tset 2 pysch
cross modal perception
recognize through one sense an object familiar through another sense - as the sense develop, toddlers become more adapt at cross modal perception
Constructivists: on the side of nurture
perceptions are constructed through learning - understanding the input coming in through our senses requires interacting with the environment and figuring out what those sensations mean
concrete operational thinkers demonstrate conservation tasks can understand
seriation(elements in a series) - transformational thought(objects can change from one shape to another without losing basic characteristic - class inclusion
A not B
tendency of 8 to 12 months olds to search for an object in the place where they lasrt fount it a rather in its new hiding place
encode
get information into the system - if it never get in, it cannot be remembered
infants form perception
-in visual perception, recognition of the patterns that constitute an object - one month ods focus on the outer contours of forms as faces - two month old explore the interiors of figures thoroughly
Nativists: on the side of nature
-innate capabilities and maturational programs drive perceptual development - have basic sensory capabilities - perception does not require interpretation its direct
decentration
the ability to focus on teo or more dimensions of a problem at once
Intuitive theorists
Young infants come equipped with organized systems of knowledge, called intuitive theories - allows them to make sense of world - look longer at the impossible events - seem to understand causal forces- different casual forces operate in different domains
piaget schemes
a cognitive structure or organized pattern of action or thought used to deal with experience - similar having a set rules or procedures that can be repeated and generalized across various situation's - basically how we perceive experiences
recognition memory
amiong the options; identifying an object or event as one that has been experienced before, such as when a person must select the correct answer from serval options
egocentrism
children have difficulty seeing things from other perspectives and assume that what it is in their mind is also wat others are thinking
Vygotsky
culture and society play a pivotal role in Vygotsky's theory - cognition varies from society to society - emphasized the importance of interactions with adults and parents which influence learning and thinking
clinical method
flexible question and answer technique to discover how children think about problems
primary circular reactions
infants repeating action relating to their own bodies that ad initially happened by chance
consolidation
information is processed and organized in a form suitable for long term storage
explicit memory
invlves delibrate, effortful recollection of events
gross motor skills
involve large muscle groups and while body or limb movements
fine motor skills
involve precise movements of the hands and fingers or feet and toes
operant conditioning
likelihood of behavior being repeated by manipulating the consequence of that behavior
assessing perception
methods for assessing infant perception - habituation learning to become bored to a stimulus; you show a baby a toy and you keep showing i, eventually the baby looks away - preferential looking-two things are presented to an infant, the infant looks at one thing over the other
action
motor activities prompted by sendory and or perceptual information; sitting on sofa
synaptic consolidation
occurs over days and years to move memories from the hippocampus into long-term memory in other regions of the brain
implicit memory
occurs unintententionally, and without awareness
evoked potentials-
parts of brain activated when presented with a stimulus; electrodes are placed on head to see where there is brain activity
freud
personality largely formed during the first 5 years of life with unfavorable early experiences leaving a permanent mark on ones adult personality
conversion tasks
the idea that certain properties of an object or substance do not change when its appearance is altered in some superficial way
perception
the interpretation of sensory input; what we make of what is coming into our syste,
Sensaiton
the process by which sensory receptor neurons information and transmit it to the brain; the actual physical stimuus;what is coming into our system
formal operational thinkers focus on hypothetical deductive reasoning
think systematically about abstract concepts - reasoning form general ideas or rules to their specific implications
fuzzy trace theory
verbatim versus gist storage- belief that verbal account of a topic and the overall gist of the topic are stored separately in memory
Gibson's ecological view of perception
what objects in the environment ca afford or offer us depends on genetic predispositions, capabilities, goal and motivation
dynamic skills theory why wouldnt a person use optimal level of skills once they have it
• Because skills must be viewed in relation to task and context • Ex. Think about studying for an exam and knowing all of the material, then on the day of the exam, the exam room is too cold or too hot. The context would affect your performance on the test.
zone of proximal development
• The gap between what a learner can accomplish independently and what he or she can accomplish with the guidance and encouragement of a more-skilled partner (parent or adult) -