Unit 11 Gilded Age
Gibson girl
Con- Charles dana Gibson Def- A girl drawn by Charles Gibson, beautiful omen with tiny waist who exemplified self-confidence and reflected attitude and behavior of the US. Personification are the feminine ideal of physical attractiveness Sig- created a more united culture which would be helpful in the coming world war, early 1900s
Chinese Exclusion Act
Con- First significantUS law restricting immigration, following the building of the transcontinental railroad Definition - was the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States it was a response to the US and the idea that they were "stealing American jobs" because they would work low wages Significance-Placated the demand for "racial purity" . Inspire other anti-immigration
Lassiez-Faire Economics
Con- Response to government intervention in large scale cooperations Def- one of the guiding principles of capitalism this doctrine claim that an economic system should be free from government intervention or moderation and be driven only by the market forces. Less government leads to better businesses and economics Significance- against socialism, and encouraged American capitalism
Pullman Palace Car Strike
Con- following the economic depression caused by the panic of 1883, George Pullman increased working hours and curly wages Def- Striking. Railroad workers confront Illinois National Guard troops in Chicago during the strike. The Pullman strike was a nationwide railroad strike in the United States that lasted from May 11 to July 20, 1884, and a turning point for US labor law Sig- Resolve the dispute between the workers in the management and left behind a legacy in the US labor movement
Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Con- prior to the official formation of labor unions Def- Started July 14, 1877 in West Virginia in response to the Baltimore and Ohio rail road cutting wages of workers for the third time in a year. Striking workers would not allow any other trains, mainly freight trains, to roll until this third wage cut was revoked Sig- Federal troops called in To end the strike, some workers turned violent and destroyed facilities and railroads, to keep peace sometimes build armories to support militias
Hay market riot
Con- the beginning of labor union movement Def- May 4, 1886, rally at Haymarket Square was recognized by labor radicals to protest the killing and wondering of several workers by the Chicago police during a strike the day before at the McCormick reaper work. 8!were killed and 8!were convicted for bombing with little evidence Sig- Set back terms of gaining right for laborers, men convicted seen as Martyrs and inspired people to join movement
Robber barons versus captains of industry
Context - JP Morgan, Andrew Carnegie, Henry Ford, John D. Rockefeller Definition- a person who has become rich through ruthless and unscrupulous business practices while a captain of industry was a business leader who is means of amassing a personal fortune contributed positively to the country in someway Significance- steel production and industry, Carnegie Halls and libraries, assembly line made by Henry ford
New immigration
Context - boom of industrialization in the US Definition - the old immigrants arrived in the mid-1800s, coming mostly from north western Europe, while the new immigrants arrived a generation later, traveling mostly from south eastern Europe. Immigrants migrated to escape problems in the native countries and in search of new opportunities in America significance-willingness to work for low wages Americans believed they were "stealing jobs", lead to Chinese exclusion act.
Whiskey Ring
Context - grant administration Definition - a scandal exposed in 1875 because whiskey distillers who wanted to steal money from the federal government, Bible officials into allowing them to keep liquor taxes Significant - exposed grants reflection campaign suspected they used money for the campaign, added to scandal of the grant administration
Impact of steel
Context- Henry Bessemer Definition- A hard, strong I want gray or bluish gray alloy of iron with carbon and usually other elements, used extensively as a structural and fabricating material Significance-more durable, lightweight, Bessemer process, created and or industrialized big cities. Created bridges, trolley for new roads. Use for reinforcement
Vaudeville
Context- The beginning of the entertainment industry Definition-"The heart of Americans show business". A type of entertainment popular chiefly in the US in the early 20th century, featuring a mixture of specialty acts such as burlesque you comedy, song and dance Significance- Encouraged social inequality by painting immigrants and African-Americans as lesser beings, encouraged American consumerism
Knights of labor
Context- The height of labor union movement Definition- The first important national labor organization in the United States, founded in 1869. Name the noble order of the knights of labor by its first leader, Uriah Smith Stephens , it originated as a secret organization meant to protect its members from employer retaliation Significance- supported the Chinese exclusion act, Powderly's leader ship leads to factionalism and eventually the demise of the union, huge resistance by the government and corporations.
conspicuous consumption
Context- boom of the industry and the accumulation of the wealth by the middle class, raoaring 20s Def- the practice of purchasing goods or services to publicly display wealth rather than to cover basic needs. ... The term conspicuous consumption what first coined by American economist thorstein Veblen in 1889 book, " The theory of leisure class" Significance- another dividing factor for social inequality, good for economy because it increased money flow
Homestead Strike
Context- era of workers union during industrialization, following their 1889 strike that got them a 3-year contract Def- A bitterly caught for labor dispute. On June 29, 1892, workers belonging to the amalgamated association of iron and steel workers struk the Carnegie steel company at Homestead, PA to protest a proposed wage cut. Sig- set up production demand and refusal means locked out of plant, destroyed union, Carnegie steel institutes lower wages and longer hours.
American Federation of labor
Context- following the establishment of the knights of labor Definition- what's the national Federation of labor unions in the United States founded in Columbus, Ohio, and December 1886 by in alliance of craft unions disaffected From the knights of labor, and national labor union Significance-encouraged formations of local unions, in favor of women's suffrage, merged with the Congress of industrial organizations (long-lasting in most influential organization to this day).
Socialism
Context- rise of labor unions Definition-A political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community Significance-Big factor in the establishment of labor unions. It was also a response to the overcontrolling of corporations.
Credit mobiler
Context- the building if the transcontinental railroad Defenition- a scandal that formed when a group of union Pacific Railroad insiders formed the credit mobile construction company and then hired them self to build a railroad with inflated wages, they bribed several congressman and vice president to keep scandall from going public Significance-Damaged the careers of several gilded age politicians. Expose the corruption of the time
Horizontal and vertical integration
Context-Andrew Carnegie, John d. Rockefeller Definition - horizontal integration is the consolidation of many firms to handle the same part of the production process, vertical integration typified by one firm engaged in different parts of production (e.g., Growing raw materials, manufacturing, transporting, marketing ) Significance - use by businessman to expand their companies and grow themselves into millionaires sometimes to take part in philanthropy
Eugene V Debs
Context-Area of labor unions, came to have influence with the American Railway Union Definition-(1855-1926) LaborerOrganizer and Socialist leader began his rise to prominence in indiana's Terre haute laudge of brother hood of locomotive Fireman, organized remain the American way away union which waged the Pullman strike Significance-influential leader in the American Socialist party (ran for president), organization inspire others to unionize
Trolley, skyscrapers and bridges (Brooklyn Bridge)
Context-Bessemer process and the impact of steel industry, Organization and its growth in the cities. Emigrants immigrating into the US for a labor work Definition-New methods of transportation and the gilded age. Included bridges, Charlie, and bridges Significance-You know combustion, more growing cities, and government infrastructure
Thomas Edison
Context-Following Ben franklins experiment W/electricity and harnessing it Definition-With an American inventor and businessman, who had been described as America's greatest inventor. He is credited with the developing many devices infield pictures electric power generation, miscommunication, sound recording, motion pictures and a light Bob. "Wizard of Menlo Park" Significance-created foundation for many electrical products we still used today
Edward Bellamy
Context-Gilded age reformism, Helped formation of the populist party Definition-what is an American author and socialist, most famous for his utopia novel, looking backward, a tail set in the distant future of the year 2000 Significance-His novel, looking backward, 2000-1887 influence the formation of the Nationalist political movement and several accompanying Utopian living experiments doing the 1890s. Socialism advocate and leading propagandist
William boss Tweed and Tammany hall
Context-Grant administration Definition- Was an American politician most notable for being the boss of tammany hall , The Democratic Party machine they played a major role in politics in the 19th century New York city and state. He opposed the Federalist party, initially meant to help the poor and immigrants, bought votes and encouraged judicial corruption Significance-Increased corruption of the time, boosted the Democratic Party, he was the exposed and dissolved
JP Morgan
Context-How to stabilize the American economy under the Cleveland administration, panic of 1907 Definition-One of the most powerful bankers of his area who financed railroads and help organize you are steel, general electric and other major corporations. He used his influence to stabilize financial markets during the several economic crisis. Significance-JP Morgan and Co. evolved into the JP Morgan Chase (financial giant today)
Rise of mass entertainment
Context-Increase and leisure time as a result of industrialization and the accumulation of wealth Definition-Entertainment is a form of activity that holds the attention and interest of an audience or give pleasure and delight. ...The process has been accelerated in modern times by an entertainment industry which records and sells entertainment products Significance-United Americans, created a new identity, boosted economy with new industry
Urbanization
Context-New immigrants from Europe and an increasing number Definition-The process by which large number of people become permanently concentrated in relatively small areas, forming cities Significance- Growth of big cities, rise of mass entertainment, increased education, more opportunity , grew fast however lead to poor life condition
Mary Cassatt
Context-The impressionistic movement, Clyde moment, founding father of Impressionism Definition-And American painter and print maker who subject matter where based on mainly women and children and intimate bond. She was born in Pennsylvania then later moved to Paris where she befriended Edgar Degas and became more involved with other impressionist Significance-showed the value of women, painted women as mothers rather than workers to show their influence
Gospel of wealth
Context-after the emergence of the new self Definition-Is an article written by Andrew Carnegie in June 18 89 that describes the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self made to reach, thought careful redistribution by the wealthy would have the greatest benefit Significance-Encourage philanthropy, Talmage traditional ideas on the passing of wealth, meant to be used American economy I'm not wasting riches on self indulgence and poor
Social Darwinism
Context-begins imperialism, laissez-fair Capitalism and racism Definition-Theory that individuals, groups and people are subject to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection such as plants and animals. It was advocated by Herbert Spencer and others in the late 19th century to justify political conservatism, imperialism and racism. Significance-Pervaded many aspects of American society and the gilded age, including policies that affect their immigration, imperialism and public health
Dumbbell Tenement
Context-following the NYC state tenement house act Definition-A tenement Building formally common in New York City and having a long narrow plan characterized by to narrow air wells at each side Significance-Attempt to better conditions for members of working class, failure because the housing was still extremely bad and badly ventilated.
Alexander Graham Bell
Context-following the advancements in telecommunications with the telegraph, Samuel Morse Definition-What's the Scottish born scientist, inventor, engineer an innovator who is credited with inventing and patenting The first practical telephone. He also started the American telephone and telegraph Significance-created a way for people to communicate with each other by transmitting sound by electricity, and a long patent battle, funded research facilities
Winslow Homer
Context-impressionist art movement Definition-is regarded by many of the greatest American painter of the 19 century. Born in Boston raised in rural Cambridge, He began his career as a commercial print maker, first in Boston then in New York where he settled in 1859 Significance-influenced feature artist, art show the beauty of American landscape, painted African-Americans as well as whites which helped transition from the Civil War discrimination
Henry George
Context-late 1800s, gilded age reformism Definition-Was an American political economy and journalist. His most famous work, progress and poverty (1897) sold millions of copies worldwide. Significance-Proposed single tax that the state tax away on economic rent the income from the use of bare land but not from improvements and I abolish all other taxes
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Context-mid 1800s, during the building of the transcontinental railroad Definition-was an American business magnate And philanthropist who built his wealth in the railroads in shipping. Self-made man, one of the most wealthiest of his time , became one of the countries leading steamship operators, ruthless and competitive, don't another empire in railroads Significance-Expanded the shipping and railroad industry, recognize the importance of transportation and capitalized on it
John D Rockefeller
Context-spurred the oil Industry , began the standard oil company, inspired by Carnegie Definition-Born July 8, 1839 in New York. He build his first oil refinery near Cleveland and in 1870 incorporated the standard oil company. But 1882 in the near monopoly making him one of the richest man of his time Significance-became a major philanthropist and controlled 90% of the US pipelines in refineries, donations establish colleges
Gettoes
Context-urbanization in the gilded age Definition-A part of a city, especially a slum area, occupied by a minority group of groups. Neighborhood populated by the same people of race and natural origin Significance-Poor life conditions arose, increase in crime lead to gangs
Andrew Carnegie
Context-worked in Pittsburgh condom factory in the steel industry, beginning of steel production Definition-Was a the Scottish American industrialist, business magnate, and philanthropist. Carnegie led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century and it's often identified as one of the richest people in history Significance-Most influential philanthropist, gave away money to people in need, funded library's, science research and established and prompted events
Social gospel
Context-workers began to decrease in church attendance because they felt the teachings were no longer applicable Definition-A religious social reform movement prominent in the United States from 1870 to 1920. (Christian socialism) creatures tied teachings to contemporary problems, and towards the working class and the proper people Significance-Third grade awakening (revival and reform). Salvation army and similar organizations created to provide for administer the poor
