TopHat Heart

How many chambers are there in the human heart?

4

An increase in ESV (end systolic volume) represents:

A decrease in cardiac function

Capable of firing 40-60 action potentials per second

AV node

Creates a short delay in conduction

AV node

An ECG measures:

All electrical signals generated by the heart

Which of the following is a similarity between cardiac and skeletal muscle?

Cardiac muscle has a refractory period.

One difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle is that:

Cardiac myocytes have a single nucleus

Place the following in the order that they would be encountered as you moved from the inside of the ventricular chamber to the thoracic cavity:

Endothelial cell layer Cardiac skeleton Epicardium Pericardial fluid Parietal pericardium Fibrous pericardium

What is the name of the vessels that take blood to alternate routes in the fetus?

Fetal shunts

Using the diagram below, place the following events of the cardiac cycle in order, beginning with the first atrial systole.

First atrial systole Atrial diastole/Early ventricular systole Late ventricular systole Early ventricular diastole Late ventricular diastole Second atrial systole

Increase cardiac output

Generation of cAMP Phosphorylation of RyR Increase in SERCA activity Activation of the cardiac nerve Inhibition of the cardioinhibitory center Inhibiting the parasympathetic nervous system

A channel that opens at very negative potentials

HCN channels

Which of the following would be observed in a ventricular myocyte of a patient taking a Beta-adrenergic receptor agonist?

Increased calcium loading into the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Under normal conditions, how would each of the following manipulations change cardiac output?

Increased stroke volume-Increase Increased heart rate-Increase Decreased EDV-Decrease Increased EDV-Increase

A partial conduction block, which delays conduction at the AV node, would produce which of the following changes in heart sounds?

Increased time between S1 and S2

Create rapid repolarization

Inward rectifier potassium channels

Sequence the following events of the cardiac myocyte action potential.

Inward rectifier potassium channels are open¸ creating high potassium permeability Depolarization from resting membrane potential Fast sodium channels increase sodium permeability Refractory period begins Calcium permeability increases Delayed rectifier potassium channels open L-type calcium channels close

Create rapid depolarization

L-Type calcium channel

The second calcium channel to open

L-Type calcium channels

Place the following structures in the order they would receive an electrical stimulus.

SA node Atrial contractile myocytes AV node Bundle of His Left and right bundle branches Purkinje fibers Ventricular contractile myocytes

Decrease cardiac output

Stimulation of the vagus nerve Inhibiting protein kinase A Increasing acetylcholine release

The first calcium channel to open

T-type calcium channels

What does a blue tint to the skin tell you about your patient?

The patient is not getting enough oxygen to the tissues

Place the following structures in the order they would be encountered by a red blood cell leaving the left ventricle.

aorta systemic capillary vena cava right atrium right ventricle pulmonary artery pulmonary vein left atrium

The right side of the heart pumps ______________ blood through the ______________ circulation.

deoxygenated; pulmonary

The specific types of intercellular junctions found in the intercalated discs that create physical connections between cardiac myocytes are ______________.

desmosomes

At the beginning of this phase¸ ventricles contain their end systolic volume.

early ventricle diastole

Isometric contraction occurs during this phase.

early ventricle diastole

Isovolumic relaxation occurs during this phase.

early ventricle diastole

A mixed cation current

funny current

Begins the pacemaker potential phase

funny current

Blood flows from regions of ______________ pressure to regions of ______________ pressure.

high; low

Deoxygenated blood

inferior vena cava superior vena cava coronary vein pulmonary artery

Isotonic contraction occurs during this phase.

late ventricle diastole

The majority of ventricular filling happens during this phase.

late ventricle diastole

This phase begins when the AV valves open.

late ventricle diastole

This phase begins when the SL valves open.

late ventricle diastole

Rupture of the chordae tendinae sometimes occurs in patients with endocarditis (inflammation of the endocardium). This disorder would most likely require surgery on which of the following valves?

mitral valve

Increased flow through the vena cava would cause an increase in ______________.

preload

Propotional

pressure and flow radius and flow

Inversely proportional

pressure and volume flow and resistance

Oxygenated blood

pulmonary vein coronary artery

Anatomically, the inferior portion of the heart is also known as the:

Apex

Conducts action potentials through the interventricular septum

Bundle of His

Contractile myocytes are different than pacemaker cells because:

Pacemaker cells are low in abundance

The intracellular kinase that is directly responsible for the changes in the strength and speed of cardiac contraction is ______________.

Protein Kinase A

Conduct electrical signals directly to contractile myocytes in ventricle

Purkinje fibers

Have a rapid conduction velocity due to many gap junctions

Purkinje fibers

Atrial repolarization corresponds with the ______________wave.

QRS

While preparing her patient for an ECG, a cardiologist accidentally switches the recording electrode of lead 1 with the reference electrode from lead 1. Which of the following results would be expected?

Repolarizing current will give a positive deflection.

Also known as the "pacemaker"

SA node

Capable of firing approximately 100 action potentials per second

SA node

One-directional blood flow is due to ______________, which are located throughout the heart and veins.

valves