TIM 102 Exam 1 Chapter (1-6)
What are three examples of complementary, alternative, or unconventional healing therapies? What is done and what is the cultural explanation of why they are expected to work?
.) Homeopathy prescribes therapeutic substances, such as botanical medicine, diluted venom, or bacterial solutions, and biomedical drugs. Originating in Germany, homeopathy is based on the concept that symptoms in illness are evidence that the body is curing itself, and accelerating or exaggeration of the symptoms speeds healing. 2.) Several Asian healing therapies can be classified as the application of physical forces or devices. Massage therapy, acupressure, and pinching or scratching techniques are used to release the vital energy flow through the twelve meridians of the body identified in traditional Chinese medicine, primarily by relieving muscle tension so that oxygen and nutrients can be delivered to organs and wastes removed. 3.) Persons with a spiritual calling are often employed to treat illness. Neng among the Hmong, Mexican curanderos (or curanderas), practitioners of voodoo in the American South, and espiritos or santeros (or santeras) in the Caribbean may communicate with the spirits or saints to heal their patients. Ceremonial invocation is the primary therapy, although charms and spells to counteract witchcraft and botanical preparations to ease physical complaints are used as well.
Researchers in effective communication have identified five ways in which misunderstandings occur that are applicable to the health care setting. List these.
1. A provider can never fully know a client's thoughts, attitudes, and emotions, especially when the client is from a different cultural background. 2. A provider must depend on verbal and nonverbal signals from the client to learn what the client believes about health and illness, and these signals may be ambiguous. 3. A provider uses his or her own cultural understanding of communication to interpret verbal and nonverbal signals from the client, which may be inadequate for accurate deciphering of meaning in another cultural context. 4. A provider's state of mind at any given time may bias interpretation of a client's behavior. 5. There is no correlation between what a provider believes are correct interpretations of a client's signals or behaviors and the accuracy of the provider's belief.
Mass media campaigns are believed to influence a change in health behavior in approximately what percentage of the target audience?
10 percent
Since the 1970s, approximately how many British have immigrated to the U.S. per year?
10-20 thousand
According to the 2011 Canadian census, what percent of the population claim membership in no religion?
16%
Approximately how many Americans of Italian descent were in the United States as of 2013?
17 million
During 2007-2008, the National Center for Health Statistics in the United States reported that the average daily energy intake for women was _______ kcalories (kcal).
1771
What was the typical traditional meal pattern of Native Americans in the Southwest and the Pacific Northwest?
2 meals per day
According to the U.S. Census figures from 2009, what percentage of the population in the United States is of Native American heritage?
2%
How does the incidence of type 2 diabetes among Native Americans (especially those in the Plains and Southwest) compare to that of the general population?
2-4 times as great
Approximately how many Muslims live in the U.S.?
2.9 Million
When does research indicate that the ancestors of Native Americans crossed over the Bering Strait from Asia?
20,000-50,000 years ago
How many ethnicities were identified by the Canadian census in 2006?
200
The number of adults over 65 years of age in the U.S. is expected to double by what year?
2050
What percentage of the diet was dependent on wild rice for the Ojibwa of the Plains?
25%
Culturally specific preferences become apparent around what age?
3-6 years
What percentage of immigrants living in the United States are estimated to have poor English skills?
30 Percent
Approximately what percentage of adults in the U.S. used some form of CAM during the year 2007?
38%
Approximately how much do Americans currently spend on complementary and alternative medicine annually?
40 billion
In the area that is today the United States, there are estimated to be about _____ different distinct Native American nations.
4500
About what percentage of kosher foods are purchased by non-Jews?
50%
Though definitions of overweight and obesity vary in some research, the trends are consistent. Group-specific studies report that what percentage of Indians residing in Oklahoma were overweight or obese?
61%
Approximately how many different nonverbal gestures have been identified?
7000
As of the 2013 census, approximately how many people identified themselves as Scottish or having Scotch Irish heritage?
8 million
What is the belief of the "majority American worldview" in regard to fate?
A belief in personal control over fate
When doing a dietary analysis such as a food frequency, what is a "phantom food"?
A food not actually consumed
What is the abrazo, a common greeting for Latinos?
A hug with back patting
Give a specific example that reflects a health disparity associated with an ethnicity in the United States today
Accrding to a 2004 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National diabetes statistics report, American Indians/Alaska Natives (15.9%) are twice as likely as non-Hispanic Whites (7.6%) to be diagnosed with adult Diabetes
Cultural membership or social identity is defined by
Accultration
What group of Native Americans often ate foods raw because there was a general lack of firewood over much of the area in which they lived?
Alaska Native
Prohibited or strongly discouraged by Muslims
Alcohol
Which of the following is one of the five pillars of Islam?
Almsgiving
What are the main features of the diet typical of northern Europeans that today are typical of the American diet in general?
American food habits have been greatly influenced by British and Irish immigrants. Meal patterns and composition are very similar to those in Great Britain. The typical meal of a meat, poultry, or fish main dish served with vegetable and starch side dishes, and often bread, continues to this day. The influence of the British and French on American cuisine is undoubtedly one reason the U.S. diet is high in cholesterol and fat, and low in fiber and complex carbohydrates.
Which term describes the idea that although foods from throughout the world are available and often affordable, there is a need for consistency and conservatism?
American's paradox
What is a horno?
An adobe oven
Hot-cold concepts developed out of ________ humoral medicine that identified four characteristics in the natural world associated with four body humors.
Ancient Greek
Haram are foods that
Are unlawful or prohibited
Why might the same person use low-context communication in some situations and high-context communication in other situations?
As an example of low- versus high-context communication in different situations, consider a researcher presenting current nutritional data on spinach to a group of other professionals. She will probably speak in a relatively monotone voice and use scientific jargon. She will present her points in a sequential manner, support her thesis with examples, and then restate her ideas in the conclusion. She will probably stand erect and limit the expressive use of her hands and face. The message is almost entirely in the content of the words she says. In contrast, this same woman might behave very differently when feeding her reluctant toddler spinach for dinner. She might smile and make yummy sounds as she offers him a spoonful or pretends the spinach is a plane coming in for a landing in his mouth. She might give him a spoonful of meat or potato, then try the spinach again. She might even dance around his high chair a little or hum a few bars of the old cartoon theme song about a sailor who liked spinach. She doesn't try to get him to eat spinach by explaining its nutrient content, as she did at her meeting. The message is non-linear and not dependent on the content of the words she uses. This is not to say that a health care provider should burst out in song when working with a client from a high-context culture. But it does suggest that indirect, expressive approaches may be more effective in some intercultural clinical, educational, or counseling settings. Identification of a culture as either low or high context provides a general framework for communication but may be affected by other situational factors.
The yin and yang system of dietary planning is dominant in what cultural group?
Asian
Garam masala is a distinct flavor principle associated with which ethnicity?
Asian Indian
What is the fastest-growing ethnic group in the United States.?
Asians
A minority group moving into a larger, dominant culture and assuming the manners and values of the majority is called
Assimilation
Bread is often used as a symbol in many cultures. A symbolic use of bread might be
Associating it with a religious value
The ancient Asian Indian system of healing is called
Ayurvedic Medicine
A Basque dinner item
Bacalao al a vizcaina
What translation technique requires that instructions are repeated back to the clinician?
Back interpertation
What foods do Italians consider to be "heavy" foods?
Baked foods and red meat
General dietary guidelines for health that are similar to those of the U.S. have been developed for many countries, and usually include what concept(s)?
Balance and moderation
Patients in the health-care setting are often worried and may frequently be in pain or fearful of outcomes. These personal conditions may be ________ effective communication.
Barriers to
What was the second most important crop, after corn, for Native Americans in the southwestern region?
Beans
The only staple foods common to many, though not all, Native American nations were:
Beans, Corn, and squash
Why did a wave of Spaniards immigrate to the U.S. in the late 19th century?
Because of poor economic competitions
Prohibited or strongly discouraged by Hindus
Beef
Crunchy twice-baked cookie slices served on special occasions in Italy are called:
Biscotti
What was the staple food source of the Plains Indians?
Bison
British pubs usually serve which type of top-fermented, amber-colored beer, strongly flavored with hops?
Bitters
What plant product did the Ojibwas boil to prevent miscarriages?
Blackberry roots
According to kosher standards, which food(s) is/are not permitted?
Blood from any animal
Discuss briefly the similarities of Protestantism and Buddhism
Both Buddhism and Protestantism were protestant revolts against the orthodox religion. Martin Luther placed great emphasis on the individual's direct responsibility to God. He believed that every person can reach God through direct prayer without the intercession of a priest or saint; thus, every believer is, in effect, a minister. Buddhism accepted certain Hindu concepts, such as the idea that all living beings go through countless cycles of death and rebirth, the doctrine of karma, spiritual liberation from the flesh, and that the path to wisdom includes taming the appetites and passions of the body. Buddha disagreed with the Hindus about the methods by which these objectives were to be achieved. He advocated the Middle Way between asceticism and self-indulgence, stating that both extremes in life should be avoided. He also disagreed with the Hindus on caste distinctions, believing (like Luther) that all persons were equal in spiritual potential.
What are the four meals of the day in Great Britain?
Breakfast, lunch, tea, and the evening meal
In which of the following cultures are people likely to avoid touching?
British
Many of the mainstream American worldviews, such as family structure and view of food and health, are typical of the
British
Match the five regional variations in Native American fare with the meals listed below. Southern
Brunswick stew, corn pone, huckleberry honey cake
Who is in charge of administration of the federal reservations?
Bureau of Indian Affairs
What is the name of a stew made from pig hearts and liver, then served with beans or potatoes in Portugal?
Cacoila
Mormons predominate in what state?
California
Of the states, which has the highest number of resident American Indians?
California
In Italy, what dish consists of pizza dough that is folded over a filling of cheese, ham, or salami, then baked or fried?
Calzone
The most universal of food taboos is
Cannabilism
What is the name of a stuffed pasta named for its "little hat" shape served in Bologna, Italy?
Cappelleti
What type of communication can empower the client within the relationship and improve treatment efficacy?
Caring and considerate
Because the Navajo health system classifies illness by _______ rather than by symptom, clients may have difficulty understanding the necessity for a physical exam or medical history.
Cause
What is the traditional bread served during the Sabbath in Judaism?
Challah
What is the key ingredient in "ploughman's lunch" served in British and Irish pubs?
Cheese
A Portuguese breakfast item
Chouriço
Worldwide, what religion is followed by the most people?
Christianity
In Devonshire a slightly fermented, thickened cream that is spread on scones and biscuits is called what?
Clotted Cream
Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons) try to follow the Mormon laws of health in relation to dietary matters, including not consuming
Coffee, Tea, or Alcohol
What is the practice in which a spoon or coin is rubbed across the skin for healing or to relieve tension called?
Coining
An Irish Sunday supper item
Colcannon
Foods that satisfy the basic need for food familiarity and are eaten during personal events or times of stress are called
Comfort Foods
Rules regarding _____ determine who can dine together.
Commensalism
What are "little candies" that are served in Italy called?
Confetti
Invoking supernatural forces, or ________, is a frequent social cause of sickness.
Conjury
The transition of a society from producers of indigenous foods to consumers of mass-produced foods is called
Consumerization
What are the two components of a message?
Content and relationship
In the time-pressured and cost-constrained setting of health care delivery, which of the following is considered the most relevant aspect of messages to clients?
Context
Two main protein foods eaten by Greeks virtually daily include lamb and legumes. These are examples of
Core Foods
What food is of significance in many healing ceremonies?
Corn
Describe the therapeutic use of corn by Native Americans.
Corn is significant in some healing ceremonies. Cornmeal may be sprinkled around the bed of a patient to protect him or her against further illness. Corn pollen may be used to ease heart palpitations, and fine cornmeal is rubbed on children's rashes. Navajo women drink blue cornmeal gruel to promote the production of milk after childbirth, and Pueblo women use a mixture of water and corn ear smut (Ustilago maydis, a kind of fungus) to relieve diarrhea and to cure irregular menstruation. A similar drink was given to Zuni women to speed childbirth and to prevent postpartum hemorrhaging. Corn silk tea was used as a diuretic and was prescribed for bladder infections.
In the consumer choice model of food selection, many influences are discussed. Briefly discuss some of the primary factors that influence food choices for a single mother of young children who lives in the "inner city" of a large urban area and who does not own her own car.
Cost is often an important influence on food choice, and income level is the most significant sociodemographic factor in predicting selection. In the United States, affordability has been found to limit the purchasing of healthy foods, and in some cases even families with government subsidies find it difficult to meet nutritional needs. Convenience is a major concern in food purchases, particularly by members of urbanized societies. In urbanized societies, people often work far from home; therefore, lunch is eaten with fellow employees. Instead of a large, home-cooked meal, employees may eat a quick fast-food meal. Furthermore, family structure can necessitate convenience.
Researchers have offered a variety of reasons for cultural prohibitions from eating certain meats. One explanation from an anthropological point of view for why Hindus may have a prohibition from killing cows would be that the
Cow provides more economic benefit alive than dead
The climate and geography of Italy has led to more
Cream- and cheese-based dishes in the northern region.
Culture-bound syndromes are
Culrally defined folk illnesses that may be difficult to treat if not actually considered an illness.
When a health care provider imposes her or his beliefs, practices, and values on a patient from another culture, what is this termed?
Cultural Imposition
What term describes an area where no single ethnic group is the majority?
Cultural Pluratity
What act defines dietary supplements as separate from food and drugs?
DSHEA
What is a light breakfast of coffee and bread or churros eaten at about 8 a.m. in Spain called?
Desayuno
The assumption that cultures progress from under-developed to developed through structural and food culture changes is termed the _____.
Developmental perspective of food culture
"Digger Indians" were called such because they were known to
Dig roots for food
A monochronistic view of time suggests:
Doing one thing at a time
Match the five regional variations in Native American fare with the meals listed below. Northwestern
Duck with wild rice, bannocks, Indian pudding
In Buddhism, what is the first of the four noble truths?
Dukkha
One classification system used to categorize foods is "edible" versus "inedible." In this classification, a Hindu vegetarian would consider chicken
Edible by humans, but not me
The process of learning culturally specific preferences passed from generation to generation
Encultration
What characteristics represent the "tip of the iceberg" in the iceberg analogy used to describe communication?
Ethnicity (or nationality), age, gender
If I believe that all cultures other than my own eat "weird" food, my views are
Ethocentric
The Eastern Orthodox religion has a variety of feast days and fast days. Which of the following is a fast day or period of fasting?
Eve of Theophany
On fasting days, Muslims are allowed which of the following while the sun is up?
Exercise
The vicarious enjoyment of eating through reading about it or watching food-related programs on television is known as
Exploitation
A dry meal is served once a week by some Italian Americans to "cleanse out the system."
False
According to the Jewish "law of meat and milk," an observant Jew who has just eaten dairy must wait six hours before eating meat
False
All members of a cultural group can be expected to have the same high- or low-context dispositions towards communication, regardless of the situation in which communication is taking place.
False
Biculturation can be defined as a minority group member's identity being completely submerged in or sublimated to the dominant cultural identity.
False
Creole and Cajun are both the same type of food and these terms are used interchangeably.
False
Designing nutrition education messages is easier if the group being targeted is heterogeneous.
False
Etnicity has no relationship to health disparities in the United States.
False
High-context cultures are seldom found among homogeneous populations.
False
It is always useful to use children as the translators in a medical setting because the child often knows the language better than the parents.
False
Judaism is the second largest religious group in the world.
False
Low-context cultures tend to be polychronistic.
False
Nearly all British immigrants to America were Catholic.
False
One major fasting period in the Roman Catholic religion starts forty days after the celebration of Easter.
False
Religion-related food habits are the least variable of culturally based food habits.
False
Some Cherokee believe that illness may be caused by witchcraft.
False
The American majority value that all people should have equal access to health care is shared by almost all cultures worldwide.
False
The Pacific northwestern tribes were known for their agriculture
False
The average Native American life expectancy is approximately 4.2 years greater when compared to the U.S. population
False
The dietary laws that are a part of the Islamic religion are called halal, and they are exactly the same as the Jewish kosher laws.
False
The fastest and largest growing ethnic groups in America in 2007 were from Asia, but more recently Latin Americans became the fastest growing race or ethnic group.
False
The four castes of Hinduism are represented as forming parts of the Creator's body: his mouth, ears, arms, and feet.
False
The view of an individual's relationship to fate is seldom related to the perception of time.
False
There is little variation across Native American tribes throughout North America in terms of traditional meal patterns
False
Traditional views of being thin are seldom negative and do not have underlying associations with poor diet and disease.
False
Urbanization of a population is associated with maintenance of traditional food habits.
False
While it was traditional for Spain and Italy to celebrate religious feast days, this custom is no longer followed.
False
The term that describes eating more food than is customarily consumed daily for religious or other special events is:
Feasting
Rome, the capital of Italy, is best known for what long, flat egg noodle that is mixed with butter and grated cheese?
Fettucine Alfredo
In what culture is direct eye contact an expression of sexual interest or aggression?
Filipino
Of the following, which is one of the three major centers of Native American culture observed in the 17th century?
Five civilized tribes
As peoples become acculturated, which habits are likely to be the last to change?
Food Habits
When sickness is assumed to be due to the actions of the patient, reasons for illness might include
Food and Exercise choices
When considering diet in the context of other cultures, food habits can be classified according to nutritional impact. Which category of food habits is the first factor that should be considered?
Food use that has positive health consequences and should be encouraged
Elaborate on how the foods associated with Rosh Hashanah reflect wishes for the New Year.
For Rosh Hashanah, the challah is baked in a round shape that symbolizes life without end and a year of uninterrupted health and happiness. In some communities, the challah is formed like a bird representing God's protection. Apples are dipped in honey, and a special prayer is said for a sweet and pleasant year. Some families traditionally consume the head of a fish or of a sheep, with the wish that God's will for them is to be at the head, not the tail, of any undertakings in the upcoming year. Foods with Hebrew names similar to other words may also be eaten, such as beets (similar to remove and used to pray that enemies be removed). On the second night a new fruit, one that hasn't been consumed for a long period of time, is enjoyed with a prayer for a year of plenty. Often, the fruit is a pomegranate, which reputedly contains 613 seeds, the same as the number of commandments listed in the Torah. No sour or bitter foods are served on this holiday, and special sweets and delicacies, such as honey cakes, are usually prepared.
Hindus are not all vegetarian, but cows are considered sacred and the meat of the cow is considered
Forbidden
Which country in Europe has some of the best farmland, with three-fifths of its land under cultivation?
France
n example of a food that was renamed in order to assert a new cultural identity is
Freedom Fries
The Cajuns of Louisiana are descended from
French Canadian Immagrants
Not prohibited by any religion
Fruit
Which of the following is an Indian food thought of as "traditional" but made from ingredients introduced by the Europeans?
Fry Bread
What is the name of a refreshing pureed vegetable soup that is usually served cold in Spain?
Gazpacho
What is the term for the strictest kosher standards?
Glatt
Products produced in distant parts of the world are eaten in another country
Globalization
The integration of local, regional, and national phenomena into an unrestricted worldwide organization is
Globalization
On what day do Roman Catholics traditionally fast?
Good Friday
The Cajun music style zydeco got its name from what vegetable?
Green Bean
As thanks for a plentiful summer harvest, southern Native American nations celebrated what festival?
Green Corn Festival
Match the five regional variations in Native American fare with the meals listed below. Southwestern
Green chile stew, blue corn bread, and piñon seeds
What is the traditional entrée served on New Year's Eve in Scotland?
Haggis
What term best describes the Native American approach to life?
Harmony
In France, what general categories can be used to describe the two types of cuisine?
Haute and provincial
What is the term for addressing the experience of illness, alleviating the infirmities of the sick, and responding to the personal, familial, and social issues surrounding sickness?
Healing
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease, defines what term?
Health
More than 80 percent of the world's population uses ________ remedies to treat illness and optimize health.
Herbal
What is the main ingredient in the Cherokee kanuche soup?
Hickory Nuts
In Britain and Ireland, most people take a break in the afternoon and have a pot of tea. When this is accompanied by a substantial meal, what is it called?
High Tea
The Mediterranean diet has what key characteristic?
High relative intakes of monounsaturated fats
"The individual is usually defined by group association" describes what type of culture?
High-Context
Buddhism is based on what other religion?
Hinduism
Caste distinctions are part of what religion?
Hinduism
What two religions were developed in India?
Hinduism and Buddhism
What is the most popular and colorful social and religious event for the Portuguese in the U.S.?
Holy Ghost (Spirit) Festival
Cultures use different therapies to cure illness. The practice of _____ is based on the tenant that "like cures like."
Homeopathy
Witches, sorcerers, and root doctors have the power to manipulate the natural or supernatural world through a. the evil eye.
Humor Systems
In biomedical culture, three causes of disease are identified
Immediate causes, underlying causes, and ultimate causes.
The biomedical model holds that there are three levels of possible causes of disease. List these levels and give an example of each.
In biomedical culture, three causes of disease are identified: (1) immediate causes, such as bacterial or viral infection, toxins, tumors, or physical injury; (2) underlying causes, including smoking, high cholesterol levels, glucose intolerance, or nutritional deficiencies; and (3) ultimate causes, such as hereditary predisposition, environmental stresses, obesity, or other factors.
What are some of the features of the Mediterranean diet that may be health promoting?
In general, the Mediterranean diet, which is typified in southern Italy and Spain, has been characterized as health promoting due to a high intake of complex carbohydrates, a high intake of protective phytochemicals, and a low intake of fat with a higher proportion of monounsaturated fats from olive oil as compared to saturated animal fats. The greater emphasis on grains, legumes, vegetables, and fruits; lower intakes of meat and dairy foods; and promotion of wine in moderation differentiate the Mediterranean diet from that recommended by U.S. health officials.
Where did Hinduism originate?
India
Other cultural groups
Indirectness/ritual/"face" Fate determines what happens
Majority American values emphasize ________ and control over fate.
Individuality
Briefly define and give an example for each of the five categories of "edible" or "inedible" used as a method of "food" classification
Inedible foods: These foods are poisonous or are not eaten because of strong beliefs or taboos. Edible by animals, but not by me: These foods are items such as rodents in the United States or corn in France (where it is used primarily as a feed grain). Edible by humans, but not by my kind: These foods are recognized as acceptable in some societies, but not in your own culture. Edible by humans, but not by me: These foods include all those accepted by a person's cultural group but not by the individual, due to factors such as preference. Edible by me: These are all foods accepted as part of an individual's dietary domain.
Television, video, computers, radios, and magazines used by target audiences are all what types of channels?
Influence
What are the basic competencies needed by practitioners for effective intercultural communication?
Information transfer, relationship development and maintenance, and compliance gaining
The process of handing down the manners and understandings in common to a culture from one generation to the next is known as
Intra-ethnic variation
Which group created the first large wave of Catholic immigration consisting of approximately two million people?
Irish, before 1700
Which Native American nation had abundant food sources, even through the cold winter, because of the heavy woodlands, freshwater lakes, and coastal access where they lived?
Iroquois
In the "iceberg model of multicultural influences on communication," the iceberg analogy is used because much of what affects communication
Is unseen and not readily apparent.
Why is cottage cheese associated with Shavout?
It symbolizes the curdled milk at Israelites' homes after returning late from receiving the Ten Commandments
The majority of immigrants from southern Europe were of what origin?
Italian
Sympathetic medicine and sympathetic magic use the word sympathetic to mean
Items that have visible characteristics similar to human body parts or organs
Which immigrants have developed many methods, such as saying "maybe," to avoid a negative response?
Japanese
Kashrut is the dietary laws for what religion?
Judaism
Rosh Hashanah is the religious new year of what religion?
Judaism
Buddhist monks are in retreat during what time of the year?
July through October
Two examples of specific religious guidelines dealing with how to slaughter meat include
Kashrut (kosher) and halal.
When using a translator in a medical environment, the practitioner should
Keep eye contact with the patient.
Regular seasonal migration of salmon created a constant and reliable protein source for which of the following groups?
Kwakiutl
Which cultural group is most likely to avert their eyes as a sign of respect?
Latinos
What is the term describing the 40 days before Easter that means "spring"?
Lent
Many Native American nations are matrilineal, which means what?
Lineage is inherited from the mother.
The Swiss, Germans, and Scandinavians are examples of what type of cultures?
Low-Context
The Japanese diet based on brown rice, miso soup, and vegetables that was popularized in Europe as promoting health in the 1920s is called
Macrobiotics
Complex rules that define how humans eat meals are called
Manners
Which of the following describes a high-context culture?
Meaning in found in context, not in words.
What food is the most frequently prohibited across cultures?
Meat
A one-pot dish in America would be considered a meal if it contained
Meat, veggies and starch
The consecutive or concurrent use of multiple health care systems is called
Medical Pluralism
Sacred healers with exceptional powers among the Native American groups are called
Medicine Men
Among the Native American nations of the Northeast, who was traditionally served first at a meal?
Men
The beans of what tree were a staple in some desert regions?
Mesquite
Which cultural group is an example of one that believes a person's family should be involved in all health care decisions? a. Jews
Middle Easteners
The movement of populations from one country, region, or location to another
Migration
What is the law of meat and milk according to Judaism?
Milk and meat may not be eaten at the same time.
Tehnological advances that lead to the production of food commodities
Modernization
The majority members in the United States are ________, meaning they prefer to concentrate on one issue or task at a time in a sequential manner.
Monochrostic
Disparities in _________ rates, chronic disease incidence, and access to care are prevalent among many U.S. ethnic groups.
Morality
How many varieties of indigenous fruits and vegetables were consumed by the Native Americans of the Northwest Coast?
More than 100
Black adolescent girls showed significantly improved outcomes when what support person participated in weight-loss sessions?
Mother
To relieve yin (too much cold), a small, burning bundle of herbs is used to restore balance of energy. What is this procedure called?
Moxibustion
Chunks of meat with fat and skin attached made from whale or walrus are called
Muktuk
What does polychronistic refer to?
Multitasking
What is the capital of Campania in southern Italy?
Napales
In what type of medicine is the body aided to heal itself through non-invasive natural treatments?
Naturopathic
What are the pads of the prickly pear cactus called?
Nopales
Which area is known for its apple brandy drink called Calvados?
Normady
Laverbread is made from laver and what other ingredient before it is fried?
Oatmeal
What are the parts of an animal that are often discarded, such as lamb's brain, pig's tail, and calf's heart, called?
Offal
In 2010, approximately how many Seventh-Day Adventists lived in the U.S.?
One Million
What does the term action chain refer to?
One phrase or action leading to another
Among the elements that differ regarding a meal are
Order of meal courses
What type of medicine proposes that blood and lymph flow, as well as nerve function, improves through manipulation of the musculoskeletal system?
Osteopathic
In many non-U.S. cultures, being ________ is considered a protective factor that is indicative of health as well as an attribute of beauty.
Overweight
What ethnicity focuses most on the belief that fulfilling social obligations is essential to health and that disharmony with family or village members can result in illness?
Pacific Islanders
Historians and scientists speculate that _____ is the foremost reason that herbs and spices have assumed such an essential role in food habits.
Palatability
Children learn food preferences from valued or trusted others. Who has the least long-lasting influence?
Parents
When comparing northern and southern Italy, what are the main regional differences in pasta and in other core foods?
Pasta is the quintessential dish throughout the nation. It is prepared fresh, from dough made with the addition of eggs, or dried, from a dough made without eggs. In the north, fresh pastas are more common, and stuffed versions made with bits of meat, cheese, and vegetables, such as ravioli, are especially popular. Pasta in the north is also frequently topped with rich cream sauces. In the agriculturally poorer south, the pasta is generally dried, and it is usually served unfilled with a tomato-based sauce. Other broad differences are that northern fare uses more butter, dairy products, rice, and meat than the south, which is notable for the use of olive oil, more fish, and more beans and vegetables, such as artichokes, eggplants, bell peppers, and tomatoes. Garlic is found throughout the nation, though it is more popular in the north.
Match the five regional variations in Native American fare with the meals listed below. Plains
Pemmican, bison stew, Jerusalem artichokes, wojapi
According to the core and complementary foods model, foods that are eaten sporadically and are an indicator of individual food preference are
Peripheral Foods
Changes in food behavior happen most often with
Peripheral Foods
Messages that demonstrate respect for the individuality of the receiver are called
Personal Messages
What type(s) of attributes are commonly associated with well-being?
Physical Characteristics
A lacy, flat, blue cornmeal bread that Hopi women baked was called a
Piki
What is the name of cornmeal mush that is often served with cheese or sauce in Italy?
Polenta
Wind or bad air is of particular concern in many cultural groups because it can enter the body through ________, causing illness.
Pores in the body
An important consideration in defining a meal is
Portion Size
Immigrants that came to the U.S. from the Madeira and Azore Islands are from what country?
Portugal
In nutrition education, triangulation relates to a method of checking
Prgram Marketing
According to marketing experts, the most effective presentation of a message requires a combination of pictures, sounds, and words in broadcast and what other type of media?
What type of evaluation keeps track of progress throughout an educational program?
Process
What are the four Ps of the marketing mix?
Product, price, placement, and promotion
What self-described religious affiliation is identified by the highest percentage of the population in the U.S.?
Protestant
The idea that an individual is directly responsible to God in matters of faith and is thus, in effect, a minister, is the hallmark of what religion?
Protestantism
Elaborate rules regarding food and drink for followers of Hinduism are meant to lead to
Purity of mind and spirit
A French lunch item
Pâté
The halal dietary laws are included in what religious scripture?
Qur'an
Which religious occasion on the Islamic lunar calendar is associated with a month of daytime fasting?
Ramadan
Communication in high-context cultures is analogous to what expression?
Read between the lines.
When counseling Native Americans, which of the following is good advice?
Recognize the diversity within Native American groups and understand the local culture.
Traditional Native American religions vary, yet they share one characteristic:
Religion permeates all aspects of life.
Which method is considered a culturally sensitive approach to collecting health-related information and a reliable method of assessment?
Respondent-driven interview
What religion has the highest membership in both Italy and Spain?
Roman Catholic
What single Christian faith has the largest number of adherents in the U.S.?
Roman Catholic
The three dominant Christian branches are:
Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodox Christianity, and Protestantism
Match the five regional variations in Native American fare with the meals listed below. Northwestern Coast/Alaskan Native
Salmon, elk stew with acorn dumplings, fiddlehead ferns, whipped raspberry (soup)
What is the Spanish tomato soup that is thickened with bread crumbs and garnished with Serrano ham and hard-boiled eggs called?
Salmorejo
In Japan, what word follows the surname given to a married woman?
San
Native Americans of the southern region used _____ to thicken soups and stews, brew tea, and prepare a seasoning called filé powder.
Sasafras
In the mnemonic CRASH, the letter S stands for what?
Sensitive
During the Diaspora (the dispersion of Jews outside the homeland of Israel), Jews scattered and settled all over the ancient world. Two sects of Judaism eventually developed
Sephardim and Ashkenazi.
Dr. John Kellogg developed the breakfast cereal as a result of the dietary practices of what religious sect?
Seventh-Day Adventist
Briefly discuss why sharing food is an important aspect in most Native American societies today
Sharing food is an important aspect of most Native American societies today. Food is usually offered to guests, and in some tribes it is considered rude for a guest to refuse food. It is also impolite to eat in front of others without sharing. Any extra food is often given to members of the extended family. In some nations of the Southwest, meals are prepared and eaten communally. Each woman makes a large amount of one dish and shares it with the other families, who in turn share what they have prepared. Many Native Americans find the idea of selling food inconceivable; it is suggested that this is one reason there are few restaurants featuring Native American specialties.
Prohibited or strongly discouraged by Jews
Shellfish Meat and dairy at the same meal
The most effective method of communication to use when conveying a health-related message through an interpreter is
Short, Direct phrases spoken in a positive tone
What island is located off the boot toe of Italy?
Sicily
According to the Seventh-Day Adventists, what results from violating the laws of health?
Sickness
What term is used for the entire disease-illness process?
Sickness
The use of astrology for determining the health status of a person coincides with what belief about sickness?
Sickness is due to the natural world.
What is the term used by Italian Americans for a health care provider who is warm and empathetic?
Simpatico
Power distance in low-context cultures where individuality is respected is
Small
Expression of emotions through bodily complaints is called
Somatization
Why do Some Native Americans reject the concept that poor nutrition, bodily malfunctions, or an infection by a virus or bacteria can cause sickness?
Some Native Americans reject the concept that poor nutrition, bodily malfunctions, or an infection by a virus or bacteria can cause sickness. An evil external source is often identified instead. Some Dakota, for instance, blame type 2 diabetes on disease-transmitting foods provided by whites with the intention of eliminating all Native Americans. An outbreak of serious respiratory infections due to the Hanta virus was explained by Navajo healers as being due to rejection of traditional ways and adoption of convenience foods. Some Native Americans attribute alcoholism to soul loss and the cultural changes due to domination by white society.
Briefly discuss why worldview is especially evident in serious, life-and-death health care decisions.
Southeast Asians may appear indifferent to a terminally ill family member and have little interest in prolonging life because of a faith in reincarnation. Some African Americans distrust white American health care recommendations regarding do-not-resuscitate orders in part because they contradict the critical role of faith in African American healing. An Orthodox Jewish patient may believe that physicians are mandated to preserve life and that any person who assists death through denial of sustaining care is a murderer; a non-Orthodox Jew may believe that no one should endure uncontrollable pain and thus dying should not be prolonged. Middle Easterners traditionally demand that everything be done to keep a person alive because death is in God's hands, and one must never give up hope. Mexican American family members might view death as part of God's plan for a relative; they might be against anything that would quicken death, or they may expect the practitioner to make the decision.
Hopi Indians from what region were known for using 20 different varieties of corn?
Southwest
In what Native American region would blue cornmeal bread be commonly eaten?
Southwest
An Italian lunch item
Spaghetti con Cozze
Which European country is the largest producer of olives in the world?
Spain
In the 1600s, who first added sugar to the bitter chocolate beverage native to Mexico?
Spanish
What is the shape of fusilli and rotelle pasta?
Spiral
Legend has that it that an Indian named _____ saved the Pilgrims by teaching them to grow corn.
Squanto
The chicken dish known as Brunswick stew is an adaptation of a Native American recipe for what animal?
Squirrel
A term used to describe overestimation of the association between group membership and individual behavior, often seen as a pitfall in health care relationships, is:
Stereotyping
Many researchers recommend the universally accepted format of _____ to deliver an educational message.
Storytelling
Which of the following is practiced by Seventh-Day Adventists?
Strict observation of the Sabbath from sundown Friday to sundown Saturday
Food choices in all societies are driven by an inborn preference for what food flavors?
Sugar and Fat
An example of culturally based food categorization is
Sympathetic magic foods
What is the harmful substance contained in acorns that must be leached out before consumption?
Tannic acid
The primary factor in consumer food choice is:
Taste
What were the four barriers to healthy eating identified by African American women in the triangulation focus groups?
Taste, cost, time, and lack of information.
Which term refers to the conditions, such as soil texture, minerals, drainage, source of water, and temperature, in which grapes are grown?
Terroir
Which of the following types of ethnic restaurants have grown the most in popularity in recent years?
Thai
What do anthropologists speculate that the handshake, the hug, and the bow with hands pressed together all originated to demonstrate?
That a person was not carrying a weapon
The primary social unit of Native Americans is:
The Extended Family
In Native American culture, health reflects a person's relationship to nature, broadly defined as the:
The Family, The community, and the environment
Describe how the climate and geography of the middle of the continent resulted in the specific food ways of the Plains Indians.
The Native Americans who lived in the area that is now the American Midwest were mostly nomadic hunters, following the great herds of bison across the flat plains for sustenance. The land was rugged and generally unsuitable for agriculture. Those nations that settled along the fertile Mississippi and Missouri River valleys, however, developed farm-based societies supported by crops of beans, corn, and squash.
What food-related behaviors are observed by Seventh-Day Adventists during the observation of the Sabbath from sundown on Friday to sundown on Saturday?
The Seventh-Day Adventist church adheres strictly to the teachings of the Bible. The Sabbath is observed from sundown on Friday to sundown on Saturday and is wholly dedicated to the Lord. Food must be prepared on Friday and dishes washed on Sunday. In addition, overeating is discouraged. Vegetarianism is widely practiced because the Bible states that the diet in Eden did not include flesh foods. Like the Mormons, the Adventists do not consume tea, coffee, or alcohol and do not use tobacco products. Water is considered the best liquid and should be consumed only before and after the meal, not during the meal. Meals are not highly seasoned, and hot spices such as mustard, chili powder, and black pepper are avoided. Eating between meals is discouraged so that food can be properly digested.
What are some of the low-context cultures described in the text, and what attributes of their communication style are specifically low context?
The Swiss, Germans, and Scandinavians are examples of low-context cultures. In most Western cultures, messages usually concern ideas presented in a logical, linear sequence. The speaker tries to say what is meant through precise wording, and the content of the language is more objective than personal along the continuum of personal and object messages. This communication style is termed low context because the actual words are more important than who is receiving the message, how the words are said, or the nonverbal actions that accompany them.
Which phrase is the best definition of culture?
The beliefs, attitudes, values, and practices of a community of individuals
An envious gaze that is believed by many to project harm on another person is called
The evil eye
Contrast the religion and socioeconomic status of the early Scotch Irish immigrants in the 1700s to that of the second wave of Irish immigrants in the mid-1800s.
The first Irish people to immigrate in substantial numbers to the United States were the descendants of Scottish Presbyterians who had settled in Northern Ireland in the seventeenth century. Large-scale immigration began in the eighteenth century, and by 1775 there were an estimated 250,000 Scotch Irish living in the American colonies. Most of the immigration was the result of an economic depression brought on by a textile slump in Ireland. Irish Catholics started to arrive in the United States by 1820, and their immigration reached an apex between 1840 and 1860, when approximately 2 million people arrived. The impetus to leave Ireland was not only religious persecution but also repeated crop failures. The potato blight that destroyed their principal crop in 1845 resulted in death by starvation of 1 million Irish people. The Irish Catholics were the first great ethnic minority in American cities.
Relate the "marketing mix" used in marketing a new brand of laundry detergent to a new health behavior being marketed for adoption
The four Ps of the marketing mix are the same for new laundry detergent as they are for a new health behavior. They are: product, price, placement, and promotion. They refer to a well-developed message (product) that advances program goals and objectives at minimal economic or psychological cost to target audience members (price) and presents this message in a method congruent with target audience media preferences (placement) in such a way that the target audience members are encouraged to become more involved in the program, either through phone numbers for further information or through attendance at group meetings (promotion). Attention to all four areas of the marketing mix ensures that the health care behavior (or the new laundry detergent) is fully accessible to the target audience.
Which part of the body is most sacred to many cultures and should not be touched?
The head
Why is the in-depth interview essential in intercultural counseling?
The in-depth interview is essential in intercultural counseling to determine many of the iceberg issues that may affect communication and cooperation in health care, including ethnicity, age, degree of acculturation or bicultural adaptation, socioeconomic status, health condition, religious affiliation, educational background, group membership, sexual orientation, or political affiliation. However, a client may believe that personal questions about his background are invasive or unnecessary, especially if he comes from a high-context culture. Direct inquiry may even suggest to the client that the practitioner is incompetent because she cannot determine the problem through indirect methods. One culturally sensitive approach is the respondent-driven interview, in which simple, open-ended questions by the provider initiate conversation. The client can express her understanding and experience in her own words. The practitioner exerts little control over the flow of the response, yet elicits data through careful prompting
Compare the meat-slaughtering laws associated with halal and kashrut.
The kashrut laws state that the meat of permitted animals can be eaten only if the life of the animal is taken by a special process known as shehitah. If an animal dies a natural death or is killed by any other method, it may not be eaten. The shohet (person who kills the animal) must be a Jew trained and licensed to perform the killing, which is done by slitting the neck with a sharp knife, cutting the jugular vein and trachea at the same time. This method, which is quick and painless, also causes most of the blood to be drained from the carcass. To be halal, an animal must be killed in a manner similar to that described in the Jewish laws, by slitting the front of the throat; cutting the jugular vein, carotid artery, and windpipe; and allowing the blood to drain completely. In addition, the person who kills the animal must repeat at the instant of slaughter, "In the name of God, God is great."
The need for humans to experiment with food choices, but at the same time to be conservative, is called
The omnivores paradox
Discuss one of the reasons anthropologists have proposed for the prohibition of eating meat.
The socioecological theory for why certain meats are avoided suggests that if an animal is more valuable alive than dead or, conversely, if it does not fit well into the local ecology or economy, consumption will be prohibited. Religious dietary codes often reinforce preexisting food practices and prejudices. When reviewing the history of pork in the Middle East, for example, archeological records show it was part of the ancient diet. But by 1900 BCE, pork had become unpopular in Babylonia, Egypt, and Phoenicia, coinciding with an expanding population and deforestation of the region. Pigs compete with humans for food sources. Additionally, they do not thrive in hot, dry climates. Cows, goats, and sheep, on the other hand, can graze over large areas and survive on the cellulose in plants unavailable to human metabolism. And they need no protection from the sun. The nomadic Hebrews were unlikely to have herded pigs in their early history, and by the time they settled there was a broad aversion to pigs by many Middle Easterners. The first followers of Mohammed were also pastoral people, which may explain why the only explicitly prohibited animal flesh in Islam is pork. The socioeconomic theory is useful in examining other meat prohibitions. In India, where beef is banned for Hindus, cattle are the primary power source in rural farming communities due to the expense of tractors. Further, cattle provide dung that is dried to produce a clean, slow-burning cooking fuel, and cows provide milk for the dairy products important in some vegetarian fare. Even dead cows serve a purpose, providing the very poor with scavenged meat to eat and skins to craft leather products. The value of cattle in India is reinforced by religious custom.
When meeting a person for the first time, the only data that speakers usually have to work with come from
Ther own cultural norms
How might "cultural imposition" affect a new immigrant's interaction with the standard health care system in the United States?
There is a tendency for health care providers to enforce their beliefs, practices, and values upon clients, sometimes unknowingly because they are unaware of cultural differences, but more often because they believe their ideas are superior. This process is called "cultural imposition," and it impacts nearly all client care. If the new immigrant is from a culture that values unconventional, alternative, or folk medical care, the immigrant may be met with resistance unless his or her health care provider is open to and willing to operate in partnership with unconventional health care practitioners.
Name and describe the three transitional adaptations of members of the Ojibwa tribe that have been identified and associated with increasingly acculturated lifestyles. Is it assumed that these transitions may be typical of other native groups?
Three transitional adaptations of members of the Ojibwa (also called Chippewa) tribe, identified by three different lifestyles, may serve as a model for the adaptations made by members of other Native American groups. The first stage of adaptation is traditional; during this stage parents and grandparents speak the Ojibwa language at home, practice the Midewiwin religion, and participate in Native American cultural activities such as feasts and pow-wows. The second stage is more acculturated. English is the primary language, although some Ojibwa also is spoken. Catholicism is the preferred religion, and the family is involved in activities of the majority society. In the third Ojibwa lifestyle—the pan-traditional stage—the family speaks either English or Ojibwa exclusively; practices a religion that is a combination of Native American and Christian beliefs, such as the Native American Church; and is actively involved in activities of both traditional Native American and white societies
Majority American value
Time dominates Informality
What title of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 guaranteed equal access to health care services regardless of national origin?
Title VI
Which food listed below is typically found in the diet of southern Italians but is not indigenous to Europe?
Tomatoes
A la Provençal means a dish containing what three items?
Tomatoes, Garlic and Olive oil
The first five books of the Hebrew Bible are called the
Torah
What is flat, griddle-fried cornmeal bread called?
Tortilla
What type of medicine uses pulses associated with internal organs, each with its own characteristics?
Traditional Chinese Medicine
What are three modes of effective care in the transcultural nursing theory?
Transcultural nursing theory identifies three modes of effective care: (1) cultural care preservation and/or maintenance, (2) cultural care accommodation and/or negotiation, and (3) cultural care repatterning or restructuring.
The method of confirming congruence between data collected on the target audience and proposed program goals and objectives is called
Triangulation
"Hot" and "cold" associations between food and health would suggest that the hot and cold aspects of food should be balanced to account for personal constitution and the weather.
True
Among Italian Americans, one traditional custom is to serve seven seafood dishes on Christmas Eve.
True
An estimated 34.7 million Americans today are of Irish descent.
True
Apples, lentils, and peaches are among the more successful foods introduced to the Native Americans by the Europeans.
True
Around the world, more people follow Christianity than any other single religion.
True
Asians often believe that the yin and the yang of their surroundings and environment need to be kept in balance for cosmic and personal harmony and health.
True
British meat dishes may include flavorful types of chutney that originated from India..
True
By the late 19th century, forced migrations and diminishing land resources resulted in most Native Americans living on federal reservations.
True
Cultural imposition can be defined as a tendency for health personnel to impose their beliefs, practices, and values upon another culture because they believe their views are superior.
True
Dining out is one way that we demonstrate belongingness, status, and self-realization.
True
Flavor principles are the preparation and seasoning of foods to match the identifying spices and ingredients of a culture.
True
For many biomedical health care providers, an illness isn't real unless it is clinically significant; emotional or social issues are the domain of other specialists.
True
High-context communication styles may use vague or incomplete wording in a message.
True
Hinduism is considered the oldest organized religion in the world.
True
In 2007, more than seventy-five different ancestry groups were reported in the United States. (T/F)
True
In a traditional culture, the evil eye can be blamed for causing illness when an envious enemy casts it.
True
In many high-context cultures with large power distances, the role of the patient is to follow the medical advice given by the doctor, who is the expert.
True
Kosher foods are "fit" to be eaten according to the laws of kashrut.
True
Mardi Gras is celebrated in France just before the start of the Lenten season.
True
Monochronistic means being interested in finishing one thing before starting another.
True
Pemmican is a type of jerky cake made with bison fat and berries.
True
Postnatal mortality rates are nearly 60 percent higher for American Indians and Alaska Natives compared to the total population.
True
Southern Europeans may have a higher rate of lactose intolerance than do other European groups.
True
The British family structure reflects the majority family structure of Americans today.
True
The field of intercultural communication encompasses language and the context in which words are interpreted.
True
The future orientation of the biomedical model expects patients to put up with a high level of pain and discomfort in the present for the future health benefit.
True
The term "tossed salad" has replaced the idea of a "melting pot" because individuals maintain their own identity—even when mixed together in a group.
True
The term Mardi Gras used in France and Louisiana refers to the feasting day just prior to Lent.
True
Touching norms frequently vary according to attributes such as ethnicity, gender, age, or physical condition.
True
Traditional food choices are among the last factors to change in the process of acculturation.
True
Traditional foods make up less than 25 percent of the daily diet among the Hopi.
True
Traditional views of health and illness often encompass a mind-body duality.
True
Whale muktuk can be preserved by rolling it in herbs (with no salt) and fermenting it in a pit for several months to make a treat known as kopalchen.
True
Your self- identity related to your role in life affects your perception of what should and should not be eaten for health.
True
The ultimate stage for the provider to reach in becoming skilled at cross-cultural communications is
Unconscious competence
Delocalization of food production and consumption connections
Urbanization
The fast of Ramadan is broken with what food combination?
Water and dates
According to the consumer food choice model, what factor influences food selection?
Well-being
Why is acculturation described as a process? When is the process complete?
When people from one ethnicity move to an area with different cultural norms, adaptation to the new majority society begins. This process is known as acculturation, and it takes place along a continuum of behavior patterns that can be very fluid, moving back and forth between traditional practices and adopted customs. Assimilation occurs when people from one cultural group shed their ethnic identity and fully merge into the majority culture. Although some first-generation immigrants strive toward assimilation, due perhaps to personal determination to survive in a foreign country or to take advantage of opportunities, most often assimilation takes place in subsequent generations
Describe who the ancestors of the Cajuns were and briefly describe what typifies Cajun cuisine today.
When the English gained control of Canada, many French Canadians moved to the United States; in some instances they were deported from Canada. Groups of French Canadians from Acadia (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and part of Maine) relocated, often not by choice, to central and southern Louisiana; their descendants are known as Cajuns. The Cajuns settled in rural and inaccessible areas of southern Louisiana, the bayous, and along the Mississippi River. Primarily farmers, fishermen, and herders, they were self-sufficient and kept to themselves. Ingredients for Cajun cooking reflect the environment of Louisiana: Bayou Cajun foods are from lake and swamp areas, whereas prairie Cajun dishes are found in inland areas. Fish and shellfish abound, notably crawfish, crabs, oysters, pompano, redfish, and shrimp, to name just a few. Shellfish is commonly eaten raw on the half shell (oysters) or boiled in a spicy mixture. Gumbo and jambalaya are often made with seafood. Other key ingredients in Cajun cooking are rice, red beans, tomatoes, chayote squash, eggplant, spicy hot sauce, and a variety of pork products.
Studies on type 2 diabetes suggest that which ethnicity has the lowest rates (although they are still increasing)?
Whites
Traditional indigenous Native American foods include:
Wild Rice
What are the primary tools of the clinician following diagnosis?
Words
The holiest day of the Jewish calendar year is
Yum Kippur
What is the popular wine custard dessert thought to have been created by Franciscan monks to increase male vigor?
Zabaglione
What are three health habits that nearly all cultures identify as health preserving?
a good diet, sufficient rest, and cleanliness
Who is most likely to use complementary and alternative medicine in the U.S.?
a. middle to-upper class women
High-context cultures usually
are polychronistic. hold group membership as more important than the individual.
Low-Context Culture Usually...
favor a communication style that is high on content and low on relationship. have a high tolerance for ambiguity. Favor a communication style that is high on content and low on relationship.
The term "food ____" (also called food culture or foodways) refers to the multiplicity of ways in which humans use food.
habits
Which of the following would be an example of sickness due to the patient?
heart disease from eating fatty foods
Eating walnuts to improve brain function is an example of a(n) ________ of food association?
incorporation
"Commensalism" regarding sharing food and dining together implies that something is owed to another. What is owed in commensalism?
relationships. Men may eat separately from women and children, or servants may eat in the kitchen, away from their employers. In India, the separate social castes did not traditionally dine together, nor were people of higher castes permitted to eat food prepared by someone of a lower caste. This class segregation was also seen in some U.S. restaurants that excluded blacks before civil rights legislation of the 1960s.
Healers in the American South who specialize in communicating with spirits or saints through ceremonial invocation and may also use herbal preparations are called
voodoo practitioners.
What is the name for thick pudding made from bison suet and berries?
wojapi
