U5: The Immune system

Describe the role of inflammatory chemicals released during the inflammatory response and how this aids the immune system.

Histamine protons arteriole vasodilation increased blood flow to injury. Kinins and prostaglandins promote arteriole vasodilation and induce pain. Complement proteins by amplifying the response. Cytokines is a chemical messenger proteins of the immune system that aid in coordinating if all.

Explain how the immune system would be impacted both in the short-term and the long-term, if antigen-presenting cells failed to carry out their roles.

In the short term if the antigen presenting cells were unable to carry out their roles, the T cells wouldn't recognize them. If the T cells couldn't recognize them, then they wouldn't respond or activate the antigens. Long term affect of this means the body, no longer recognizes infections or harmful pathogens in the body and won't attack them. People would probably get sick a lot, since their body wouldn't know to get rid of infection.

Pathogen

A microorganism or virus that can casue disease

Fever

Abnormally high body temperature

Explain the differences between active and passive humoral immunity. Give examples of how each can be acquired either naturally or artificially.

Active is getting actual disease or a fake, naturally is from injection or contact with pathogens, artificial is from a vaccine that weakens the pathogens, passive because of the antibodies from the disease, natural is antibodies passed from mother to fetus and artificial by injection of antibodies

Antigens

Anything that casues an immune response; the part of a pathogen our body recognizes as forgein and learns how to respond to

Antimicrobial proteins

Attack mircoorganisms directly and or make it hard for them to reproduce

List several ways the immune system can fail.

Autoimmune diseases, the immune system fails when cells don't recognize antigens and don't make antibodies for the disease.

Macrophages

Big eaters, use cytoplasmic extensions to reel in and eat forgein invaders

Antigen-presenting cells

Cells that engulf antigens and then present their fragments on their surfaces so that T cells can recognize them and respond to them

Identify the three major types of antigen-presenting cells, where they are located and how each type specifically aids in cellular immunity.

Dendritic cells in the skin use their extensions to catch antigens and take them to T cells in a lymph node. Macrophages distributed throughout the lymphoid organs and connective tissue can phagocytize the antigens or activate T cells to do so. B cells present antigens to helper T cells, which in turn activate them

Explain the significance of antibiotic resistance. Include factors that contribute to antibiotic resistance, ways it can be prevented and an explanation of what happens from an evolutionary perspective.

Factors, like antibiotics don't kill all harmful bacteria, they sometimes kill good bacteria, antibiotic resistant germs can multiply and spread the resistance. Prevent, like wash hands, get vaccinated, take antibiotics appropriately. Evolutionary perspective like a disease spreads and gets used to an antibiotic, it mutates and natural selection chooses characteristics that will allow it to become resistant to antibiotics.

inflammation

Nonspecific response to tissue injury-> internal chemical alarm

Explain how defensive cells like phagocytes and natural killer cells destroy cells differently.

Phagocytes eat pathogens to get rid of them. Natural killer cells kill your own cells by triggering apoptosis if they see they are infected.

Complement proteins

Plasma proteins that, when activated, cause an amplified inflammatory response

Antibodies

Proteins used by the immune system to bind to antigens and neutralize pathogens

Immunity

Resistance to disease

Interferons

Small signaling proteins screted by virus-infected cells that diffuse to nearby uninfected cells to block viral takeover; get the immune system mobilized

Vaccination

Substances used to stimulate your immune system to guard against attack

Describe the two lines of innate defenses, with specific examples of mechanisms utilized.

The 1st line of defense is skin, mucous membranes (in respiratory) protective chemicals (enzymes), protective features (nasal hair). The 2nd line of defense is internal like fever (pyrogens), antimicrobial proteins (interferons), defensive cells (wbc)

Describe how the three main type of effector T cells contribute to cell-mediate immune response differently.

The T helper cell helps activate B cells and other T cells. Cytotoxic T cells directly attack and kill other cells and lastly regulatory T cells moderate the immune response

Phagocytosis

The ingestion of pathogens

Describe the main function of the immune system in the human body. Include key cells, tissues, or organs that work to accomplish this function.

The main function is to recognize, fight and defend against foreign substances at a cellular level. This is relied on by the white blood class in the lymphoid tissues and organs.

Neutrophils

The most abundant white blood cells

Explain the importance of herd immunity in the effectiveness of vaccinations.

Vaccines work because of herd immunity. When enough people are vaccinated, the microbes aren't able to spread, only work if enough people get them

B lymphocytes

White blood cells made and matured in red bone marrow

T lymphocytes

White blood cells made in the red bone marrow and matured in the thymus

Phagocytes

eating cells

Herd immunity

immunity in most of a population