TRS 189 (Test #1)
Manna
A sweet bread-like food that God provided for the Israelites in the desert
Marcionism (Heresy)
Dualistic: God of old testament (law) is different from God of the new testament (love)
Oliver Cromwell
English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.
True /False The only major translation of the complete Bible in English that consistently translates the divine name YHWH as "Yahweh" rather than using the title "LORD." This is also the only major translation of the complete Bible which refers to the crossing of the "Sea of Reeds" rather than the "Red Sea."
False
Moralism
A religious or philosophical attitude that emphasizes moral behavior, usually according to strict standards, as the highest goal of human life. Moralists tend to favor strict regulation of human conduct to help make people good. Centered around the dynamic of sin, guilt, and forgiveness.
Inherency
In debate, this refers to any quality of the present system that prevents or inhibits the problem from being resolved
Doctrinal
Includes Apostles / Nicene creeds, doctrines, and other teachings that attempt to make sense about salvation, destiny, and the nature of the world
Marcus Borg
Influential member of the Jesus Seminar and key advocate of the view that Jesus was a "spirit person" or Jewish mystic.
Which translation is the most "word-for-word"?
Interlinear Bible New American Standard Bible (NASB) English Standard Version (ESV) Revised Standard Version (RSV) King James Version (KJV)
Fundamentalist approach
Interpretation of the Bible and Christian doctrine based on the literal meaning of the Bible's words. The interpretation is made without regard to the historical setting in which the writings or teachings were first developed. thats what it says so thats what it means. overly literal.
Hellenistic
Of or influenced by the Greek Empire. A type of culture typically referred to after the conquests of Alexander the Great.
The first major translation to translate the Hebrew "almah" as "young girl," a move that sparked a wave of Bibles specially prepared by and for the evangelical community, all of which translate "almah" as "virgin."
RSV
Have special catholic editions
RSV, NRSV - not generally referred to as catholic
Revivalism
Second Great Awakening led to it. Revived a great faith in Christianity with more Americans belonging to the church. HS: Led to more people advocating equal rights such as blacks and women.
Vulgate
St. Jerome's fifth-century Latin translation of the Bible into the common language of the people of his day
Matzah (unleavened bread)
Symboling that it is better to live in freedom and eat poor than to remain in slavery and eat well.
Tefillin
Tefillin are two small black boxes with black straps attached to them; Jewish men are required to place one box on their head and tie the other one on their arm each weekday morning. Not on the sabbath or most Jewish holidays.
apologetical
strengthen believers' assurance regarding the reality of their faith
soft literalism
taking it for granted that the most central events reported in the bible really happened. Jesus really did: Walking on water Jesus born of a virgin multiplied loaves of bread
Septuagint (LXX)
the Greek translation of the Old Testament. "LXX" serves as its abbreviation.
Masoretic Text
the Hebrew text of the Jewish Scriptures established by the Masoretes.
Catholic Bible vs. Protestant Bible
the catholic bible has 7 additional books
Religious pluralism
the condition in which one or more religions coexist either as complementary to each other or as competing systems
Diaspora
the dispersion of the Jews outside Israel
Supersessionism
the idea or claim that one religious tradition has replaced or supplanted another, as a further culmination of the truths embodied in the former in a supposedly more limited way ; thus, the idea that Christianity and the Christian church have superseded and thus replaced Judaism and the people of Israel
Dead Sea Scrolls
(Old Testament) a collection (800)of written scrolls (containing nearly all of the Old Testament) found in 11 caves near the Dead Sea in 1947
What does Borg mean by his short-hand phrase, "historical-metaphorical"?
(You would be surprised how many students take his use of the word "historical" the wrong way and thus mix up his views with those of fundamentalism. Check out what Borg means by it on p. 38. Whether you understand such meanings and distinctions is easy to detect in objective questions.)
pejorative
(adj.) tending to make worse; expressing disapproval or disparagement, derogatory, deprecatory, belittling
Liturgy
(n.) a religious service or rite; the form of a ritual or other act of public worship
In the opening sentence of his book The Bible and Human Transformation, Walter Wink tells us, "Historical biblical criticism is bankrupt." What does he mean by "bankrupt," and how does the biblical criticism practiced by academics meet that description? What should it do if it wasn't bankrupt? What does Wink mean by bankruptcy? Why does he make that assessment, and what does Wink think biblical criticism would do if it wasn't bankrupt?
*he is speaking of the methodology of historical biblical criticism Note how Wink says historical biblical criticism has reduced questions of truth to questions of sterile facticity. He writes of how its methodology of detached neutrality can't handle the deeper questions of truth and value that can only be answered participatively. As such, he says its method is incommensurate with the intention of the texts, asking only those questions its method can answer. It is incapable of letting the Bible achieve its purpose of letting the past become alive, illuminating our present with possibilities for personal and social transformation.
Interlinear Bible
A Bible that contains an English translation written between the lines of the biblical text printed in Hebrew or Greek.
Evangelicals Characterized by at least four features:
1) an emphasis on conversion (often referred to as being "born again") and a personal relationship with Jesus Christ; 2) a high regard for biblical authority (Though Evangelicals don't necessarily embrace some of the strict views of biblical inherency, they certainly embrace theories of biblical inspiration.); 3) an emphasis on the saving death and resurrection of Jesus; 4) a strong emphasis on sharing the faith and outreach to those beyond the scope of the church. If a fifth quality would be added to this list, it might note the emphasis of preaching over ritual in Evangelical services, but that is not a universal quality of evangelicals. Protestant Fundamentalists would be Evangelicals many Evangelicals, even conservative Evangelicals, are not Fundamentalists
Pentateuch
A Greek word meaning "five books," referring to the first five books of the Old Testament. Pentateuch Books : Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.
Divino Afflante Spiritu
1943 encyclical by Pope Pius XII that urged scholars to use modern methods of biblical criticism in the study of Scripture. Teaches us that the bible is revelation, inspired, and inerrant.
Tanakh/Hebrew Bible
24 Hebrew scriptures composed of the Torah ("teachings"), the Nevi'im (prophets), and the Kethuvim ("writings").
The Message Bible by Eugene Peterson
A creative and inspiring new attempt to translate the meaning of the Bible In its rendering of the Our Father/Lord's Prayer, this version takes the line which is traditionally translated as "Give us this day our daily bread" and presents it as "Keep us alive with three square meals." In its rendition of Psalm 1, it also renders the line "Do not sit at the feet of scoffers" as "Don't go to SmartMouth College."
Bible is not a book, it is
A means to meet Jesus
King James Version of the Bible
A new English translated Bible completed by scholars in 1611 and is the most popular version of the Bible.
Genesis 15
Abrahamic covenant-promised son and land
What does it mean to describe a land as "flowing with milk and honey"? (Exodus 3:8)
Agricultural surplus and wealth
Gnostic
An ancient heretical sect that believed, among other things, that salvation came from obtaining secret experiential knowledge.
Which translation is the most "word-for-word"?
An interlinear Bible is by far the most extreme of the Bibles that aspire to formal equivalence. The New American Standard Bible (NASB) is typically listed as the second most of the word-for-word translations, to the point that the syntax is often difficult to follow.
Encyclical
An official letter from the pope, usually addressed to all Church members
Decalogue
Another name for the Ten Commandments Found in Exodus and Deuteronomy
Four cups of wine
Based on the four stages of Israel's deliverance. The cup of wine is for which the kiddush is chanted.
natural literalism
Bible is read and accepted literally without effort but can appreciate metaphor
What does Borg mean in describing religions and perhaps particular denominations as "cultural-linguistic worlds"? (p. 29f.) How might such a description be helpful? Likewise, what does Borg mean in espousing a dialogical model of biblical authority?
Borg's idea of religions as "cultural linguistic worlds," while not a sufficient definition of religion, is insightful. Since it might be a new way of viewing religion for many of you, let me review what he says about it. To begin, Borg says two things are meant by this phrase, the first being foundational for understanding what is meant by the terms in the phrase, the second being intriguing in its understanding of the religious world. As Borg writes, First, each religion emerges within a particular culture and uses language and symbols from that culture (even if it also subverts or challenges the central values and understandings of that culture). Thus [,] religions are born within an existing cultural-linguistic world. Second, if the new religion survives over time, it becomes a cultural-linguistic world in its own right. As such, it provides a world in which its followers live. Its stories and practices, its teachings and rituals, become the lenses through which its members see reality and their own lives. It becomes the primary basis of identity and vision. As for Borg's last point as the scriptures being the primary basis of identity, this is a point that is profoundly asserted by contemporary Chrisitan worship songs. In particular I have in mind songs such as Hillsong's "I Am Who You Say I Am." You can also see this in the song sung by Chris Tomlin, "Good Good Father." The key line in the song is the bridge between the declaration that we are loved by God and the repeated assertion, "That's who I am." In both songs and many more, the Christian worshiper finds her self-understanding, her self-definition, in the love and saving will of God. In the worship context, these songs are much longer than the recorded version, and the key lines are repeated again and again. On p. 30 Borg presents a dialogical model of the Bible's authority, a crucial component of his particular understanding of Christianity as a cultural-linguistic world, though it is important to note that this is only one option how biblical authority might be conceived. Borg describes the Bible as "the ground of the world in which Christians live" and as the primary "documents with which Christians are to be in a continuing dialogue." As he writes, This continuing conversation is definitive and constitutive of Christian identity. If the dialogue ceases or becomes faint, then we cease to be Christian and become something else. Thus [,] the authority of the Bible is its status as our primary ... conversation partner. In his next paragraph, Borg demonstrates how the dialogical model works. He writes, Yet because the Bible is a human product as well as sacred scripture [Note that Borg's understanding of "sacred" does not mean it is a divine product. He even steers clear of embracing a term like "inspired."], the continuing dialogue needs to be a critical conversation. There are parts of the Bible that we will decide need not or should not be honored, either because we discern that they were relevant to ancient times but not to our own, or because we discern that they were never the will of God. Borg concludes his discussion about this cultural-linguistic model coupled with a dialogical model of biblical authority on the top of p. 31: To be Christian means to live within the world created by the Bible. We are to listen to it well and let its central stories shape or vision of God, our identity, and our sense of what faithfulness to God means. It is to shape our imagination, that part of our psyches in which our foundational images of reality and life reside. We are to be a community shaped by scripture. The purpose of our continuing dialogue with the Bible as sacred scripture is nothing less than that. Of course, this entire discussion from Borg comes in his discussion of the Bible as sacred. If a community has different sacred texts, or if they read those texts differently, they will be a different type of community. What are the sacred texts in your life? Are there any? It would be interesting to put these statements from Borg in dialogue with his earlier footnote #5 on p. 19. There he refers to the long-existing "cultural expectation that everyone would belong to a church." His observations there might also be compared to the so-called age of Christendom. In such environments in which there is a broad cultural expectation to participate in the church, it seems the entire population would fit in the category of what Borg is defining as Christian. Evangelicals might be with him on many of his observations until they get to that point.
But don't Catholic and Protestants have different bibles?
Both have 27 books, Same order
New American Standard Bible (NASB)
Catholic Bible.
The New Jerusalem Bible (NJB)
Catholic Bible. British Catholic Translation. is translated "directly from the Hebrew, Greek or Aramaic." The only major translation of the complete Bible in English that consistently translates the divine name YHWH as "Yahweh" rather than using the title "LORD." This is also the only major translation of the complete Bible which refers to the crossing of the "Sea of Reeds" rather than the "Red Sea."
New American Bible (NAB)
Catholic Bible. The Church uses this translations for the readings at liturgies in the United States.
Douay-Rheims Bible
Catholic bible. an English translation of the Bible done from the Vulgate that served as the official Catholic English version up through the mid-twentieth century
Passover (Pesach)
Celebrated for seven days beginning on the 15th day of Nissan (the seventh month), Passover commemorates the Exodus from Egypt. It is also the ancient Hebrew New Year (superceded in that role by Rosh Hashanah). On the first two days, Jews have a festival dinner called a seder, where they retell the story of the Exodus, from a book called a hagaddah. Jews are required to abstain from eating or owning leavened bread for the duration of the festival; matzah (usually a square flat unleavened bread) is eaten instead. On Passover, the Song of Songs is recited. Passover also begins a cycle of seven weeks, called the Omer, a period of semi-mourning.
Kiddush
Ceremonial family blessing and meal Friday night to welcome the Sabbath. Blessing with wine.
The most important gender-inclusive translation of the Bible
Christian bibles have more diverse roles for women
Six days of creation
Day 1 - Light Day 2 - Sky, separating upper and lower waters Day 3 - Earth and Vegetation Day 4 - Heavenly Lights Day 5 - Birds and Fish Day 6 - Land animals and humanity
Fundamentalists vs. of Evangelicals.
Fundamentalists would be a subset of Evangelicals. Fundamentalists are typically defined by an adherence to most, if not all, of the "fundamentals" from which they get their name with the foundational plank being the inerrancy of scripture. Another distinguishing feature being their strong hostility to modern biblical criticism. Protestant Fundamentalists would be Evangelicals many Evangelicals, even conservative Evangelicals, are not Fundamentalists
LXX/Septuagint
Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible
Septuagint
Greek translation of the Old Testament
It is terrible to die of thirst in the ocean. Do you have to salt your truth so heavily that it does not quench thirst any more? —Nietzsche
Historical biblical criticism is bankrupt. -Brown
cleanness of teeth
Hunger
Haggada
Name of the book in which the Passover service is printed " in every generation, a man is obligated to regard himself as if he personally was liberated from Egypt"
J.R.R. Tolkien translated the book of Jonah for this Bible
Jerusalem Bible (1966)- the first catholic bible published in english after Divino Affante Spiritu
Exclusivistic
Jesus is the only way of salvation and Christianity is the only true religion.
A landmark translation in English first published in 1611
KJV
Moses' horns
Michelangelo's Moses is depicted with horns on his head. ... Moses is actually described as having "rays of the skin of his face", which Jerome in the Vulgate had translated as "horns". The mistake in translation is possible because the word "keren" in the Hebrew language can mean either "radiated (light)" or "grew horns"
A modern translation that is very popular among evangelicals in the United States. It comes in well over forty special editions, from Bibles for those in recovery to Bibles for those who love kittens, the NFL, or motorcycles.
NIV Of course, there are several translations that are popular among evangelicals, but the NIV is the translation that is most widely marketed in these special formats.
Bible Translations Koester lists three reasons for why there are is a need for new translations of the Bible rather than simply rely on the King James Version. Briefly list and comment on/explain each factor.
Old Testament - Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek New Testament- Greek Why so many new translations? 1- Scholars now have better Greek , Hebrew and Aramaic manuscripts on which to base translations. 2- Scholars know more about biblical languages and cultures than they did before. (new discoveries of ancient documents) ex. Unicorn>Wild Ox(kjv) 3-English has changed over the centuries
Julius Wellhausen (Documentary Hypothesis)
Penateuch or first 5 books of the OT. Wellhausen challenged a popular assumption of Christians that the Pentateuch was written by a single author. Questions came up as to whether Moses could have been the single author of all 5 books. Instead of the single author, Wellhausen suggested that there were 4 traditions from which the Pentateuch evolved. This was called the Documentary Hypothesis or JEDP Theory.
Eve and Adam: Genesis 2-3 ReRead
Phyllis Tribble see the Bible as hostile to women concerns proof-text in support of patriarchy Adham=humankind = androgynous Order of creation not relevant: "The last is also first where beginnings and endings are parallel. rib=solidarity and equality
Qumran
Place near the northwest shore of the Dead Sea, where the Dead Sea Scrolls were discovered in 1946, evidently home to the group of Essenes who had used the Scrolls as part of their library.
New International Version (NIV)
Protestant Bible. A modern translation that is very popular among evangelicals in the United States, probably the leading seller along with the King James Version. It is marketed as a balanced/mediating translation and comes in well over a hundred special editions, from Bibles for those in recovery to Bibles for those who love kittens, the NFL, or motorcycles.
RSV, NAB
Protestant and Catholic (B/c Footnotes were added) Protestants reject the old testament and leave out Deuterocanonical books they also call these books Apocrypha
Revised Standard Version (RSV)
Protestant.English translation of the Bible completed in 1952 and now contain Deuterocanonical books they also call these books Apocrypha (have a catholic version) In the 1940s when this major translation rendered the Hebrew "almah" in Isaiah 7:14 as "young girl," it sparked a wave of new translations for evangelicals. It is still one of the most respected translations on the market, though many prefer the gender inclusiveness of its successor. It is also difficult for some since it keeps the singular and plural forms of you (you, ye, your, thee, thou, thy).
New Revised Standard Version (NRSV)
Protestants(have a catholic version) The most gender-inclusive of the major translations of the Bible. The St. John's Bible chose this translation for its handwritten text. It is widely used in university classes.
Protocanonical vs Deuterocanonical
Proto approved first, Deuter approved 2nd same level of inspiration not lesser for being disputed by st. Jerome
Which of these translations are more like paraphrases?
The Living Bible and The Message are the two paraphrases that we noted. The Living Bible, which was definitely a paraphrase, has been replaced on the market by the New Living Translation (NLT) which is a translation, but still rather loose in the category of dynamic equivalence.
The ten commandments (protestants)
The Protestant Listing: 1. I am the Lord thy God, thou shalt have no other gods before me. 2.Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image, or any likeness of any thing that is in heaven above, or that is in the earth beneath, or that is in the water under the earth: Thou shalt not bow down thyself to them, nor serve them: for I the Lord thy God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation of them that hate me; And showing mercy unto thousands of them. 3. Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain. 4. Remember the Sabbath Day to keep it holy. 5. Honor thy father and thy mother 6 Thou shalt not kill. 7Thou shalt not commit adultery. 8. Thou shalt not steal 9. Thou shalt not bear false witness. 10. Thou shalt not covet anything that belongs to your neighbor
Ten Commandments catholics
The Traditional Catholic Listing: 1. I am the Lord your God: You shall not have strange Gods before me. 2. You shall not take the name of the Lord your God in vain. 3. Remember to keep holy the Lord's Day. 4. Honor your father and mother. 5. You shall not kill. 6. You shall not commit adultery. 7. You shall not steal. 8. You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor. 9. You shall not covet your neighbor's wife. 10. You shall not covet your neighbor's goods.
The Latin translation of the entire Bible is known by this name.
The Vulgate
Jerusalem Bible
The author of the Lord of the Rings, J.R.R. Tolkein, translated the Book of Jonah for the first edition of this Catholic translation that was published in 1966.
Canon
The collection of books the Church recognizes as the inspired Word of God.
A paraphrase of the scriptures in modern English. Very easy to read, but not a good Bible for a careful study of the scriptures.
The message
Which of these translations are more like paraphrases?
The message The Living Bible
Source Criticism
The study by Scripture scholars to determine what sources the Gospel writers used to compose their works.
Evangelicalism
The trend in Protestant Christianity that stresses salvation through conversion, repentance of sin, and adherence to scripture; it also stresses the importance of preaching over ritual.
Holman Christian Standard Bible (HCSB)
Translated by and for evangelicals.
The New American Standard Version (NASB)
Translated by and for evangelicals.
English Standard Version (ESV)
Translated by and for evangelicals. This translation, first published in 2001, seems to be gaining much support in the evangelical community for those seeking a more literal Bible than the NIV while also seeking a Bible that is clear -- unlike the original version of the New American Standard Bible (NASB, 1971) which was so literal as to be stilted in its syntax. Technically speaking, this translation is a revision of the highly respected RSV.
The Message
Translated by and for evangelicals. 1. Technically speaking, this is not a translation but a paraphrase. If you look closely, you will probably see that is not marketed as a translation but as a "contemporary rendering." While it is very easy to read, it is not a good Bible for a careful study of the scriptures. (After all, in Psalm 1, it renders the line "Do not sit at the feet of scoffers" as "Don't go to Smart-Mouth College.") On its back cover, it even features an endorsement given by Bono in an interview with Rolling Stone magazine.
Jerome
Translated the Bible into Latin——> Vulgate then revised into Sixto-CLemente Vulgate . preferred Hebrew translation over
King James Version
Translation of the Bible into English in 1611. It becomes the standard English translation through the first half of the 20th century. A translation first published in 1611, a landmark of literature as much as religion. It is still one of the best sellers.
True /False Technically speaking, this is not a translation but a paraphrase. If you look closely, you will probably see that is not marketed as a translation but as a "contemporary rendering." While it is very easy to read, it is not a good Bible for a careful study of the scriptures. (After all, in Psalm 1, it renders the line "Do not sit at the feet of scoffers" as "Don't go to Smart-Mouth College.") On its back cover, it even features an endorsement given by Bono in an interview with Rolling Stone magazine.
True
Deuterocanonical Books
second canon; Apocrypha; 7 books in Catholic canon that aren't in Protestant canon
) In chapter two, beginning on p. 27, Borg speaks of "canonization." What is he talking about? In that process, is the Church/religious community/cultural-linguistic world a) making a text sacred or b) recognizing it as such, the first being an extrinsic conferral of status, the second being a recognition of an intrinsic quality? What difference does this distinction make? How will the Assemblies of God, the Roman Catholic Church, and Marcus Borg characterize the canonization process differently?
[This discussion might be applied to broader inter-religious dialogue. I recently saw a well respected Catholic priest/theologian who is an expert on Islam and Islamic-Christian dialogue become cornered into a question on this topic that he would have rather avoided. Did he view the Koran as inspired? Suddenly everyone's ears picked up. As a Catholic theologian, he said he would have to say no, but he recognized that the texts were sacred to Muslims. In essence, he said that intrinsically (objectively) they are not sacred, but extrinsically (subjectively) they have been granted sacred status by the Islamic faith. Perhaps those who want to be more inclusive and non-offensive drop the intrinsic/objective categories all together and simply speak of what people and communities find to be sacred.]
In his second chapter, Borg asks whether the Bible is a divine product or a human product and argues that we can't see it as both divine and human. What is the basis of his argument, and how does that differentiate his stance from that of the Catholic Church?
[To refresh your memory of Borg's position, as distinct from his answer to the above question, on pp. 22f he writes, I see the Bible as a human response to God. Rather than seeing God as scripture's ultimate author, I see the Bible as the response of these two ancient communities to their experience of God. As such, it contains their stories of God, their perceptions of God's character and will, their prayers to and praise of God, their perceptions of the human condition and the paths of deliverance, their religious and ethical practices, and their understanding of what faithfulness to God involves. As the product of these two communities, the Bible tells us about how they saw things, not about how God sees things. It might be worth noting that the biblical texts present, not simply how they saw things, but how they think God sees things. Does that subtle difference from what Borg says above change how someone views and uses the text? Continuing in the Borg text, on pp. 27 he writes, It is all a human product, though generated in response to God. As such, it contains ancient Israel's perceptions and misperceptions of what life with God involves, just as it contains the early Christian movement's perceptions and misperceptions.]
Seder
a Jewish ritual service and ceremonial dinner for the first night or first two nights of Passover.
Mezuzah
a parchment inscribed with religious texts and attached in a case to the right doorpost tilted in of a Jewish house as a sign of faith. Literally means doorpost.
Afikoman
a piece broken off from a matzoh during a Seder and put aside to be eaten at the end of the meal. It is traditionally hidden during the Seder to be searched for by the children present.
Matzah
a thin, crisp unleavened bread, traditionally eaten by Jews during Passover.
axiomatic
self-evident, expressing a universally accepted principle or rule
Codex
an unbound manuscript of some ancient classic (as distinguished from a scroll)
Apocrypha
biblical or related writings not forming part of the accepted canon of Scripture. Literally means: Things that are hidden Protestants reject the old testament and leave out Deuterocanonical books they also call these books Apocrypha (18 books total) Apocrypha refers to Jewish and Christian books neither catholic or protestants consider scripture. like Jewish:Enoch, Jubilees, and IV Ezra but some accepted in Ethiopic
Maror
bitter herbs on the Seder plate that remind the Jewish people of the bitterness of slavery
Protocanonical books
books of the first canon and accepted by both Jews and Christians (39 Hebrew)
pre-critical naïveté
childhood, accepting the stories of the Bible as true is effortless...requires no faith Critical thinking (How much do I take with me into adult life) Post-critical naivete: that is, able to hear as "true" events not factual, or -"Now I don't know for sure whether it happened this way or not, but this story is true...."
Historical Critical Method
contextualizing a text by treating it as a human product written at a particular time, in a particular place, for a specific audience, and with a specific purpose Textual - original wording, look for scribal errors Literary - words, images,characters, relationships, structure , meaning Source - oral and written Form - isolate historical settings Redaction -editors and his sources, target audience Archaeological excavations - shed light, Dead Sea scrolls ...
polemical
controversial; argumentative
Genesis 17
covenant of circumcision ; corresponds to the praise of a great name (kings)
The only major translation in English that consistently refers to Yahweh by name [By adding the word "consistently" the New Jerusalem Bible that consistently renders the Tetragrammaton as "Yahweh" compared to the Holman Christian Standard Bible which is beginning to do so, but not consistently.]
hallelujah
moralistic
having or showing strong opinions about what is right behavior and what is wrong behavior
Kidneys
heart
What makes a catholic bible catholic?
inclusion of deuterocanonical books in the midst of the old testament. Distinguished by number of books and their order and receive an imprimatur from a bishop.
TA BIBLIA (Greek) means
literally means "books." Catholics use the word "scriptures" as plural understanding of the bible as a collection
On p. 38 Borg notes that the word "criticism" is often taken the wrong way. In light of what he says, what is meant by "biblical criticism"?
making discerning (insight, ability to see things clearly) judgements about historical matters
conscious literalism
modern form of literalism that has become aware of problems posed by literal reading of the Bible but insists upon nevertheless. requires "faith" and is effortful.
apocryphal
of questionable authority or authenticity
