tset 2 pysch

cross modal perception

recognize through one sense an object familiar through another sense - as the sense develop, toddlers become more adapt at cross modal perception

Constructivists: on the side of nurture

perceptions are constructed through learning - understanding the input coming in through our senses requires interacting with the environment and figuring out what those sensations mean

concrete operational thinkers demonstrate conservation tasks can understand

seriation(elements in a series) - transformational thought(objects can change from one shape to another without losing basic characteristic - class inclusion

A not B

tendency of 8 to 12 months olds to search for an object in the place where they lasrt fount it a rather in its new hiding place

encode

get information into the system - if it never get in, it cannot be remembered

infants form perception

-in visual perception, recognition of the patterns that constitute an object - one month ods focus on the outer contours of forms as faces - two month old explore the interiors of figures thoroughly

Nativists: on the side of nature

-innate capabilities and maturational programs drive perceptual development - have basic sensory capabilities - perception does not require interpretation its direct

decentration

the ability to focus on teo or more dimensions of a problem at once

Intuitive theorists

Young infants come equipped with organized systems of knowledge, called intuitive theories - allows them to make sense of world - look longer at the impossible events - seem to understand causal forces- different casual forces operate in different domains

piaget schemes

a cognitive structure or organized pattern of action or thought used to deal with experience - similar having a set rules or procedures that can be repeated and generalized across various situation's - basically how we perceive experiences

recognition memory

amiong the options; identifying an object or event as one that has been experienced before, such as when a person must select the correct answer from serval options

egocentrism

children have difficulty seeing things from other perspectives and assume that what it is in their mind is also wat others are thinking

Vygotsky

culture and society play a pivotal role in Vygotsky's theory - cognition varies from society to society - emphasized the importance of interactions with adults and parents which influence learning and thinking

clinical method

flexible question and answer technique to discover how children think about problems

primary circular reactions

infants repeating action relating to their own bodies that ad initially happened by chance

consolidation

information is processed and organized in a form suitable for long term storage

explicit memory

invlves delibrate, effortful recollection of events

gross motor skills

involve large muscle groups and while body or limb movements

fine motor skills

involve precise movements of the hands and fingers or feet and toes

operant conditioning

likelihood of behavior being repeated by manipulating the consequence of that behavior

assessing perception

methods for assessing infant perception - habituation learning to become bored to a stimulus; you show a baby a toy and you keep showing i, eventually the baby looks away - preferential looking-two things are presented to an infant, the infant looks at one thing over the other

action

motor activities prompted by sendory and or perceptual information; sitting on sofa

synaptic consolidation

occurs over days and years to move memories from the hippocampus into long-term memory in other regions of the brain

implicit memory

occurs unintententionally, and without awareness

evoked potentials-

parts of brain activated when presented with a stimulus; electrodes are placed on head to see where there is brain activity

freud

personality largely formed during the first 5 years of life with unfavorable early experiences leaving a permanent mark on ones adult personality

conversion tasks

the idea that certain properties of an object or substance do not change when its appearance is altered in some superficial way

perception

the interpretation of sensory input; what we make of what is coming into our syste,

Sensaiton

the process by which sensory receptor neurons information and transmit it to the brain; the actual physical stimuus;what is coming into our system

formal operational thinkers focus on hypothetical deductive reasoning

think systematically about abstract concepts - reasoning form general ideas or rules to their specific implications

fuzzy trace theory

verbatim versus gist storage- belief that verbal account of a topic and the overall gist of the topic are stored separately in memory

Gibson's ecological view of perception

what objects in the environment ca afford or offer us depends on genetic predispositions, capabilities, goal and motivation

dynamic skills theory why wouldnt a person use optimal level of skills once they have it

• Because skills must be viewed in relation to task and context • Ex. Think about studying for an exam and knowing all of the material, then on the day of the exam, the exam room is too cold or too hot. The context would affect your performance on the test.

zone of proximal development

• The gap between what a learner can accomplish independently and what he or she can accomplish with the guidance and encouragement of a more-skilled partner (parent or adult) -