UCSD PSYC 180 MIDTERM 2 HANES

Gender

Gender differences are not the same as sex differences 1. Gender describes: the characteristics a society or culture 2. Sex describes: biological -Gender schema theory: Gender-typing emerges as children and adolescents gradually develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate and gender=inappropriate in a culture. -What are some ways socialization pressures of gender begin in childhood? 1. gender reveal parties and parents dress their kids differently 2. children learn what's appropriate at an early age 3. Self-fulfilling prophecy

Genital Herpes

- Genital herpes is caused by a large family of viruses with many different strains, some of which produce other, nonsexually transmitted diseases such as cold sores. - Three to five days after contact, itching and tingling can occur initially, followed by an eruption of painful sores and blisters - The virus can pass through nonlatex condoms as well as contraceptive foams and creams -It is estimated that approximately 20% of adolescents have genital herpes.

Ethnic Differences in Intercourse in the US

- The proportion of high school students in grades 9-12 who had intercourse is: --Lowest for White adolescents (44%) -- Somewhat higher for Latino adolescents(49%) -- Highest for African American adolescents (61%) -Research has indicated that Asian Americans are considerably less likely to engage in sexual activity in adolescence compared with any other major American ethnic group

HIV and AIDS

-AIDS: A sexually transmitted infection that is caused by human immunodeficiency virus, which destroys the body's immune system. -In recent years, there has been increased heterosexual transmission of HIV in the united states HIV can be transmitted only by: 1. certain body fluid (semen, vaginal fluid, breastmilk) 2. sharing of needles 3. blood transfusion

Social Influences on Gender

-Alice Eagly proposed social role theory --In most cultures around the world, females have less power and status than males, and females control fewer resources and show more cooperative, less dominant profiles than men -Example: Babysitting --Females: "People-oriented" Express more emotions, are better than males at decoding emotions, are more prosocial, and engage in "rapport talk"

Sex Education

-Americans agree that rates of premarital pregnancy and STDs in adolescence are serious problems that must be reduced -However, there is vehement disagreement about what is the best solution -Comprehensive sexuality education: begins at an early age and includes information about sexual development. Sexual behaviors, easy access to contraception's -Abstinence promotion: these promote abstinence until marriage. common in the south. These programs are completely inefficient and do not delay the time adolescence first have sex. - Two recent research reviews found that abstinence-only programs do not delay the initiation of sexual intercourse and do not reduce HIV risk behaviors. - A recent study revealed that adolescents who experienced comprehensive sex education were less likely to have adolescent pregnancies than those who were given abstinence-only sex education or no education.

Chlamydia

-Chlamydia is one of the most common STIs, and is an organism that spreads by sexual contact and infects the genital organs of both sexes. -Chlamydia is highly infectious. --Women run a 70 risk of contracting it in a single sexual encounter with an infected partner. --The male risk is estimated at between 25 and 50%

Cultural Beliefs and Adolescent Sexuality

-Cultures vary enormously in how they view adolescent sexual activity. The best description of these differences remains from Ford and Beach -Restrictive Cultures Strong prohibitions on sexual activity before marriage Double standards usually exist -Semi-restrictive cultures Prohibitions not strongly enforced and easily evaded -Permissive cultures Encourages and expect adolescent sexuality Globalization has reduced permissiveness

New idea: Abstinence-Plus

-Encourage adolescents to delay intercourse while also providing them with contraceptive information -Adolescents can choose the message that appeals to them

Factors in Adolescent Sexuality

-Family strengths(family closeness, support, and responsiveness to health needs) in childhood protect against early initiation of sexual activity and adolescent pregnancy. 1. sexual risk-taking is more common among girls living in single-parent households. seeking father figure? no supervision? 2. adolescence who associate with more deviant peers in early adolescence is more likely to have more sexual partners at age 16 3. better academic achievement is a protective factor -cognitive factors are increasingly implicated in sexual risk-taking in adolescence. 1. attention problems 2. weak self-regulation

Masculinity, Femininity, and Androgyny

-In the past: -A well-adjusted boy was supposed to be independent, aggressive, and powerful -A well-adjusted girl was supposed to be dependent, nurturing and uninterested in power -In the 1970s, as both males and females became dissatisfied with the burdens imposed by their stereotyped roles, alternatives to "masculinity" and "femininity" were explored.

Heterosexual Married Adults

-International comparisons reveal that individuals in Scandinavian countries marry later than Americans -Counterparts in many African, Asian, Latin American, and Eastern European countries marry earlier -Like Scandinavian countries, Japan has a high proportion of unmarried young people -- However, rather than cohabitating as the Scandinavians do, unmarried Japs young adults live at home longer with their parents before marrying

Trends in U.S. Adolescent Pregnancy Rates

-Latina adolescents are more likely than African American and non-Latina White adolescents to become pregnant. -The proportion of adolescents who give birth while unmarried has increased Two Factors are responsible for this trend: 1. marriage in adolescence has become quite rare 2. pregnancy is no longer seen as a reason for marriage.

Raising children gender-free

-Sasha's parents were so concerned with the harm in gender stereotypes, they hid the sex of their child for 5 years -a room painted yellow, a mix of girl and boy toys, wore whatever boy or girl hand me downs fit

Sexually Transmitted Infections

-Sexually transmitted infections: infections that are contracted primarily through sexual contact. -STIs are an increasing health problem --Recent estimates indicate that while 15- to 24-year-olds represent only 25% of the sexually experienced U.S. population, they acquire early 50% of all new STIs. Why? - they are more likely than any other population to not be married to the same person. ****in around more -Three caused by viruses- AIDS, genital herpes, and genital warts -Three caused by bacteria- gonorrhea, syphilis, and chlamydia

Effective Sex Education: Sweden

-The Swedish State Commission on Sex Education recommends that adolescents gain knowledge to help them to experience sexual life as a source of happiness and fellowship with others. Three ways in which this happens: 1. Swedish adolescents are sexually active at an earlier age than Americans 2. They are exposed to more explicit sex on TV than Americans 3. The Swedish national board has developed a curriculum to give every child beginning at the age 7 a thorough grounding in reproductive biology and by age 10 given varies forms of info about contraception's and sexual behaviors

Choosing a Marriage Partner

-The study: Asked 10,000 adolescents in 37 countries from all over the world which qualities they consider most important in the person they marry 1. Individuals who are happily married live longer, healthier lives than either divorced individuals or those who are un happily married. Highest ranking: Mutual attraction High rankings: Dependable character, emotional stability and ,maturity, pleasing disposition lowest ranking: Religious and political back grounds lowest rankings: good financial prospects, having a lot of money

Traditional Masculinity and Problem Behaviors in Adolescent Boys

-There also is a special concern about boys who adopt a strong masculine role in adolescence, because this is increasingly being found to be associated with problem behaviors -Joseph Pleck(1995) concludes that what defines traditional masculinity in many Western cultures includes behaviors that do not have social approval but nonetheless validate the adolescent boy's masculinity: 1. premarital sex 2. using alcohol and drugs 3. illegal delinquent activities

Gay and Lesbian Married Adults

-With nationwide legalization of gay marriage in 2015, all married couples now share in the same benefits of marriage. -Same-sex couples differ from opposite-sex couples in a few ways 1. les couples place high priority on equality in the relationship 2. contrary to stereotypes in only a small percentage of couples is one couple masculine and the other feminine 3. only a small segment of the gay population has a large number of sexual partners 4. gay and lesbo partners prefer long term committed relationships

Cultural Beliefs and Adolescent Sexuality Questions

1. Which type/s of culture/s might have a low rate of teenage pregnancy? - Restrictive and Permissive 2. What might a culture do to remain low in teenage pregnancies? - Permissive or more Restrictive. Culture would provide access to contraception 3. Do you think the American majority culture is restrictive, semi-restrictive, or permissive? - Semi-restrictive Semi-restrictive cultures: Canada, US, Brazil, Mexico, Chile, Nigeria and Kenya Restrictive: Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Shanghai, Hong Kong Permissive: Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark

Gender socialization practices

A survey on the most popular magazines that adolescents read revealed that -Girls' gender roles are especially pronounced in the magazines they read -Boys' gender roles are less or not at all pronounced in the magazines they read

Gender Differences in Aggression

Bullying/Overt aggression: 1. Aggression 2. Repetition 3. Power imbalance Relational aggression: 1. Gossiping 2. Spreading rumors 3. Snubbing 4. Excluding

Cohabitation

Cohabitation- living together in a sexual relationship without being married Cohabitation rates in the United States continue to rise -In a recent national poll, the number of cohabiting adults increased 29% from 2007 to 2016, reaching a figure of 18 million adults in a cohabiting relationship - Cohabitating rates are even higher in some countries--in Sweden, for example. cohabitation before marriage is virtually universal

Pregnancy among Adolescents in the US

Consequences of pregnancy for adolescent mothers 1. 2x more likely to drop out of school 2. less likely to go to college or become employed 3. less likely to get married 4. more likely to get divorced What about Baby? 1. more likely to be born immature 2. greater likelihood of behavior problems 3. school misbehavior, delinquency, and early sexual activity 4. may have lower IQs mothers not expecting to be pregnant. May have been using drugs or alcohol, babies are showing signs of FAS

Dating and Romantic Relationships: Cross-Cultural Variations

Culture has strong influences on many aspects of human development, and romantic relationships are no exception examples: 1. China and Korea 2. US and most European countries 3. Qatar and many other Arabic countries

Sexual Harassment

Date Rape is one form of sexual harassment that takes place when a person, usually a woman(but has happened to men as well), is forced by a romantic partner, date, or acquaintance to have sexual relations -15% of adolescent girls and 25% of emerging adult women (18-24) have experience date rape - Alcohol plays a big part in date rape om college campuses -Rohypnol or other drugs may be slipped in to drinks -Researchers have found the following characteristics common among rapists: 1. aggression enhances their sense of power 2. angry at females in general 3. want to hurt their victim Why is rape so pervasive in the American culture? 1. males are socialized to be aggressive 2. regard females as interior beings 3. view their own pleasure as most important

Adolescent Love

In one study, the more romantic experiences 10th graders had, the more they reported: a) higher levels of social acceptance, friendship competence, and romantic competence b) higher levels of substance use, delinquency, and sexual behavior. Male and female late adolescents tend to share ideas about desirable qualities in a mate highest-rated qualities in a mate were: 1. to be kind 2. to find a partner who is honest Qualities rated as lowest in importance were: 1. having a lot of money 2. being popular

Predictors of adolescent attraction

Proximity and Exposure Mere exposure effect: being repeated exposed to the same person makes you more likely to like them Similarity Consensual validation: People like to find in others an agreement, or consensus, with their own characteristics. Which similar characteristics most strongly predict a relationship? 1. social class 2. ethnic background 3. religious beliefs 4. physical attractiveness

Single Adults

Recent decades have seen a dramatic rise in the percentage of single adults -- in 2016, 45.2 percent of individuals 18 years and older were single Even when singles enjoy their lifestyles and are highly competent individuals, they are often stereotyped --stereotypes range from "swinging single" to "desperately lonely, suicidal" -- Most single adults are somewhere between these extremes

Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adolescents

It is during adolescence that most gay, lesbian, and bisexual people become fully aware of their sexual orientation Coming out -In most western cultures, adolescents commonly engage in the process of coming out -Involves a person's recognizing his or her own sexual identity and then disclosing the truth to friends, family, and others. -Coming out tends to be a long process Homophobia -rejected adolescents are 8 times more likely to attempt suicide, 6 times more likely to report depression

The Developmental Course of Love

Love relationships among American Adolescents and emerging adults tend to follow a sequence of steps: Both sexes have scripts: Males endorse a proactive script: they are the ones who initiate dates, control the public domain, initiate sex females adopt a reactive script: more into the private domain, grooming, dressing well, responding to males

Romantic Relationships in Sexual Minority Youth

Recently, researchers have begun to study romantic relationships in gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth 1. The most common initial same-sex partner is a close friend Most sexual minority youth have same-sex sexual experience, but relatively few have same-sex romantic relationships why? 1. limited opportunities 2. lot of social disapproval

Types of Dating and Developmental Changes

Three stages characterize the development of heterosexual romantic relationships in adolescence: 1. Entry into romantic attraction and afflictions (about 11-13 years of age) 2. Exploring romantic relationships (14-16 years of age) 3. Consolidating dyadic romantic bonds (17-19 yrs of age)

Cohabitation and Marital Stability/Happiness

The majority of studies have found lower rates of marital satisfaction and higher rates of divorce in couples who lived together before getting married 1. less traditional life style may attract less tradition individuals who are not great believers in marriage in the first place 2. people who cohabitate are more likely come from impovershed background. --low ses backgroud predicts divorce. I think thats bullsh

Dating and Romantic Relationships: Gender and Culture

The sociocultural context exerts a powerful influence on adolescent dating patterns and on mate selection Values and religious beliefs often dictate: 1. the age at which dating begins 2. how much freedom in dating is allowed 3. the extend to which dates are chaperoned 4, the respective roles in males and females in dating -- in the arab world, asain countries, and soth america, adults are typically highly restrictive of adolescent girls' romantic relationships

Gender Androgyny

The term used for the combination of masculine and feminine traits in one person

Breaking up

Two year study of 200 college couples -45% of the couples had broken up -those who had broken up lacked similarity on a variety of domains -- Age, SAT scores, physical attractiveness, commitment -males struggled with breakups more so than females -why? --women are more likely to end relationships. rejected men tend to be lonelier. men find it harder to stay friends after -67% of break-ups result in harassment for females, and strategies to derail the harassment rarely work in short term -early indicator of a potential harassing ex? -- 1. controlling

Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love

passion(falling in love with someone, excitment, doesnt last very long) <-- --> intimacy(knowing someone well, sex, comfort) <-- --> commitment (mutal caregiving, living together, shared possesions, foregiveness)