Unit 1 AP POGO

Which of the following cases expanded the powers of Congress by defining the necessary and proper clause more broadly?

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

The legislative process at the national level of government reflects the intent of the framers of the Constitution to create a legislature that would be

slow and deliberate in the law-making process

Which of the following statements accurately describes the majority opinion of the Supreme Court in United States v. Lopez (1995) ?

Congress may not use the commerce clause to make possession of a gun in a school zone a federal crime

Based on the different types of representative democracy, which of the following scenarios presents the most accurate description of a pluralist democracy?

The National Rifle Association lobbies Congress to oppose stricter gun control

In the 1980's, Candy Lightner & Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) organized a lobbying campaign to raise the legal drinking age to 21. Which of the following statements best describes the influence this movement had on government?

The ability of the national government to influence state policy

In the 1950s Southern states attempted to prevent integration of their public schools. In return, the National Guard was sent to force states to implement federal regulations. This scenario illustrates which of the following about the relationship between the state and national governments?

The debate over the role of the central government and state powers is ongoing

Which of the following statements best describes the result of the Connecticut Compromise at the Constitutional Convention?

Created a bicameral legislature where the House had representation based on population and the Senate had equal representation among the states

Despite the fact that Democrats led the early efforts to adopt block grants, it was the former Republican majority in Congress who expressed their clear preference for block grants to categorical grants. Which of the following statements best indicates the ideology behind the preference for block grants?

They want the federal government to exercise less authority over the states.

In order to appease both Federalists and Anti-Federalists, it was agreed at the Constitutional Convention that a group of delegates would be charged with selecting the president. This would ensure that

the most capable individuals would decide which candidate would be president

"In every free government, the people must give their assent to the laws by which they are governed. This is the true criterion between a free government and an arbitrary one. The former are ruled by the will of the whole, expressed in any manner they may agree upon; the latter by the will of one, or a few. If the people are to give their assent to the laws, by persons chosen and appointed by them, the manner of the choice and the number chosen, must be such, as to possess, be disposed, and consequently qualified to declare the sentiments of the people; for if they do not know, or are not disposed to speak the sentiments of the people, the people do not govern, but the sovereignty is in a few. Now, in a large extended country, it is impossible to have a representation, possessing the sentiments, and of integrity, to declare the minds of the people, without having it so numerous and unwieldy, as to be subject in great measure to the inconvenience of a democratic government...." Brutus 1 Which of the following excerpts from the passage best describes the author's reason for opposing an expansion of the scope of the federal government?

"... [I]t is impossible to have a representation, possessing the sentiments, and of integrity, to declare the minds of the people, without having it so numerous and unwieldy, as to be subject in great measure to the inconvenience of a democratic government."

At the Constitutional Convention of 1787, delegates from larger states argued that each state's representation in the legislature should be proportional to its population. Smaller states argued that each state should have equal representation, regardless of population. The disagreement over representation threatened to derail the ratification of the United States Constitution. Which statement accurately describes the compromise that led to both sides reaching agreement?

A bicameral legislature with an upper house representing each state equally and a lower house with representation proportional to each state's population

In The Federalist 10, which of the following did James Madison argue would best control the negative effects of factions?

A large federal republic

Which of the following best characterizes the general argument made in Brutus 1?

A large republic is dangerous to personal liberty and undermines the states

Which of the following is an accurate summary of James Madison's argument in The Federalist 10?

A large republic presents more opportunities for groups to participate, compete, and limit each other

My object is to consider that undefined, unbounded and immense power which is comprised in the following clause -- "And to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the United States; or in any department or offices thereof." Under such a clause as this, can anything be said to be reserved and kept back from Congress? Can it be said that the Congress have no power but what is expressed? "To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper" -- or, in other words, to make all such laws which the Congress shall think necessary and proper -- for who shalt judge for the legislature what is necessary and proper? ... To me it appears that no other power on earth can dictate to them, or control them, unless by force; and force, either internal or external, is one of those calamities which every good man would wish his country at all times to be delivered from. This generation in America have seen enough of war, and its usual concomitants, to prevent all of us from wishing to see any more of it -- all except those who make a trade of war. But to the question -- without force what can restrain the Congress from making such laws as they please? What limits are there to their authority? I fear none at all. "An Old Whig", "Anti-Federalist Number 46" on November 2, 1788 Which of the following statements is most consistent with the author's argument in the passage?

Brutus Number 1

As a compromise, the framers agreed on a bicameral legislature, with the House of Representatives elected by popular vote within states and the Senate elected by state legislatures. The direct election method conforms most to which of the following democratic ideals?

Government should be based on the consent of the governed

Article I, Section 9 of the United States Constitution lists several powers that are denied to the federal government, such as granting titles of nobility and passing ex post facto laws. This best demonstrates which of the following ideals of democracy?

Limited government

My object is to consider that undefined, unbounded and immense power which is comprised in the following clause -- "And to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the United States; or in any department or offices thereof." Under such a clause as this, can anything be said to be reserved and kept back from Congress? Can it be said that the Congress have no power but what is expressed? "To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper" -- or, in other words, to make all such laws which the Congress shall think necessary and proper -- for who shalt judge for the legislature what is necessary and proper? ... To me it appears that no other power on earth can dictate to them, or control them, unless by force; and force, either internal or external, is one of those calamities which every good man would wish his country at all times to be delivered from. This generation in America have seen enough of war, and its usual concomitants, to prevent all of us from wishing to see any more of it -- all except those who make a trade of war. But to the question -- without force what can restrain the Congress from making such laws as they please? What limits are there to their authority? I fear none at all. "An Old Whig", "Anti-Federalist Number 46" on November 2, 1788 Which of the following statements is most consistent with the author's argument in the passage?

More significant constraints must be imposed on the legislative branch

"In every free government, the people must give their assent to the laws by which they are governed. This is the true criterion between a free government and an arbitrary one. The former are ruled by the will of the whole, expressed in any manner they may agree upon; the latter by the will of one, or a few. If the people are to give their assent to the laws, by persons chosen and appointed by them, the manner of the choice and the number chosen, must be such, as to possess, be disposed, and consequently qualified to declare the sentiments of the people; for if they do not know, or are not disposed to speak the sentiments of the people, the people do not govern, but the sovereignty is in a few. Now, in a large extended country, it is impossible to have a representation, possessing the sentiments, and of integrity, to declare the minds of the people, without having it so numerous and unwieldy, as to be subject in great measure to the inconvenience of a democratic government...." Brutus 1 Which of the following statements would the author of the passage most likely agree with?

Nations with extended territory cannot fairly represent their citizens in a republican form of government

The Declaration of Independence cites specific reasons for separating from British rule, including the British imposing taxes and maintaining a standing army without consent. Which of the following principles or ideas would these grievances be most related to?

Natural rights such as life, liberty, and property

"In every free government, the people must give their assent to the laws by which they are governed. This is the true criterion between a free government and an arbitrary one. The former are ruled by the will of the whole, expressed in any manner they may agree upon; the latter by the will of one, or a few. If the people are to give their assent to the laws, by persons chosen and appointed by them, the manner of the choice and the number chosen, must be such, as to possess, be disposed, and consequently qualified to declare the sentiments of the people; for if they do not know, or are not disposed to speak the sentiments of the people, the people do not govern, but the sovereignty is in a few. Now, in a large extended country, it is impossible to have a representation, possessing the sentiments, and of integrity, to declare the minds of the people, without having it so numerous and unwieldy, as to be subject in great measure to the inconvenience of a democratic government...." Brutus 1 In the passage, Brutus is most concerned with the conflict between which of the following political ideas?

Participatory democracy and elite democracy

A rich diversity of preferred lifestyles can only be achieved at the local level. As with economic policy, sub-national competition between social policies in a federal system imposes a salutary constraint on state governments by threatening an exodus of dissenting citizens to other states. On the positive side, with fifty states to choose from, it is far more likely that a person can find a state or municipality with a social environment in which they are more comfortable than if one social policy is imposed on the United States as a whole. The cost of exiting one state for another is far lower than exiting the United States when one disagrees with a national policy. Consequently under a federal system the citizen's enhanced power of exit not only provides a comparatively greater constraint on legislative power that is reserved to the states, it empowers individuals to achieve their own purposes far more effectively than relying on their ability to influence national policy by their vote, or by leaving the country of their birth. In all these ways, liberty is more robustly protected by confining lawmaking to the state and local levels in a federal system, than moving all such decisions to the national level. Randy E. Barnett, "Why Federalism Matters" from The National Constitution Center Which of the following constitutional provisions would the author site to support his viewpoint?

The 10th Amendment

My object is to consider that undefined, unbounded and immense power which is comprised in the following clause -- "And to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this constitution in the government of the United States; or in any department or offices thereof." Under such a clause as this, can anything be said to be reserved and kept back from Congress? Can it be said that the Congress have no power but what is expressed? "To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper" -- or, in other words, to make all such laws which the Congress shall think necessary and proper -- for who shalt judge for the legislature what is necessary and proper? ... To me it appears that no other power on earth can dictate to them, or control them, unless by force; and force, either internal or external, is one of those calamities which every good man would wish his country at all times to be delivered from. This generation in America have seen enough of war, and its usual concomitants, to prevent all of us from wishing to see any more of it -- all except those who make a trade of war. But to the question -- without force what can restrain the Congress from making such laws as they please? What limits are there to their authority? I fear none at all. "An Old Whig", "Anti-Federalist Number 46" on November 2, 1788 Which of the following statements is most consistent with the author's argument in the passage?

The 1st Amendment

Which of the following best explains the impact of separation of powers and the checks and balances on the government?

allow almost all groups some place in the political system where their demands for public policy can be heard.

A rich diversity of preferred lifestyles can only be achieved at the local level. As with economic policy, sub-national competition between social policies in a federal system imposes a salutary constraint on state governments by threatening an exodus of dissenting citizens to other states. On the positive side, with fifty states to choose from, it is far more likely that a person can find a state or municipality with a social environment in which they are more comfortable than if one social policy is imposed on the United States as a whole. The cost of exiting one state for another is far lower than exiting the United States when one disagrees with a national policy. Consequently under a federal system the citizen's enhanced power of exit not only provides a comparatively greater constraint on legislative power that is reserved to the states, it empowers individuals to achieve their own purposes far more effectively than relying on their ability to influence national policy by their vote, or by leaving the country of their birth. In all these ways, liberty is more robustly protected by confining lawmaking to the state and local levels in a federal system, than moving all such decisions to the national level. Which of the following statements is most consistent with the author's argument in the passage?

The federal system is best served by a federal government that has limited powers

In 2015, Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), became law and overturned many of the underfunded national requirements under No Child Left Behind. ESSA allowed states to determine their own academic standards, with the approval of the Department of Education. Which of the following statements best describes the debate regarding the principle of federalism and government spending on public education?

The quality of education among the states is wide-ranging as a result of states' rights federalism

In 1926, Congress proposed an Amendment to regulate child labor laws in an attempt to overstep state child labor laws. However, the motion failed, as the required number of states did not ratify the amendment. Which of the following statements best describes this aspect of federalism in the United States?

The sharing of power between states and the federal government constraints national policy making

A rich diversity of preferred lifestyles can only be achieved at the local level. As with economic policy, sub-national competition between social policies in a federal system imposes a salutary constraint on state governments by threatening an exodus of dissenting citizens to other states. On the positive side, with fifty states to choose from, it is far more likely that a person can find a state or municipality with a social environment in which they are more comfortable than if one social policy is imposed on the United States as a whole. The cost of exiting one state for another is far lower than exiting the United States when one disagrees with a national policy. Consequently under a federal system the citizen's enhanced power of exit not only provides a comparatively greater constraint on legislative power that is reserved to the states, it empowers individuals to achieve their own purposes far more effectively than relying on their ability to influence national policy by their vote, or by leaving the country of their birth. In all these ways, liberty is more robustly protected by confining lawmaking to the state and local levels in a federal system, than moving all such decisions to the national level. Randy E. Barnett, "Why Federalism Matters" from The National Constitution Center Which Founding Father would be most likely to agree with the author's perspective?

Thomas Jefferson

John Locke stated, "No one can be subjected to the political power of another, without his own consent." Which of the following ideas best describes Locke's idea of the purpose of government according to the passage?

To protect natural rights

Which of the following procedures results in the addition of an amendment to the Constitution?

Two-thirds of state legislatures hold a convention to propose a Constitutional Amendment, which is ratified by three-fourths of the state legislatures

The Gun-Free School Zones Act made it illegal for individuals knowingly to carry a gun in a school zone. The Supreme Court determined this act to be an unconstitutional stretch of the commerce clause in

United States v. Lopez (1995)