Understanding Business - Chapter 10 (70 terms)

MBO, a manager must

-develop commitment to goals -formulate goals cooperatively with employees

Place the generational cohorts in the correct order from oldest to youngest. NOTE: the generation with the oldest age members should be the top item in your list.

1. Baby Boomer 2. Generation X 3. Millenials 4.Generation Z 5.Generation Alpha

Ouchi's Theory Z, Type _____________________ management is achievement oriented.

A Ouchi's Theory Z is a blend of Type A and Type J business cultures. - TRUE

Taylor's goal was to increase worker efficiency and ________________ in order to benefit both the firm and workers.

Productivity

Ouchi's Theory, which of these elements are included in Type A management?

Rapid promotion Individual decision making

Ouchi (according to), the best way for U.S. firms to become more competitive is to adopt the Type J approach to management.

Recent economic developments, as well as demographic and social changes in Japan, have led some Japanese firms to seek new approaches to management. - TRUE

The key to successful employee empowerment is free-flowing ________________and information throughout the organization.

communication

Taylor's method was to:

determine the one "best" way teach people the one best way to do their jobs teach people the one best way to do their jobs

Employee empowerment cannot be successful without clear and open ______________ throughout an organization.

communication

Which of the following theories of motivation is the basis for Management by Objectives?

Drucker's Goal-setting theory

What theory is based on the idea that employees try to maintain fairness or balance between inputs and outputs as compared to others in similar positions?

Equity

Frederick Gilbreth was the "Father of Scientific Management".

False

The Principles of Scientific Management" was written by

Frederick Taylor

Type A

Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people In Silicon Valley, California, it is not unusual for highly skilled employees to stay at one company for about three years. These specialized employees have a mindset for rapid promotion. They believe that they have only themselves to blame if these high goals are not met. William Ouchi would categorize the management style that these employees operate under as TYPE A

Elton Mayo

Hawthorne Studies

To which part of the theories is job enrichment most closely related?

Herzberg's higher-level motivators

Taylor's scientific management (goals)

Increase worker productivity Benefit the worker Benefit the firm

What two theories concentrate on managers' attitudes and assumptions about workers?

McGregor's Theory X McGregor's Theory Y

theory z

Ouchi based on Japenese management styles & stresses long term employment; collective decision making; individual responsibility; slow evaluation & promotion; implicit, informal control with explicit, formalized control; moderately specialized career paths; & holistic concern for employees (incl family) Business management theory that integrates Japanese (Type z) and American business practices Type A) Theory Z managers believe that getting employees more involved in work-related decisions will generally increase productivity.

Theory Y manager about people.

People like to work. People seek responsibility for achieving goals if rewarded for doing so

Recent economic developments, as well as demographic and social changes in Japan, have led some Japanese firms to seek new approaches to management.

TRUE

Which management theory uses time-motion studies to find the one best method for workers to perform each task and then teaches them that method?

Taylor's Scientific Management

Frederick Taylor wrote:

The Principles of Scientific Management

scientific management

The idea that all jobs can be broken down into elemental steps that can be made more efficient

A manager that views most employees as motivated to do work is operating under ______, while a manager that views most employees as lazy, is operating under ______.

Theory Y; Theory X

What feature of self-managed teams allows them to improve productivity?

They have the freedom to make decisions.

McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y identified assumptions managers have about workers. Select the statements below that represent a Theory X manager's beliefs.

Workers are motivated by fear and punishment Workers prefer to avoid responsibility

job enlargement

a job enrichment strategy that involves combining a series of task into one challenging and interesting assignment

job rotation

a job enrichment strategy that involves moving employees from one job to another

job enrichment

a motivational strategy that emphasizes motivating the worker through the job itself

Millennial Generation include:

always having the Internet in their world having cell phones having been raised by indulgent parents

Vroom's expectancy theory states that the:

amount of effort an employee exerts on a specific task depends on expectations of the outcome

Companies like Ford are using self-managed teams to improve productivity by allowing teams enough ____________ to solve problems and meet objectives.

autonomy, freedom, control, or authority

An employee that is part of Generation X is likely to ______.

be more concerned with economic and career security

Gen Xers seek economic security by doing which of the following? Gen X managers generally:

changing jobs to find job security are good at allowing workers to have autonomy to get the job done give employees good feedback value results rather than hours at work there is more to life than work results are more important than hours spent in the workplace flexibility and consensus building work well

While not motivators, the absence of certain factors from the job environment will cause ________________ .

dissatisfaction

Free-flowing communication and information throughout an organization are the key to successful:

empowerment

Frederick Taylor was nicknamed the ____________ of scientific management:

father

A culture that focuses on building personal relationships and trust before focusing on tasks is a ___________________ -context culture.

high

While workers in the United States are more task oriented and require information to do their jobs, workers from Korea are more motivated by strong relationships and developing trust to do the same job. That is because Korea is a ______ context culture and the U.S. is a ______ context culture.

high,low

Which is not an element of scientific management?

human factors

hygiene factors

in Herzberg's theory of motivating factors, job factor that can cause dissatisfaction if missing but that do not necessarily motivate employees if increased

motivators

in Herzberg's theory of motivating factors, job factors that cause employees to be productive and that given them satisfaction

Management by objectives means that managers:

include employees in setting goals so the employees are self motivated

The second set of Hawthorne Experiments continued to result in _______________________ productivity regardless of changing physical conditions.

increased

Managers must recognize that motivating individuals today requires:

knowing that generations have different cultures familiarity with a variety of cultures from around the world understanding of different cultures within a country

expectancy theory

managers attempting to improve employee performance would be well advised to set attainable performance goals. Victor Vroom's theory that the amount of effort employees exert on a specific task depends on their expectations of the outcome theory states that an individual will not put forth effort without first evaluating their ability to perform the task and the value

scientific management include:

method time rules of work

Globalization has created a need for managers to understand cultural differences in order to __________- employees around the world.

motivate

Herzberg studied job-related factors as they relate to ____________ .

motivation

Herzberg studied the relationship between:

motivation and job-related factors

Job enrichment focuses on enhancing the elements most closely related to Herzberg's ______ or higher level needs as defined in his theory.

motivators

An assumption about people made by a Theory Y manager is that people:

naturally like to work

Maslow's theory states that once needs are met they:

no longer motivate

More people leave their jobs for:

opportunities to advance their careers

The workers in Herzberg's studies found which three factors of the job environment were not motivators for them?

pay friendly supervisors job security

intrinsic reward

personal satisfaction you feel when you perform well and complete goals

Hawthorne Experiments, (first set of )

researchers thought they had failed due to the unexpected results productivity continued to increase regardless of changing conditions researchers realized there had to be another factor affecting productivity

When implementing management by objectives it is a manager's responsibility to involve everyone, commit employees to the goals, monitor progress, and ______________________ accomplishments.

reward

extrinsic reward

something given to you by someone else as recognition for good work; e.g. rewards: pay increases, praise, promotion

time-motion studies

studies, begun by Frederick Taylor, of which tasks must be performed to complete a job and the time needed to do each task study occurs when a manager observes workers as they shovel different types of materials with different types of shovels in order to determine the most efficient tool and method to use. ex: Measuring the time and amount produced by different methods and tools when shoveling coal

scientific management

studying workers to find the most efficient ways of doing things and then teaching people those techniques The idea that all jobs can be broken down into elemental steps that can be made more efficient became the dominant strategy for improving productivity in the early 1900s

theory x

the assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, dislike responsibility, and must be coerced (forced) to perform wishing to avoid responsibility

equity theory

the idea that employees try to maintain equity between inputs and outputs compared to others in similar positions states that employees look for fairness in the workplace as compared to others before deciding to perform.

goal-setting theory

the idea that setting ambitious but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance if the goals are accepted, accompanied by feedback, and facilitated by organizational conditions the basis for Management by Objectives developed by Peter Drucker in the 1960s, proposes that setting ambitious, but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance.

hawthorne effect

the tendency for people to behave differently when they know the are being studied

Studies of the tasks performed in a job and the ________________ needed for each is time-motion study.

time

Equity theory states that employees:

try to maintain equity between what they put into a job and what they get out of it compare their inputs and outputs to those of others in similar positions perceptions of fairness affect motivation

McGregor, Theory X managers view employees as:

wishing to avoid responsibility

Which item was listed by workers as creating enthusiasm for job content?

Sense of achievement

Taylor's scientific management became the dominant strategy for improving _______________________ in the early Twentieth century.

productivity

management by objectives (MBO)

Peter Drucker's system of goal setting and implementation; it involves a cycle of discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives among top and middle-level managers, supervisors, and employees A system of goal setting and implementation designed by Peter Drucker

In a recent survey, what reason was given by nearly half of the respondents when asked what their reason was for changing jobs?

lack of appreciation

principle of motion economy

theory developed by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth that every job can be broken down into a series of elementary motions

maslow's hierarchy of needs

theory of motivation based on unmet human needs -basic physiological - basic survival needs (food, water etc safety - need to feel secure at work/home social - need to feel love, accepted and part of the group esteem needs - need for recognition, acknowledgment from other, as well as self-respect, sense of importance self-actualization needs - need to develop ones fullest protential According to Maslow, people will try to satisfy lower-order needs before they turn their attention to higher-order needs.

reinforcement theory

theory that positive and negative reignforcers motivate a person to behave in certain ways