Tracing Digestive Pathways
What is the secretory product of *mucous cells*?
Mucous
Name the two regions of the pharynx that have a digestive function
Oropharynx Laryngopharynx
What is the secretory product of *chief cells*?
Pepsinogen
Wavelike, rhythmic contractions called ____ propel food through the pharynx and into the esophagus
Peristalsis
Ingested fats, like carbohydrates and proteins, undergo mechanical digestion in the oral cavity. Mastication and mixing of the food forms a ____, which again undergoes further mechanical digestion in the ____
Bolus, stomach
Significant chemical digestion of fats does not occur until ____containing fat enters the duodenum, triggering the release of ____ from intestinal cells. This hormone targets ____ in the gallbladder, causing it to contract and release stored ____, which is produced by the ____
Chyme, CCK, smooth muscle, bile, liver
Partially digested food mixed with gastric juices is called ____, which enters the small intestine via the ____ which controls stomach emptying
Chyme, pyloric sphincter
The ____ duct empties into the ____. Bile breaks large particles of fat into smaller fat droplets in a process called ____
Common bile duct, duodenum, emulsification
Bile exits the gallbladder via the ____, which fuses with the ____ to form the ____
Cystic duct, common hepatic duct, common bile duct
Three parts of the small intestine
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum
As bolus enters the stomach, it passes through a circular muscle called the _____
Gastroesophageal sphincter
Amino acids are transported via the superior mesenteric vein to the _____ vein to the ____
Hepatic portal, liver
What is the secretory product of *enteroendocrine cells*?
Hormones
Identify the layers of the muscularis externa
Inner oblique layer, middle circular layer, outer longitudinal layer
What is the secretory product of *parietal cells*?
Intrinsic factor, HCl
After large fat particles are broken into smaller fat droplets, the enzyme ____ hydrolyzes each fat droplet into its building blocks: _____ and ____
Lipase, fatty acids and monoglycerides
What are brush border cells?
Located on microvilli
Digestive enzymes reach the duodenum from the ____ via the _____ duct
Pancreas, common bile
The protein-digesting enzyme *pepsin* is secreted in the stomach as a precursor molecule called ____, which is converted to pepsin in the presence of ____. Pepsin hydrolyzes proteins into ____ polypeptides. The partially digested food mixed with gastric juices leaves the stomach as ____
Pepsinogen, HCl, smaller, chyme
Next, the brush border enzymes, ____ break the smaller polypeptides into their building blocks, ____, which enter a ____ bed in the _____
Peptidases, amino acids, capillary, small intestine
In what way is the stomach adapted for extra churning ability?
Rugae, extra muscle layer, J-shaped
What happens to food when it enters the oral cavity?
Salivary amylase starts to break down starch, mastication, lipase
The brush border enzymes ____, ____, and ____ digest oligosaccharide into their monosaccharide building blocks
Sucrase, maltase, lactase
Glucose molecules enter a capillary bed at the villus and are transported via the ____ vein, which fuses with the ____ vein to become the ____ vein, which transports glucose to the liver
Superior mesenteric, splenic, hepatic portal
Accessory organs in the oral cavity involved in mechanical digestion include ____ and ____
Teeth, tongue
Name two skeletal muscles that elevate the jaw during mastication
Temporalis Masseter
Two protein-digesting pancreatic enzymes, ____ and ____, hydrolyze large polypeptides into ____ polypeptides.
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, smaller
How are villi and microvilli different on the duodenum?
Villi are larger and microvilli sit on top of it