Tracing Digestive Pathways

What is the secretory product of *mucous cells*?

Mucous

Name the two regions of the pharynx that have a digestive function

Oropharynx Laryngopharynx

What is the secretory product of *chief cells*?

Pepsinogen

Wavelike, rhythmic contractions called ____ propel food through the pharynx and into the esophagus

Peristalsis

Ingested fats, like carbohydrates and proteins, undergo mechanical digestion in the oral cavity. Mastication and mixing of the food forms a ____, which again undergoes further mechanical digestion in the ____

Bolus, stomach

Significant chemical digestion of fats does not occur until ____containing fat enters the duodenum, triggering the release of ____ from intestinal cells. This hormone targets ____ in the gallbladder, causing it to contract and release stored ____, which is produced by the ____

Chyme, CCK, smooth muscle, bile, liver

Partially digested food mixed with gastric juices is called ____, which enters the small intestine via the ____ which controls stomach emptying

Chyme, pyloric sphincter

The ____ duct empties into the ____. Bile breaks large particles of fat into smaller fat droplets in a process called ____

Common bile duct, duodenum, emulsification

Bile exits the gallbladder via the ____, which fuses with the ____ to form the ____

Cystic duct, common hepatic duct, common bile duct

Three parts of the small intestine

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum

As bolus enters the stomach, it passes through a circular muscle called the _____

Gastroesophageal sphincter

Amino acids are transported via the superior mesenteric vein to the _____ vein to the ____

Hepatic portal, liver

What is the secretory product of *enteroendocrine cells*?

Hormones

Identify the layers of the muscularis externa

Inner oblique layer, middle circular layer, outer longitudinal layer

What is the secretory product of *parietal cells*?

Intrinsic factor, HCl

After large fat particles are broken into smaller fat droplets, the enzyme ____ hydrolyzes each fat droplet into its building blocks: _____ and ____

Lipase, fatty acids and monoglycerides

What are brush border cells?

Located on microvilli

Digestive enzymes reach the duodenum from the ____ via the _____ duct

Pancreas, common bile

The protein-digesting enzyme *pepsin* is secreted in the stomach as a precursor molecule called ____, which is converted to pepsin in the presence of ____. Pepsin hydrolyzes proteins into ____ polypeptides. The partially digested food mixed with gastric juices leaves the stomach as ____

Pepsinogen, HCl, smaller, chyme

Next, the brush border enzymes, ____ break the smaller polypeptides into their building blocks, ____, which enter a ____ bed in the _____

Peptidases, amino acids, capillary, small intestine

In what way is the stomach adapted for extra churning ability?

Rugae, extra muscle layer, J-shaped

What happens to food when it enters the oral cavity?

Salivary amylase starts to break down starch, mastication, lipase

The brush border enzymes ____, ____, and ____ digest oligosaccharide into their monosaccharide building blocks

Sucrase, maltase, lactase

Glucose molecules enter a capillary bed at the villus and are transported via the ____ vein, which fuses with the ____ vein to become the ____ vein, which transports glucose to the liver

Superior mesenteric, splenic, hepatic portal

Accessory organs in the oral cavity involved in mechanical digestion include ____ and ____

Teeth, tongue

Name two skeletal muscles that elevate the jaw during mastication

Temporalis Masseter

Two protein-digesting pancreatic enzymes, ____ and ____, hydrolyze large polypeptides into ____ polypeptides.

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, smaller

How are villi and microvilli different on the duodenum?

Villi are larger and microvilli sit on top of it