UK DHN 101 chapter 2

Which of the following occurs after completion of an experiment? - Scientists summarize the findings. - Scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals. - Scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis. - Scientists seek to publish the results in daily newspapers.

- Scientists summarize the findings. - Scientists seek to publish the results in scientific journals. - Scientists figure out if the findings support or disprove the hypothesis.

List the events prior to the publishing of experimental results in scientific journals. - The lay-public ensures objective research findings are announced - Subject-matter experts ensure objective research findings are published - Critical review by other subject-matter experts

- Subject-matter experts ensure objective research findings are published - Critical review by other subject-matter experts

Choose the descriptions that accurately define the scientific method? - Testing a hypothesis in order to draw an evidence-based conclusion - Conventional wisdom - A procedure designed to discover reproducible results - Educated guess about the relationship between a variable and an outcome - A complicated design difficult to comprehend

- Testing a hypothesis in order to draw an evidence-based conclusion - A procedure designed to discover reproducible results - Educated guess about the relationship between a variable and an outcome

Before being published in a well- respected medical journal, a research study will undergo peer review. Which of the following are true of peer review?

- The reviewers assess the conduct of the study and the presentation of the results - The reviewer should be an investigator who conducts research similar to the study under review

What are some important questions to ask when evaluating the legitimacy of nutrition information? - Is the nutrition blog popular, with many subscribers? - Where does the information originate? - Does the author have reliable credentials? - What motivates the authors?

- Where does the information originate? - Does the author have reliable credentials? - What motivates the authors?

Nutrient deficiency diseases are a result of ______. - taking non-nutrient dietary supplements - lack of proper nutrition - not receiving proper medication - poor diets

- lack of proper nutrition - poor diets

A commercial website contains ads for gluten-free food products, and supplements that are targeted for people who have intestinal problems

.com

An example of an Internet website that might contain biased nutrition information is a ________.

.com site

A nationally accredited university publishes highlights of a recent study about the effects of beef intake on risk of heart disease.

.edu

A government health agency promotes its campaigns to increase calcium consumption among preteen girls.

.gov

A nationally recognized health association that is for people with diabetes provides information about choosing healthful foods for diabetes management

.org

Testimonials and anecdotes

A hall-of-famer star baseball player claims, "The Cereal Diet is what made me such a great baseball player!!"

Prospective cohort study

A research team recruits e group of healthy people, and studies them for 10 years to determine if any dietary practice is associated with an increased or decreased risk of arthritis

Researchers from Cornell University have written a manuscript about the impact of soy consumption on breast cancer risk. Which of the following people is best qualified to be a peer reviewer of the manuscript before it is published?

A researcher from the University of Illinois who specializes in soy research, but did not collaborate on the study

Which of the following statements in true?

In general, registered dietitian nutritionists are reliable sources of nutrition information

Which of the following is true about a case-control study?

Individuals with a health condition are matched with individuals without the condition but with similar characteristics.

The physician who studied pellagra in 1914 was __________.

Joseph Goldberger

Choose an example of a nutrient deficiency disease.

Lack of niacin leading to pellagra

National standards for height, weight, and blood pressure are established using data from ______________ research findings (use abbreviation to answer this question).

NHANES

Researchers use findings from the _____ to establish national standards for assessing height, weight, and blood pressure.

NHANES

An infomercial for a new weight-loss supplement claims that the medical community has been keeping this formula secret for decades and features the testimonials of an ex-baseball player and a prominent pop music star, who say they lost 12 pounds in the first two weeks. Should you try this supplement?

No

What is the first step in the scientific method?

Observation of a natural phenomenon

Case-control study

Researchers match one person with arthritis to a similar person who does not have arthritis. The scientists collect and analyze information from the subjects, including their food choices and use of dietary supplements.

Retrospective cohort study

Scientists interview a large group of people about their health and past dietary practices including the kinds of foods they usually ate and which dietary supplements they used regularly. The dietary practices of the subjects who have arthritis are compared to those of subjects who do not have the condition.

Pellagra was especially widespread in the United States in the early 1900s in which area of the country?

Southern US

What type of study has very few confounding variables?

Test tube studies

Which terms best describes marketing a product with a personal endorsement?

Testimonial

Which of the following statements is true?

The first amendment of the US constitution often protects people who spread nutrition misinformation

Which of the following is true about control groups?

The results of an experiment are unclear or inaccurate if no control group is used.

True or False: A cohort study is a type of observational epidemiological study.

True

True or False: Medical researchers must be cautious when applying the results of in vivo animal research to people because of the physiological differences between humans and other animals.

True

True or False: The dynamic and rapidly advancing field of nutrition necessitates that scientists change their recommendations in the light of new, substantiated findings.

True

True or False:Studying the different dietary practices and disease occurrences among populations, nutrition scientists may learn much about the influence of diet on health.

True

Which of the following observations is an example of a positive correlation?

When a population's vitamin D intake decreases, the percentage of people in the population that have healthy immune systems decreases.

Which of the following observations is an example of a positive correlation?

When women gain less weight than average during pregnancy, the birthweights of their babies tend to be lower than average.

Experimental (intervention) study _____________________________

a large group of people with arthritis are divided into two groups. The members of one group are given pills that contain the dietary supplement glucosamine with chondroitin and members of the other group are given pills that are placebos. During the study , the members of each group do not know if they are taking the dietary supplement or the placebo.

When a friend tells you she is taking a vitamin B complex supplement and she feels more energetic as a result, she is sharing an ________________, or a report of a personal experience.

anecdote

Scientists expect researchers to avoid relying on their personal attitudes and ________________ when selecting participants for research and collecting and analyzing data.

bias

Some funding sources of scientific research can have certain expectations or _____ about research outcomes, and as a result, are likely to finance studies of scientists whose research supports their interests.

bias

A website that is authored or sponsored by one person tends to provide ____ information.

biased

Generally, epidemiological studies ___________________

cannot determine cause and effect relationships

In a ____ study, epidemiologists collect and analyze various kinds of information about a large group of people over time.

cohort

Having a control group enables researchers to ____________________

compare findings of the control group with those of the experimental group

A factor that may not be studied but may affect a research outcome is called a ______ variable.

confounding

The science of nutrition is ______.

constantly evolving

A _____________ group, which receives no treatment, allows researchers to determine if an experimental treatment has any effect.

control

A group of people that serve as subjects in an experiment but do not receive a treatment is called a(n) ______ group.

control

A valid experiment requires both a treatment and _____________ group.

control

Researchers divide subjects into two groups. The ___________ group is given pills that do not contain any vitamins. The ____________ group is given similar tasting and appearing pills that contain high amounts of thiamine.

control;treatment

A ______ is a relationship between two variables.

correlation

When two variables have a relationship they are said to be in ________________ with each other but you cannot say there is a cause and effect relationship.

correlation

Diets that lack proper nutrition can lead to the development of nutrient _____________ diseases.

deficiency

A physician named Joseph Goldberger discovered that the disease pellagra was related to __________

diet.

it is easier to __________________.

disprove a hypothesis as being untrue than to verify one as true.

Studies that can illustrate differences in dietary patterns among populations and can lead to additional experiments that may be able to test the cause of the disease process are called ______.

epidemiological

A researcher that studies the frequency of diabetes in Pacific Islanders, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic African-American adults is conducting ___________ research.

epidemiology

The study of dietary and disease patterns among various populations is known as ___________________.

epidemiology

The study of dietary and disease patterns among various populations is referred to as ______.

epidemiology

The type of research conducted when an investigator measures the frequency of diabetes in different populations is termed __________ studies.

epidemiology

An _______________ is a systematic way of testing a hypothesis

experiment

Nutrition scientists conduct _____ epidemiological studies to obtain information about health conditions that may result from specific dietary practices.

experimental

Researchers would like to test their _________ that taking megadoses of thiamine is an effective way to prevent mosquito bites.

hypothesis

The second step in the scientific method is developing a(n) _____________.

hypothesis

An anecdote ______________ considered scientific evidence

is not

A group of registered dietitians is planning to conduct a scientific study to investigate the effects of eating honey on school-age children's behavior. At first, the researchers will _______________

make observations

The first step in the scientific method is to __________________

make observations that generate questions

Researchers make a(n) ___________ that people who like to camp take megadoses of thiamine to repel mosquitoes.

observation

In this study, the __________ does not contain any active ingredients.

placebo

Cohort studies can be retrospective or ________________

prospective

Cohort studies can be retrospective or __________________.

prospective

During an online interview, Dr. Ima Quack provides the following statement, "Most Americans suffer from nutritional-deficiency diseases and will develop cancer within the next 10 years because they are not taking my megavitamin formula therapy." Dr. Quack's statement is an example of a(n) ________.

scare tactic

A process that tests a hypothesis in order to generate a conclusion, which can be reported and then confirmed or refuted by additional studies, is called the _________ method.

scientific

A process that tests a hypothesis in order to generate a conclusion, which can be reported and then confirmed or refuted by additional studies, is called the ________________ method.

scientific

A _____________ is a personal endorsement of a product.

testimonial

The best term that describes a personal endorsement of a product is called a(n) ______________ . These endorsements are biased and often found in advertisements for various products.

testimonial

Prior to publishing the results of an experiment, ______.

the results and analysis are peer-reviewed by other subject-matter experts

In vivo animal studies must be interpreted carefully because ____________

there are physiological differences between humans and other animals.

A _______________ is a factor such as a person's age, weight, or environment that can change and influence an outcome.

variable

A(n) ______ is a factor, such as a person's age, weight, or environment, that can change and influence an outcome.

variable

Attacks on conventional science

"Doctors don't want you to know about the powerful weight-loss results of one simple plant extract!"

Double-blind study

"I am a subject in the study. I can't tell if I'm in the control group or the treatment group, and the researchers also don't know which group I'm in"

Placebo

"I'm a subject in this study, but I think the experimental pill that the researcher gave to me to take each day doesn't contain anything that reduces my risk of lung cancer"

Prospective cohort study

"I'm in a group of healthy people who are being studied. Some of us take vitamin D pills regularly, and some of us don't take the supplement. as participants in the study, which will last eight years, we have regular check ups to determine if we are still healthy"

Treatment

"In an earlier study involving laboratory rats, adding a daily vitamin D supplement to the animals diet for 12 months reduced the risk of cancer in the rodents"

Hypothesis

"Scientists think that taking vitamin D supplements regularly is an effective way to reduce the risk of lung cancer"

Promises of quick and easy remedies

"The College Reunion Diet promises you will lose twenty pounds in the next two weeks!!"

Promotes Benefits While Overlooking Risks

"This all-natural, Herbal Burn supplement will burn fat while you sleep! It is made from the purest ingredients, so it won't harm your health."

Avoiding research, bias and studies is important to the development of objective, reliable information that can be used by the public. Check all of the situations are likely to indicate research bias.

- A drug company that makes dietary supplements funds the study that indicated the health benefits of taking megadoses of vitamin C on a daily basis - an organization, representing dairy farmers provides a monetary grant to a researcher who will study whether drinking 3 cups of milk per day promotes weight loss - A soft drink producers trade group funds a study to determine whether the removal of soft drink machines from schools negatively affects the number of extra curricular activities offered by administrators in those schools

Reliable sources of nutrition information

- A nutrition blog written by a registered dietitian nutritionist on the health benefits of fiber and featuring the health on the net symbol at the bottom of the main page of the website - A scientific review on whether or not creatine supplements are effective in athletic performance found on the national institutes of health office of dietary supplements page at http://dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov

Not reliable sources of nutrition information

- A pop-up ad for B vitamins that promotes "endless energy" when you are doing a general web search on natural sleep aids - A website with a subscription based product that promises to tell you about the weight loss secret physicians and dietitians don't want you to know about.

Experimental epidemiological studies utilize - A placebo group. - A testimonial group. - A treatment group. - A control group.

- A treatment group. - A control group.

Observational epidemiological research includes - Case-control studies. - Cohort studies. - Treatment groups.

- Case-control studies. - Cohort studies.

Observational epidemiological research includes - Cohort studies. - Treatment groups. - Case-control studies.

- Cohort studies - Case-control studies

Who are the subjects in a case-control study? - Person(s) with the disease or condition under investigation - Person(s) without the disease or condition under investigation - Healthy people assigned to receive a placebo - Healthy people assigned to a specific treatment

- Person(s) with the disease or condition under investigation - Person(s) without the disease or condition under investigation

Which of the following observations let Dr. Joseph Goldberger to hypothesize that pellagra was not an infectious disease, but a nutritional deficiency?

- Prison guards did not develop pellagra, even after they were exposed to inmates with the disease - Pellagra tended to occur among people whose diets were low in meat, milk, and fresh vegetables