TopHat Heart
How many chambers are there in the human heart?
4
An increase in ESV (end systolic volume) represents:
A decrease in cardiac function
Capable of firing 40-60 action potentials per second
AV node
Creates a short delay in conduction
AV node
An ECG measures:
All electrical signals generated by the heart
Which of the following is a similarity between cardiac and skeletal muscle?
Cardiac muscle has a refractory period.
One difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle is that:
Cardiac myocytes have a single nucleus
Place the following in the order that they would be encountered as you moved from the inside of the ventricular chamber to the thoracic cavity:
Endothelial cell layer Cardiac skeleton Epicardium Pericardial fluid Parietal pericardium Fibrous pericardium
What is the name of the vessels that take blood to alternate routes in the fetus?
Fetal shunts
Using the diagram below, place the following events of the cardiac cycle in order, beginning with the first atrial systole.
First atrial systole Atrial diastole/Early ventricular systole Late ventricular systole Early ventricular diastole Late ventricular diastole Second atrial systole
Increase cardiac output
Generation of cAMP Phosphorylation of RyR Increase in SERCA activity Activation of the cardiac nerve Inhibition of the cardioinhibitory center Inhibiting the parasympathetic nervous system
A channel that opens at very negative potentials
HCN channels
Which of the following would be observed in a ventricular myocyte of a patient taking a Beta-adrenergic receptor agonist?
Increased calcium loading into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Under normal conditions, how would each of the following manipulations change cardiac output?
Increased stroke volume-Increase Increased heart rate-Increase Decreased EDV-Decrease Increased EDV-Increase
A partial conduction block, which delays conduction at the AV node, would produce which of the following changes in heart sounds?
Increased time between S1 and S2
Create rapid repolarization
Inward rectifier potassium channels
Sequence the following events of the cardiac myocyte action potential.
Inward rectifier potassium channels are open¸ creating high potassium permeability Depolarization from resting membrane potential Fast sodium channels increase sodium permeability Refractory period begins Calcium permeability increases Delayed rectifier potassium channels open L-type calcium channels close
Create rapid depolarization
L-Type calcium channel
The second calcium channel to open
L-Type calcium channels
Place the following structures in the order they would receive an electrical stimulus.
SA node Atrial contractile myocytes AV node Bundle of His Left and right bundle branches Purkinje fibers Ventricular contractile myocytes
Decrease cardiac output
Stimulation of the vagus nerve Inhibiting protein kinase A Increasing acetylcholine release
The first calcium channel to open
T-type calcium channels
What does a blue tint to the skin tell you about your patient?
The patient is not getting enough oxygen to the tissues
Place the following structures in the order they would be encountered by a red blood cell leaving the left ventricle.
aorta systemic capillary vena cava right atrium right ventricle pulmonary artery pulmonary vein left atrium
The right side of the heart pumps ______________ blood through the ______________ circulation.
deoxygenated; pulmonary
The specific types of intercellular junctions found in the intercalated discs that create physical connections between cardiac myocytes are ______________.
desmosomes
At the beginning of this phase¸ ventricles contain their end systolic volume.
early ventricle diastole
Isometric contraction occurs during this phase.
early ventricle diastole
Isovolumic relaxation occurs during this phase.
early ventricle diastole
A mixed cation current
funny current
Begins the pacemaker potential phase
funny current
Blood flows from regions of ______________ pressure to regions of ______________ pressure.
high; low
Deoxygenated blood
inferior vena cava superior vena cava coronary vein pulmonary artery
Isotonic contraction occurs during this phase.
late ventricle diastole
The majority of ventricular filling happens during this phase.
late ventricle diastole
This phase begins when the AV valves open.
late ventricle diastole
This phase begins when the SL valves open.
late ventricle diastole
Rupture of the chordae tendinae sometimes occurs in patients with endocarditis (inflammation of the endocardium). This disorder would most likely require surgery on which of the following valves?
mitral valve
Increased flow through the vena cava would cause an increase in ______________.
preload
Propotional
pressure and flow radius and flow
Inversely proportional
pressure and volume flow and resistance
Oxygenated blood
pulmonary vein coronary artery
Anatomically, the inferior portion of the heart is also known as the:
Apex
Conducts action potentials through the interventricular septum
Bundle of His
Contractile myocytes are different than pacemaker cells because:
Pacemaker cells are low in abundance
The intracellular kinase that is directly responsible for the changes in the strength and speed of cardiac contraction is ______________.
Protein Kinase A
Conduct electrical signals directly to contractile myocytes in ventricle
Purkinje fibers
Have a rapid conduction velocity due to many gap junctions
Purkinje fibers
Atrial repolarization corresponds with the ______________wave.
QRS
While preparing her patient for an ECG, a cardiologist accidentally switches the recording electrode of lead 1 with the reference electrode from lead 1. Which of the following results would be expected?
Repolarizing current will give a positive deflection.
Also known as the "pacemaker"
SA node
Capable of firing approximately 100 action potentials per second
SA node
One-directional blood flow is due to ______________, which are located throughout the heart and veins.
valves