UGA Psyc 5100 Test 3
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Essential feature is a) the presence of 2 or more distinct personality states or an experience of possession b) recurrent episodes of amnesia
Competency evaluations must be completed how many days post inprisonment
15-30 days
Prevalence Rate of Psychopathy for female offenders in a jail setting
15.5%
What percent of incarcerated females are psychopaths
15.5%
M'Naghen
1843 Was having persecutors delusions -rules not guilty because of insanity -inspired righty wrong test
About ______% of the US adult population has a mental illness and about ______ of that group has a "serious mental illness"
18; 1/5
Juvenile crime peaked in
1994
Symptoms of PTSD usually begin within ________ months of trauma
3
The prevalence of mental disorders is more than _____x higher in the criminal justice population than in the general population
3
What percent of criminal populations are mentally disordered
80-90%
What percentage of criminal populations are mentally disordered
80-90%
Maturation Retardation Hypothesis
Slow brain wave times equals bad choices Meaning underdeveloped
Factor 2 on PCL-R
Social deviant lifestyle
What is the primary argument used by defendants regarding PTSD
That the defendant was in a PTSD dissociated state when they committed the act
Twinkie Defense
The 1978 defense of Dan White against two charges of murder. His defense argued that his mental state was badly impaired by a deep depression exacerbated by his heavy intake of junk food. Sugar lowered his impulse control??
M'Naghten Rule
an insanity standard based on the conclusion that if a defendant has a defect of reason, or a disease of the mind, so as no to know the nature and quality of their actions, then they cannot be held criminally responsible
Type 3 Batterers
generally violent toward both family and persons outside the family
Primary psychopath
"True" psychopath; has certain identifiable psychological, emotional, cognitive, and biological differences that distinguish them from general and criminal populations
Thomas Szasz
(1960-1970) Against medicating mental illness to control behavior
Offending patterns of criminal psychopaths
-believed responsible for a disproportionate amount of crime in society -most violent and persistent offenders -more sadistic -more thrill seeking -not prone to reactive aggression -frequently engage in violence as a form of revenge or retribution
Andrea Yates
-drowned her five children in 2000 -experiences postpartum depression and psychosis
Psychopaths and Mental Disorders
-most psychopaths do NOT exhibit severe or disabling mental disorders -most lack symptoms of excessive worry and anxiety, psychotic thinking, delusions, severe depressions, or hallucinations
What makes someone who is mentally disorder more likely to be violent
-multiple offenses and a history of violence during childhood -psychotic symptoms
Unusual defenses and conditions
-posttraumatic stress disorder -dissociation -dissociative amnesia
Psychological testing differences of psychopaths
-psychopaths ~usually~ score higher on intelligence tests than the general population
Violent risk assessment guide
-scores on the psychopathy scale -history of alcohol abuse -history of trauma -history of violence (Psychopathy and previous violence are best predictors)
Behavioral characteristics of psychopaths
-superficial charm -intelligence -verbally skillful -socially skillful
People with schizophrenia are considered high risk when
-they are also high on the PCL-R -their disorder is Comorbid with substance abuse
When do mental illnesses make it appropriate to assign less responsibility for a crime?
-when they create less impulse control -when they cause the perpetrator to have less grasp on reality
What percentage of the general populations qualify for an APD
0.2-3.3%
The insanity defense is used in ______% of all US felony criminal cases
1
Which factor (1 or 2) is a more powerful indicator of psychopathy?
1
About ____in 15 criminal defendants are evaluated each year for competency to stand trial
1 (about 80% are found competent)
____ murders involve a family member killing another family member
1 in 5
About what percent of the population are psychopaths?
1%
Robert Hare estimates that the prevalence of psychopaths in the general population is about...
1%
Insanity defense isn't accepted in which 4 states
1) Idaho 2) Kansas 3) Montana 4) Utah
Insanity tests usually center around 3 broad models
1) M'Naghen Rule 2) Brawner Rule 3) Durham Rule
4 classes of mental disorder most related to crime
1) Schizophrenia 2) Bipolar Disorder 3) Major Depression 4) Antisocial personality disorder
The Insanity Defense Reform Act changed the Brawner rule in 3 principle ways:
1) abolished the irresistible impulse test (volitional prong) 2) modified the "cognitive" requirement by replacing the phrase "lacks substantial capacity...to appreciate" with "unable to appreciate" 3) mental disease or defect must be severe, to emphasize that certain behavioral disorders do not qualify as a defense
Insanity standard are fundamentally based on 2 criteria:
1) irrationality 2) compulsion
The human nervous system can be divided into what 2 major parts?
1) the central nervous system 2) the peripheral nervous system
John Monahan (1992) stresses 2 things about research showing a connection between mental disorders and violence
1) the relationship refers only to people currently experiencing a serious mental disorder 2) it is still a fact that a great majority (over 90%) of the currently mentally disordered are nonviolent
3 approaches to risk assessment
1) unstructured clinical 2) structured professional judgement 3) actuarial approach
What percentage of the general population in America suffers from PTSD
1-7%
3 legal criterion for committing someone to a facility
1. A preponderance if evidence 2. Clear and convincing proof 3. Beyond a reasonable doubt
To be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder you must also have 3 of the following behaviors
1. Failure to conform to social norms or the criminal law 2. Irritability and unusual aggressiveness (fights or assault) 3. Consistent irresponsibility as reflected in a poor work history or finances 4. Impulsivity or a failure to plan 5. Deceitfulness 6. Reckless disregard for the safety of others or self 7. Lack of remorse or guilt for wrongdoing
Four factor model of psychopathy
1. Interpersonal 2. Lifestyle 3. affective 4. Antisocial tendencies
Robert Hare estimates that the prevalence of psychopaths in adult prison populations is about...
15-25%
What percent of prisoners are psychopaths?
15-25%
When schizophrenic people do become violent, how many of them are found to be excessively violent
1/3
What % of variance in aggression does media influence account for
10-15
What percentage of criminal populations have major psychiatric diagnoses
10-15%
What percentage of male inmates meet the criteria for psychopathy
11 to 25%
What percent of men with schizophrenia commit violent offenses?
11.3%
What percentage of men and women with schizophrenia committed violent crimes
11.3% of men; 2.3% of women
Bipolar people are ______x more likely to commit suicide than the general pop
15
What percent of women with schizophrenia commit violent offenses?
2.3%
what percent of aggravated assaults include family members?
20%
Only about ______% of juveniles with Conduct Disorder show psychopathic tendencies
25
What percent of victims are related to the offender?
25%
Serial Murder
3 or more separate events in separate locations
A score of __ concludes a psychopath
30
Primary psychopaths are people who get a score of ______ on the PCL-R
30 or above
what percent of murders involve a spouse killing a spouse
35%
Violent crimes account for what percentage of juvenile arrests
4%
Criminal homicies account for what percent of all violent crimes
5%
What percentage of people in the us qualify for some DSM diagnosis at some point in their life?
50% ; 1/2
Psychosis is doing to increase the odds of violence by as much as
50-70%
Psychosis was found to increase the odds of violence by what percent
50-70%
What percent of offenders meet criteria for ASPD?
50-80%
What percentage of male inmates qualify for APD
50-80%
What percent of victims are from someone they knew?
56%
risk assessments allow what percentage of false positive predictions of danger?
60-70%
What percent of arrested offenders for homicide were under 18?
7.5%
Women have a what percent greater chance of being killed when they leave an IPV situation
75%
What percent of murder victims are male?
78%
People with psychotic disorders are _____x more likely to be found Incompetent to stand trial
8
What percentage of students report they have been victimized at school
9% (2% violent and 7% property)
Estimated that ______ million adults experience serious mental illness
9.3
There are about _______ cases of students murdered on campus per year
9.3 (per school it occurs about once every 12,800 years)
What percent of murderers are male?
90%
What percentage of the currently mentally disordered are not violent
90%
PCL:YV
A 20 item rating scale adapted from the adult PCL-R to measure juvenile psychopathy for research purposes
semantic aphasia
A characteristic found in psychopaths whereby the words they speak are devoid of emotional sincerity
Intellectual Disability
A cognitive deficiency that can't be cured
Contemporary research favors the view that psychopathic behavior results from....
A complex interaction between neuropsychological and learning or socialization factors
Mental illness
A disorder of the mind that is judged by experts to interfere substantially with a persons ability cope with life on a daily basis and may impair decision making ability
antisocial personality disorder (APD)
A history of continuous behavior in which the rights of others are violated -must be 18 or over -must have evidence of CD symptoms before age 15
Non-negligent Manslaughter
A homicide committed in the heat of passion or during a sudden quarrel; although intent may be present, malice is not; also called voluntary manslaughter.
Durham Rule (1954)
A legal test for insanity by which an accused person is not responsible if the criminal behavior is judged attributable to mental disease or defect.
orienting response (OR)
A nonspecific, cortical and sensory response to strange and unexpected changes in the environment
Dissociative Identity Disorder
A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.
Caveat Paragraph
A section of the ALI/Brawner rule that excludes abnormality manifested only by repeated criminal or antisocial conduct. It was specifically designed to disallow the insanity defense for psychopaths or persons diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.
What is the race demographic of murderers
African american males (54%)
Structured Professional Judgement
An approach to risk assessment that relies on both the assessor's clinical judgment and measures that offer guidance in assessing dangerousness and suggesting steps to prevent violence.
The affluenza defense
Argues that rich children are not fully responsible for crimes because their parents never taught them responsibility
The most common hallucinations associated with schizophrenia are...
Auditory
Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R)
Based largely on Cleckleys conception of psychopathy -assesses the affective, interpersonal, behavioral, and social deviance facets of psychopathy from various sources -20 item checklist -each item scored on a scale of 0-2 (0=consistently absent, 1=inconsistent, 2= consistently present) **a score of 30 and above usually qualifies a person as a primary psychopath (scores b/w 21 & 29 = middle subjects)
Why is the autonomic segment of the peripheral nervous system relevant to paychopathy
Because it activated emotional behavior and responsivity to stress and tension; psychopaths show lower autonomic arousal levels
The MacArthur Research Network
Best known research on the potential violence of the mentally disordered
Amygdala Dysfunction is associated with
Callous-unemotional traits
Bipolar Disorder
Characterized by episodes of behavior that are alternately characterized by such features as euphoria, hyper energy, and distractibility (mania) and diminished interest or pleasure in all activities and depressed mood (depression)
Conduct disorder diagnosis is reserved for ____
Children and adolescents
Secondary psychopaths
Commit antisocial or violent acts bc of severe emotional problems or inner conflicts, demonstrate more emotional instability and impulsivity than primary psychopaths; appear to be more aggressive and violent **more rooted in parental abuse and rejection
Amnesia
Complete or partial memory loss of an event,series of events or some segment of life's experiences, either due to physical trauma, neurophysiological disturbance, or psychological factors
Psychopathy exists on a
Continuuum
The three-factor position of psychopathy
Cooke and Michie Factor 1: arrogant/deceptive interpersonal style Factor 2: impulsive and irresponsible behavioral style Factor 3: deficient affective or emotional experience
Intimate Partner Violence
Crimes committed against persons by their current or former spouses, boyfriends, or girlfriends
Lorena Bobbitt
Cut off her Rapist husbands penis Her defense said she was experiencing major depression and PTSD
James Holmes (2012)
Dark knight shooting Killed 12 people Schizophrenic
Terri Moffitt
Developmental pathways of juvenile offenders Life course persistent vs adolescent limited
Dyssocial Psychopath
Display aggressive, antisocial behavior they have LEARNED from their subculture (like their gangs, terrorist groups, or families)
Catharsis affects on aggression
Doesn't reduce aggression Increases the likelihood of future aggression
Tarasoff case
Duty to warn vs duty to protect
Schizophrenia usually begins_____
Early in life
The four factor model of psychopathy
Factor 1: arrogant/deceptive interpersonal style Factor 2: impulsive and irresponsible behavioral style Factor 3: deficient affective or emotional experience Factor 4: antisocial behavior
Two-Factor Position of Psychopathy
Factor 1: reflects the interpersonal and emotional components of psychopathy Factor 2: reflects the socially deviant or antisocial lifestyle of psychopathy
True/False: gun violence is increasing in schools
False
Delusions
False beliefs about the world
What does the OJJDP recommend for rehabilitating juvenile offenders
Focusing on the family
Dena Schlosser
Found NGRI after killing her 1 month old daughter and sentenced to psychiatric hospital and treated for only 4 years
Central nervous system differences in psychopaths
Hare hypothesizes that criminal psychopaths manifest an abnormal or unusual balance between the left and right hemisphere of their brain, both in language processing and in emotional/arousal states (left=language;right=emotional)
Raine et al (1990)
Hemispheric specialization in psychopaths -verbal dichotic listening task -significant group ear interaction with right ear better than left ear in non psychopaths and NO assymmetry in psychopaths -indicates psychopaths are less lateralized for verbal processing
What event inspired the insanity reform act of 1984
Hinckley assassination of Kennedy
4 contests of IPV
IPV with coercive control Reactive Violence IPV without coercive control Pathological violence
Herrey Cleckley
Identified 16 characteristics that he felt described the typical psychopath
Anterograde amnesia
Inability to form new memories after an event
Lifestyle (F2 of four factor model)
Irresponsibility; sensation seeking; lack of realistic goals, poor planning, impulsive
Eron and Huesmann (2003)
Longitudinal study of media influence on violence Found young boys who identify with characters are most at risk to influence Found that kids with poor interpersonal relationships with peers are at risk
Anderson and Bushman (2001)
Looked at long term and short term effects of exposure to media violence -showed that childhood exposure could contribute to hostile attribution bias
Interpersonal (F1 of four factor model)
Lying, conning, manipulating; superficial charm, grandiose self-worth
John Hinckley
Man who shot president Ronald Reagan and was found not guilty by reason of insanity
______ is one of the strongest factors leading to violence
Media violence
Description of a psychopaths (class)
Narcissistic, conning manipulators Unethical Grandiose Anger issues Pathological lying
The definition of APD is __________ than the definition of psychopathy
Narrower Psychopathy included emotional, neurological, and cognitive info NOT JUST BEHAVIORAL
Markers (psychopathy)
Neurological indicators that have been repeatedly found in psychopaths as reflected in electrodermal, cardiovascular, and other nervous systems
Are psychopaths mentally ill?
No
Brawner Rule
Not criminally responsible if at the time of the criminal act, person did not have capacity to appreciate wrongfulness or conform conduct to law (Emotional/Volitional Elements)
In risk assessments, clinicians often ________ dangerousness
Overpredict
Which type of schizophrenia is most associated with violent crime
Paranoid type (also persecutory type of delusional disorder)
Psychopathy is more about _____ while APD is more about _____
Personality traits; overt behaviors
Boys are more likely to engage in _____aggression and girls are more likely to engage in _____ aggression
Physical; covert or verbal
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Presence of sad empty, or irritable mood, accompanied by somatic and cognitive changes that significantly affect the individuals capacity to function **depressed state must last for at least 2 weeks
Criminal osychopath
Primary psychopaths who do engage in repetitive antisocial or criminal behavior
The dual process model of psychopathy
Proposes that there are two temperament contributions that interact with the social env and produce developmental pathways that ultimately lead to psychopathy 1)a low fear component (associated with affective and interpersonal factors) 2) impaired cognitive executive function (associated with lifestyle and antisocial factors)
Emotional paradox (psychopathy)
Psychopaths demonstrate normal appraisal of emotional cues and situations in the abstract but are deficient in using emotional cues to guide their judgements and behavior in the process of living
Left-hemisphere activation hypothesis (psychopathy)
Psychopaths exhibit deficits on a variety of tasks thy require activation of the left hemisphere; Flor Henry was convinced that psychopathy is closely linked to left hemisphere language dysfunction
Frontal Neuropsychological Studies on psychopaths suggest
Psychopaths may suffer from frontal lobe problems or dysfunctions
Duty to Warn
Requirement from the Tarasoff case that clinicians must actively warn potential victims of threats of serious bodily harm made by their clients
parasympathetic nervous system
Responsible for slowing down our body after a stress response.
Primary Psychopath
Robert Hare's classification of the "true" psychopathy
Which disorder is associated with "crazy behavior"
Schizophrenia
Hallucinations
Sensing or perceiving things others do not
Affective (F3 of four factor model)
Shallow emotions, callousness, little empathy, failure to accept responsibility for actions
Criticism of the PCL-R
The PCL-R may not be an adequate measure for identifying psychopaths who do not engage in violent or criminal behavior
Delusional disorder is characterized by
The presence of one or more NONBIZARRE delusions that persist for at least one month -has no psychotic symptoms
Recidivism in psychopaths
The recidivism rate of criminal psychopaths is very high -psychopaths reoffend faster, violate parole sooner, and commit more institutional violence than nonpsychopaths
Negligent Manslaughter
The unintentional killing of another human being caused by the negligence of the defendant.
Race and juvenile delinquency
There are racial differences when it comes to serious and violent crimes but not in the frequency of overall offending
Psychopaths are most likely to commit suicide when...
They feel they are stuck in "intolerable situations"
True/False: female psychopaths have lower rates of recidivism than Male psychopaths
True
True/False: most violent crimes are not committed by people who are mentally ill
True
What aspect of psychopathy may heredity contribute to?
Underarousal and low-emotional responsiveness
Lykken (1957)
____________ assessed how well people with psychopathy learned to avoid shock. Consistent with theory, people with psychopathy were poorer than controls at learning to avoid shock.
When is a person considered incompetent to stand trial
When they lack sufficient ability to consult with their lawyer and lack a reasonable degree of understanding of the court proceedings
Antisocial Process Screening Device
a 20-item rating scale designed to measure CU traits in children
Dark Triad
a cluster of personality traits that are associated with criminal psychopathy. includes psychopathy, narcissism, and machiavellianism
Factor 3
a core feature of psychopathy that refers to emotional shallowness, callousness and lack of empathy
Insanity Defense
a criminal defendant's argument that their mental illness relieves them from responsibility for a crime
Antisocial Personality Disorder
a disorder characterized by a history of continuous behavior in which the rights of others are violated
Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984
a law designed to make it more difficult for defendants using the insanity defense in the federal courts to be acquitted
Incompetent to Stand Trial
a judicial ruling that a criminal defendant, because of mental illness, defect or other reason, is unable to understand the nature and objective of the criminal proceedings or is unable to assist their defense lawyer
Boldness Trait
a key characteristic of psychopaths according to the TriPM characterized bt charisma, fearlessness, novelty seeking, calmness in the face of danger and low stress reactivity
Not Guilty by Reason of Instanity
a legal determination that a defendant was so mentally disordered at the time of the crime that they cannot be held criminally responsible
antisocial personality disorder (APD)
a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others, occurring since age 15 -the DSM-5 criteria is followed by 7 additional criteria (any 3 or more must be met to be diagnosed) -must be 18 or older to be diagnosed and there must be evidence or behavior patterns in childhood that correspond to conduct disorder
Criminal Psychopath
a primary psychopath who engages in repetitive antisocial or criminal behavior
Iatrogenic
a process whereby mental or physical disorders are unintentional induced or developed in patients by physicians, clinicians or psychotherapists
Avoidance Learning
a process whereby someone responds in time to a warning signal in order to avoid painful or aversive stimuli
Durham Rule
a rarely used legal standard of insanity that criminal defendants are not criminally responsible if their unlawful act was the product of mental disease or defect
Sociopath
an individual who continually commits crime
Caveat Paragraph
a section of the ALI/Brawner rule that excludes abnormality manifested only be repeated criminal or antisocial conduct. It was specifically designed to disallow the insanity defense for psychopaths
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
a set of nerves that carries involuntary and automatic commands that control blood vessels, body organs, and glands (Parasympathetic and sympathetic)
Brawner Rule
a standard for evaluating the insanity defense that recognizes that the defendant suffers from a condition that substantially (1) affects mental or emotional processes, or (2) impairs behavior controls
Factor Analysis
a statistical procedure by which underlying patterns, factors or dimensions are identified among a series of scale items
Markers
a term used for the neurological indicators of a particular phenomenon, such as psychopathy
Guilty but Mentally Ill
a verdict alternative in some states that allows defendants with mental disorders to be found guilty even if they might meet standards for insanity
Developmental delay of psychopaths
abnormal EEGs of a slow wave variety
Type 1 Batterers
abuse family members
Type 2 Batterers
abuse family members because of their own emotional problems
Proactive Violence
actions undertaken to obtain a specific goal
sympathetic nervous system
activates fight or flight response
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
an anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
What is the age range of most muderers
between 20-29 years old
Central Nervous System (CNS)
brain and spinal cord
Homicide
causing the death of another person without legal justification or excuse
Callous-Unemotional Traits
collection of traits in juveniles believed to be precursors of adult psychopathy
Foucha v Louisiana
court ruled that insanity acquites may not be held in psychiatric facilities once they are no longer mentally disordered
General Altercation Homicide
death resulting from hostile aggression
Executive Function
higher-order mental abilities involved in goal-directed behavior
Meanness Trait
in psychopathy research, meanness is proposed as an additional feature characterizing the psychopathic personality. Refers to general cruel verbal or physical behavior towards others
Verbal dichotic listening
indicates psychopaths are less lateralized for verbal processing
Dyssocial Psychopath
individual with psychopathic characteristics who is antisocial because of social learning and doesn't possess the features of the primary psychopath
Secondary Psychopath
individual with psychopathic characteristics, but who commits antisocial acts because of severe emotional problems or inner conflicts
Aggravated Assault
inflicting, or attempting to inflict, bodily injury on another person, with the intent to inflict serious injury
Factor 1 on PCL-R
interpersonal and emotional
Four factor model
interpersonal, impulsive lifestyle, affective, antisocial tendencies
Insanity standards are based on what two criteria
irrationality and compulsion
2nd Degree Murder
killing that is done with malice, but without premeditation or deliberation
1st Degree Murder
killing that is premeditated, deliberate, and done with malice
Intellectual Disability
limitations in cognitive capacity, determined by IQ tests and a variety of performance measures
Retrograde amnesia
loss of memories from our past
Amnesia
loss of memory
SES and murder
lower SES = higher prediction of violent crime
PCL-R
most widely used instrument for the measurement of the psychopathic personality
Delusional Disorder
mental disorder characterized by a system of false beliefs or delusions
Factor 4
model of psychopathy that incorporates antisocial behavior
Spree Murder
more than one location
Felony Commission Homicdw
motivated by instrumental-controlled aggression
Homicides are broken down into two categories
murder, non-negligent mansalughter
Antisocial Tendencies (F4 of four factor model)
poor self-regulation, persistent criminal activity, antisocial behavior, early behavioral problems
Threat Assessment
process of determining the likelihood and seriousness of harm carried out by a person who displayed warning signs, such as making veiled oral or written threats
Semantic Aphasia in Psychopaths
psychopaths have poor connections between words and emotions
Triarchic Psychopathy Model (TriPM)
recent model focusing on callous-unemotional traits, disinhibition and boldness
fMRI Studies in Psychopaths
reduced activation of amygdala and vm PFC
Disinhibition Trait
refers to impulsivity, poor self-regulation, low frustration tolerance, irresponsibility, alienation and unreasonable risk taking
Violence Risk Assessment Guide
risk assessment instrument that scores on the psychopathy scale
Four classes of mental disorders mostly related to crime
schizophrenic disorders, bipolar, major depression, aspd
peripheral nervous system
somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
Mental Illness
term used for a variety of psychiatric diagnoses that indicate that the individual has problems in living
Adjudicative Competence
the ability to participate in a variety of court proceedings
Neuropsychology
the branch pf psychology that combines theory and research from the neurosciences and traditional psychology
Assault
the intentional inflicting of bodily injury on another person, or the attempt to inflict such injury
Competency to Stand Trial
the legal requirement that a defendant is able to understand the proceedings and to help the attorney in preparing a defense
Volitional Prong
the part of the insanity defense that requires acceptance of the possibility that a defendant could not control their own behavior to conform to the requirements of the law
Somatic Nervous System (SNS)
the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
Duty to Protect
the principle that therapists must break confidentiality in order to protect a person who may be the intended victim of a client
Emotional Paradox
the research observation that psychopaths seem to be able to talk about emotional cues but lack the ability to use them effectively in the real world
Recidivism
the tendency of a convicted criminal to reoffend
Murder
the unlawful killing of one human being by another with malice aforethought, either expressed or implied
Interactive Model of Psychopaths
their biology provides a poor foundation for the formation of a conscience
What type of batterer is most common?
type 1
