Undernutrition in Infants & Children (3)
How does stem cell recruitment in endochondral ossification act as an autocrine process?
expression of IGF-1 and IGF-1 receptors
What is the main driver (hormone) of IGF-1 production in bone during childhood?
growth hormone
Infant length growth reflects _____ nutritional status and is independent of _____ intake.
maternal-intrauterine protein - when controlling for energy intake, protein intake was not associated with weight or length gain during any quarter of the 1st year of life within a breastfed cohort. - childhood IS sensitive to nutrition and environmental stress.
List 4 types of food rich in bioavailable micronutrients and minerals.
milk meat fish eggs
When does stunting develop?
post-weaning
Malnutrition due to lack or poor quality of food
primary nutrition - relatively rare compared to secondary malnutrition in developed countries
Which 2 nutrients are known to be directly involved in height growth?
protein zinc
Review New Guinea children study.
- dietary background was taro and potatoes. - freedom to roam about the forest was less than that of the village. - children in the village had the same diet, but were of normal height. - KEY DIFFERENCE: additional use of animal protein in the diets of children that mainly came from insects in the forest
Review rat protein study.
- increasing deficiency of dietary protein for rats - all changes associated with changes in IGF-1 levels in the growth plate.
How does zinc affect height and weight of children?
increase in height normal weight
What is the most likely cause of stunting in the developing world?
infection due to lack of clean water and unsanitary home environment - diarrhea
How does infection and inflammation (IL-1, TNF, IL-6) affect chondrogenesis?
inhibition of chondrogenesis - can completely shut down chondrocyte proliferation and maturation.
What is the main driver (hormone) of IGF-1 production in bone during infancy?
insulin
What is the primary driver of whole body growth? skeletal muscle growth? visceral organ growth?
long bone growth passive stretch food intake, metabolic work - brain not included in generalized mechanism.
What is stunting?
low height for age
Malnutrition that accompanies disease which disturbs appetite or food digestion/absorption/utilization
secondary malnutrition
Is stunting or wasting a bigger problem worldwide?
stunting