General Miguel Primo de Rivera on September 13, 1923 (Ross 57). The general showed little promise as a leader when he was a dictator because he would bring down a government with him. Before his fall, there were successes. For example, he was able to look closer into the investigations of the Moroccan War and his dictatorship staged its' own negative declaration (Ross 58). Primo had high hope for the future of his country and so did the king, Alfonso XIII, so he was appointed Prime Minister of Spain (Ross 58). According to Ross, Primo had a very strong aura of Nationalism when it came to his country (Ross 58). Due to this he started banning certain things in certain areas of the country. An illustration of this can be seen through his acts of banning political affiliation tied to the areas in the Basque region and in Catalonia (Ross 59). Similarly, Prime Minister Primo realized what he had done and made a point to take the upper hand by putting forward certain initiatives. Some of these include the construction of: roads, dams and irrigation schemes, electricity, semi-public banks, overseas trade, house-building and new industries (Ross 60). This had finally improved the Spanish economy from 1923-1928 until he once again made wrong decisions. It can be seen in an analysis by Ross that he was trying to please too many political groups at once that it all became a mess, and everyone was upset when another would get a favor. Once this became too much to handle, he started to exile groups and intellectuals that he felt were intimidating (Ross 58). Through Primo's regime there were many ups and downs, but the main down came in the years of the Depression. He was banking on the taxes he put on things to hold them up, but it all went downhill in this decade (Ross 59). Because of the decrease in the economy many supporters, like the king, started to drift away and along with it so did Primo. Correspondingly, the king appointed a new general to be in charge and he too was a dud when it came to be in charge. General Berenguer, like General Primo, lacked the proper skills to be a dictator. He failed to hold proper elections, and this allowed opposition to flourish (Ross 63). This era led to the growth of Democracy in 1931 with the rise of the Second Regime. Due to the weak governmental powers that were elected between 1933-1936 the democracy fell. When it was down it was easily taken over by Francisco Franco and his supporters during his revolt. He chose to do this because of is strong ties to his traditional ways. He was upset with how Spain had been run and thought it the perfect time to make the change for his sake. Hitler was known to have aided Franco in his war so that his army would become stronger. It was in 1939 that the Nationalist captured Catalonia and it sealed the deal for the defeat of the Republic (Payne). In closing, it can be observed that the Spanish Civil War was inevitable. Due to the weak governmental systems in the time from the 1920s-1930s it was hard to stay afloat. The biggest factor after the Colonial Disaster of 1898 would have been the Great Depression. It put so much financial pressure on so many different countries that only a few came out on top. The ones that were seen doing this were those who had very progressive Fascist and Communistic governments. Spain was just not one of these powerful governments at the time.

What are carlists?

is a Traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking to take the Spanish throne for a line of the Bourbon dynasty[1] descended from Don Carlos, Count of Molina (1788-1855). The movement was founded due to dispute over the succession laws and widespread dissatisfaction with the Alfonsine line of the House of Bourbon. The movement was at its strongest in the 1830s but had a revival following Spain's defeat in the Spanish-American War in 1898, when Spain lost its last remaining significant overseas territories of Cuba, Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico to the United States.[2]