UNCG NUTRITION 213: Chapter 1 Content Study

What are phytochemicals and zoochemicals?

"phyto" (prefix = plants) - these are chemicals in foods from plants "zoo" (prefix/root = animals) - these are chemicals in foods from animals

What's the difference between a BLIND and DOUBLE-BLIND study or subject?

1) Blind- subjects don't know group they are in; investigators do 2) Double Blind-NEITHER subjects nor investigators don't know group members

What are two sub divisions of epidemiological studies?

1) Prospective Cohort Studies 2) Restrospective Cohort Studies

What three factors are critical when referring to balance in the diet?

1) balance unhealthy choices with healthy 2) calories in with calories burned 3) foods withing food groups

Which nutrients contain carbon and calories?

1) carbohydrates 2) proteins 3) lipids

Which nutrients are MACROnutrients?

1) carbohydrates 2) proteins 3) lipids 4) water

List the steps in the scientific method.

1) observation 2)hypothesis 3) experiment 4) Analyze results 5) Review 6) Repeat 7) Develop Theories

Name the two forms of malnutrition.

1) overnutrition 2) undernutrition

Name two Non-nutrient substances found in food that are thought to be beneficial to the human body.

1) phytochemicals 2) zoochemicals

What are the 3 functions of nutrients?

1) provide energy (calories) 2) provide building blocks for structures (bones, hair, skin, cell membranes, etc.) 3) regulate body process (body temp, blood pressure, hormones, etc.)

What are the health benefits of a balanced diet?

1) wider variety of nutrients 2) weight control

"Vital" study results can be:

1)Correctly interpreted 2) Reproducible 3) Tested in multiple populations 4) Peer reviewed

What are the six classes of nutrients?

1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Lipids 4. Water 5. Vitamins 6. Minerals

How many calories are in a kilocalorie?

1000

Each egg or sperm has how many chromosomes?

23, half of the total chromosomes

How many calories/ gram do proteins and carbohydrates have/

4 calories per gram

How many chromosomes are in the human body? How many Chromosome pairs are there?

46/23

How many chromosomes does a human embryo have? Where do they come from?

46; 23 from the father and 23 from the mother

How many calories/ gram does alcohol have?

7 calories per gram

How many calories/ gram does fat have?

9 calories per gram

What is a control group?

A group in which the subjects DO NOT receive the intervention being studied in an experiment

What is an experimental group?

A group of experiment subjects that DO receive the intervention/treatment.

What is an Amino Acid? What 3 things does it contain?

Amino Acids are the building blocks, or basic parts, of proteins. Each contains 3 things: 1. an amino group 2. an acid group 3. a unique side chain.

In the experimental group subjects can organized/ studied in four models. What are they?

Blind, Double Blind, Randomized, Non-randomized

What food class includes sugars, starches and fibers?

Carbohydrates

What does each carbohydrate contain?

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, in the same proportions as in water (H2O).

What does an experimental (clinical) study do?

Compares an experimental or treatment group with a control group

In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the studied treatment/factor is called the what? Why is such a group important?

Control group. This group allow comparison and contrasts with the experimental group. It gives a comparison that allows the effectiveness of the treatment to be evaluated.

A food that has calories, but doesn't provide any, or much nutrition is said to be full of these:

Empty calories

Name 3 types of studies in nutrition.

Epidemiological, laboratory, Experimental (clinical)

Which branch of science studies health and disease trends and patterns in populations?

Epidemiology

This term refers to the physical, economic, and social factors that affect a person's eating habits and patterns.

Food environment

What are Low nutrient density foods?

Foods that contain fewer nutrients per calorie (cake, sugary drinks, french fries)

What are High nutrient density foods?

Foods that contain more nutrients per calorie (veg, fruits, whole-grains)

When nutrients have been added to food, the food is called___.

Fortified. Foods that have nutrients added to foods are called fortified.

What is a Restrospective Cohort Study?

Investigators look back to study the incidence of disease in individuals.

Does an epidemiological study determine cause and effect or something else?

It does not determine cause and effect; it identifies patterns.

What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?

It is used as a comparison to the group receiving the experimental substance.

Functional food have a side benefit. What does that mean? What sorts of foods are "functional foods"?

It means the food has a health-promoting property in addition to the measurable, basic nutrition values. Oatmeal lowers cholesterol, for example.

What does it mean when something is a "functional food"?

It means the food provides health benefits beyond the actual nutrients in it. These foods can be naturally occurring or processes.

What is "moderation"? What are the benefits?

Moderation involves eating correct portion sizes & consumption of each food. Helps body not have too much of any nutrient or calories

What can happen when a human gene, or genes, mutate? Provide some examples.

Mutation can cause disease, such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia.

What's the difference between a Randomized and Non-randomized group?

Non-randomized-not put in group randomly -scientists intentionally place participant. Randomized are just that - random.

What are energy-yielding nutrients? Name 3 things they include.

Nutrients that can be metabolized to provide energy in the body. They include: They include carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

What are non-essential nutrients?

Nutrients the body can make itself, so it is not essential that we consume them.

What are essential nutrients?

Nutrients the body cannot make; they must be consumed (EXAMPLE: vitamins)

What is the difference between overnutrition and undernutrition?

Overnutrition is a diet with too much of a nutrient, nutrients, or calories. Undernutrition is having too little.

What 3 things are energy-yielding nutrients?

Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are

Brainstorm some things that can impact a food desert.

Repurpose unused land for community or individual gardening Bring in "traveling" farmer's markets Boost food pantries Teach realistic nutrition in public spaces (schools, churches, etc) Identify financial supporters to supplement cost of better, fresher foods

What does an epidemiological study investigate?

Studies populations

What government agency controls and requires fortification or enrichment of some foods? Why is this done?

The FDA -Food and Drug Administration does this to help prevent illness.

What is nutritional genetics?

The study of interactions between genes and nutrition. (also called nutrigenomics)

What is a "nutraceutical?"

These "designer foods" are functional foods with added nutrients (Ex water with added vitamins, Orange juice with added calcium)

What is a Prospective Cohort Study?

This is a study that follows individuals over time to identify associations between risk factors and disease outcomes.

What does it mean to eat a "variety" of foods?

To eat a variety of foods within each food group

Define calorie.

Unit of energy measurement in food.Expresses the amount of energy provided by food or expended by the body.

A healthy diet includes what three things?

Variety, Balance, Moderation

Give a few examples of foods that are "functional foods" and tell how they help the body.

broccoli prevents cancer Oatmeal lowers cholesterol

A healthy diet is moderate in:

calories, sodium, sugar

All nutrients contain this element.

carbon

High blood levels of ________ increase heart disease.

cholesterol

In an experiment, which group receives a placebo?

control group

A product sold to supplement the diet is called.

dietary supplement

What is personalized nutrition?

diets based on a person's genes

A calorie measures the amount of ___ in food.

energy

A healthy diet is high in :

fruits, vegies, whole grains

What two thinks are combine to influence most disease? Give a few examples of disease with these 2 factors.

genetics and the environment (Ex. obesity, heart disease, diabetes)

What does eating a variety of foods increase? What does it decrease?

increased nutrients and phytochemicals decreased toxins

Epidemiological studies observe relationship between _____ and _____.

nutrition and health

List 3 sources of "empty calories".

solid fats, added sugars, alcohol

A healthy diet is low in:

unhealthy fats (trans, saturated, cholesterol)

Which nutrients are MICROnutrients?

vitamins and minerals