Understanding Business - Chapter 10 (70 terms)
MBO, a manager must
-develop commitment to goals -formulate goals cooperatively with employees
Place the generational cohorts in the correct order from oldest to youngest. NOTE: the generation with the oldest age members should be the top item in your list.
1. Baby Boomer 2. Generation X 3. Millenials 4.Generation Z 5.Generation Alpha
Ouchi's Theory Z, Type _____________________ management is achievement oriented.
A Ouchi's Theory Z is a blend of Type A and Type J business cultures. - TRUE
Taylor's goal was to increase worker efficiency and ________________ in order to benefit both the firm and workers.
Productivity
Ouchi's Theory, which of these elements are included in Type A management?
Rapid promotion Individual decision making
Ouchi (according to), the best way for U.S. firms to become more competitive is to adopt the Type J approach to management.
Recent economic developments, as well as demographic and social changes in Japan, have led some Japanese firms to seek new approaches to management. - TRUE
The key to successful employee empowerment is free-flowing ________________and information throughout the organization.
communication
Taylor's method was to:
determine the one "best" way teach people the one best way to do their jobs teach people the one best way to do their jobs
Employee empowerment cannot be successful without clear and open ______________ throughout an organization.
communication
Which of the following theories of motivation is the basis for Management by Objectives?
Drucker's Goal-setting theory
What theory is based on the idea that employees try to maintain fairness or balance between inputs and outputs as compared to others in similar positions?
Equity
Frederick Gilbreth was the "Father of Scientific Management".
False
The Principles of Scientific Management" was written by
Frederick Taylor
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people In Silicon Valley, California, it is not unusual for highly skilled employees to stay at one company for about three years. These specialized employees have a mindset for rapid promotion. They believe that they have only themselves to blame if these high goals are not met. William Ouchi would categorize the management style that these employees operate under as TYPE A
Elton Mayo
Hawthorne Studies
To which part of the theories is job enrichment most closely related?
Herzberg's higher-level motivators
Taylor's scientific management (goals)
Increase worker productivity Benefit the worker Benefit the firm
What two theories concentrate on managers' attitudes and assumptions about workers?
McGregor's Theory X McGregor's Theory Y
theory z
Ouchi based on Japenese management styles & stresses long term employment; collective decision making; individual responsibility; slow evaluation & promotion; implicit, informal control with explicit, formalized control; moderately specialized career paths; & holistic concern for employees (incl family) Business management theory that integrates Japanese (Type z) and American business practices Type A) Theory Z managers believe that getting employees more involved in work-related decisions will generally increase productivity.
Theory Y manager about people.
People like to work. People seek responsibility for achieving goals if rewarded for doing so
Recent economic developments, as well as demographic and social changes in Japan, have led some Japanese firms to seek new approaches to management.
TRUE
Which management theory uses time-motion studies to find the one best method for workers to perform each task and then teaches them that method?
Taylor's Scientific Management
Frederick Taylor wrote:
The Principles of Scientific Management
scientific management
The idea that all jobs can be broken down into elemental steps that can be made more efficient
A manager that views most employees as motivated to do work is operating under ______, while a manager that views most employees as lazy, is operating under ______.
Theory Y; Theory X
What feature of self-managed teams allows them to improve productivity?
They have the freedom to make decisions.
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y identified assumptions managers have about workers. Select the statements below that represent a Theory X manager's beliefs.
Workers are motivated by fear and punishment Workers prefer to avoid responsibility
job enlargement
a job enrichment strategy that involves combining a series of task into one challenging and interesting assignment
job rotation
a job enrichment strategy that involves moving employees from one job to another
job enrichment
a motivational strategy that emphasizes motivating the worker through the job itself
Millennial Generation include:
always having the Internet in their world having cell phones having been raised by indulgent parents
Vroom's expectancy theory states that the:
amount of effort an employee exerts on a specific task depends on expectations of the outcome
Companies like Ford are using self-managed teams to improve productivity by allowing teams enough ____________ to solve problems and meet objectives.
autonomy, freedom, control, or authority
An employee that is part of Generation X is likely to ______.
be more concerned with economic and career security
Gen Xers seek economic security by doing which of the following? Gen X managers generally:
changing jobs to find job security are good at allowing workers to have autonomy to get the job done give employees good feedback value results rather than hours at work there is more to life than work results are more important than hours spent in the workplace flexibility and consensus building work well
While not motivators, the absence of certain factors from the job environment will cause ________________ .
dissatisfaction
Free-flowing communication and information throughout an organization are the key to successful:
empowerment
Frederick Taylor was nicknamed the ____________ of scientific management:
father
A culture that focuses on building personal relationships and trust before focusing on tasks is a ___________________ -context culture.
high
While workers in the United States are more task oriented and require information to do their jobs, workers from Korea are more motivated by strong relationships and developing trust to do the same job. That is because Korea is a ______ context culture and the U.S. is a ______ context culture.
high,low
Which is not an element of scientific management?
human factors
hygiene factors
in Herzberg's theory of motivating factors, job factor that can cause dissatisfaction if missing but that do not necessarily motivate employees if increased
motivators
in Herzberg's theory of motivating factors, job factors that cause employees to be productive and that given them satisfaction
Management by objectives means that managers:
include employees in setting goals so the employees are self motivated
The second set of Hawthorne Experiments continued to result in _______________________ productivity regardless of changing physical conditions.
increased
Managers must recognize that motivating individuals today requires:
knowing that generations have different cultures familiarity with a variety of cultures from around the world understanding of different cultures within a country
expectancy theory
managers attempting to improve employee performance would be well advised to set attainable performance goals. Victor Vroom's theory that the amount of effort employees exert on a specific task depends on their expectations of the outcome theory states that an individual will not put forth effort without first evaluating their ability to perform the task and the value
scientific management include:
method time rules of work
Globalization has created a need for managers to understand cultural differences in order to __________- employees around the world.
motivate
Herzberg studied job-related factors as they relate to ____________ .
motivation
Herzberg studied the relationship between:
motivation and job-related factors
Job enrichment focuses on enhancing the elements most closely related to Herzberg's ______ or higher level needs as defined in his theory.
motivators
An assumption about people made by a Theory Y manager is that people:
naturally like to work
Maslow's theory states that once needs are met they:
no longer motivate
More people leave their jobs for:
opportunities to advance their careers
The workers in Herzberg's studies found which three factors of the job environment were not motivators for them?
pay friendly supervisors job security
intrinsic reward
personal satisfaction you feel when you perform well and complete goals
Hawthorne Experiments, (first set of )
researchers thought they had failed due to the unexpected results productivity continued to increase regardless of changing conditions researchers realized there had to be another factor affecting productivity
When implementing management by objectives it is a manager's responsibility to involve everyone, commit employees to the goals, monitor progress, and ______________________ accomplishments.
reward
extrinsic reward
something given to you by someone else as recognition for good work; e.g. rewards: pay increases, praise, promotion
time-motion studies
studies, begun by Frederick Taylor, of which tasks must be performed to complete a job and the time needed to do each task study occurs when a manager observes workers as they shovel different types of materials with different types of shovels in order to determine the most efficient tool and method to use. ex: Measuring the time and amount produced by different methods and tools when shoveling coal
scientific management
studying workers to find the most efficient ways of doing things and then teaching people those techniques The idea that all jobs can be broken down into elemental steps that can be made more efficient became the dominant strategy for improving productivity in the early 1900s
theory x
the assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, dislike responsibility, and must be coerced (forced) to perform wishing to avoid responsibility
equity theory
the idea that employees try to maintain equity between inputs and outputs compared to others in similar positions states that employees look for fairness in the workplace as compared to others before deciding to perform.
goal-setting theory
the idea that setting ambitious but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance if the goals are accepted, accompanied by feedback, and facilitated by organizational conditions the basis for Management by Objectives developed by Peter Drucker in the 1960s, proposes that setting ambitious, but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance.
hawthorne effect
the tendency for people to behave differently when they know the are being studied
Studies of the tasks performed in a job and the ________________ needed for each is time-motion study.
time
Equity theory states that employees:
try to maintain equity between what they put into a job and what they get out of it compare their inputs and outputs to those of others in similar positions perceptions of fairness affect motivation
McGregor, Theory X managers view employees as:
wishing to avoid responsibility
Which item was listed by workers as creating enthusiasm for job content?
Sense of achievement
Taylor's scientific management became the dominant strategy for improving _______________________ in the early Twentieth century.
productivity
management by objectives (MBO)
Peter Drucker's system of goal setting and implementation; it involves a cycle of discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives among top and middle-level managers, supervisors, and employees A system of goal setting and implementation designed by Peter Drucker
In a recent survey, what reason was given by nearly half of the respondents when asked what their reason was for changing jobs?
lack of appreciation
principle of motion economy
theory developed by Frank and Lillian Gilbreth that every job can be broken down into a series of elementary motions
maslow's hierarchy of needs
theory of motivation based on unmet human needs -basic physiological - basic survival needs (food, water etc safety - need to feel secure at work/home social - need to feel love, accepted and part of the group esteem needs - need for recognition, acknowledgment from other, as well as self-respect, sense of importance self-actualization needs - need to develop ones fullest protential According to Maslow, people will try to satisfy lower-order needs before they turn their attention to higher-order needs.
reinforcement theory
theory that positive and negative reignforcers motivate a person to behave in certain ways