Unit 2
Name the Fault-Block Mountain in the USA
Sierra Nevada in California and Nevada, the Tetons in Wyoming, and the Harz Mountain in Germany
What is a hot spot?
a volcanically active area of Earth's surface far from a tectonic plate boundary
What are the causes of an earthquake?
faults,sudden movement along faults,rocks on either side try to move
What evidence did glaciers leave for the existence of Pangea?
Fossils
What is a plate boundary?
the boundary where two tectonic plates meet
How are mountains created?
collisions of plates
What are folded mountains?
Type of mountains formed when rock layers are squeezed from opposite sides
What is a fault?
A break in the earth's crust
What is the Volcanic Arc?
A curved chain of Volcanoes in the overriding tectonic plate of a subduction zone. They are formed as a result of rising magma by the melting plate going down.
What is a mountain?
A landform with high elevation and high relief.
What is a Mid-Ocean Ridge?
A mid-ocean ridge or mid-oceanic ridge is an underwater mountain range, formed by plate tectonics. This uplifting of the ocean floor occurs when convection currents rise in the mantle beneath the oceanic crust and create magma where two tectonic plates meet at a divergent boundary.
What is a anticline fold?
A ridge-shaped fold of stratified rock in which the strata slope downward from the crest
what is a subtraction zone?
A subtraction zone is where one plate goes under another plate
What is a syncline fold?
A trough or fold of stratified rock in which the strata slope upward from the axis.
What is a continental Arc?
A type of volcanic arc. It is formed at an ACTIVE continental margin where 2 tectonic plates meet and a subduction zone develops.
What is a volcano?
A weak spot in the crust where molten material, or magma, comes to the surface.
What is a convergent plate boundary?
Boundary where plates are pushed together by internal forces (most common form is when a plate is carried downward (subdued) under another plate (subduction zone) creating trenches or earthquakes). Produce the strongest earthquakes.
Who developed the Theory of Continental Drift?
Alfred Wegener
What mountain range in the USA existed during PANGEA?
Appalachian Mountains
How can we tell which direction the pacific plate is moving by looking at the island of Hawaii?
As the Pacific Plate continues to move west-northwest, the Island of Hawaii will be carried beyond the hot spot by plate motion, setting the stage for the formation of a new volcanic island in its place.
What is a divergent plate boundary?
Boundary where plates pull apart and move in different directions. Produce the weakest earthquakes. Creates new sea floor (sea floor spreading) and mid-ocean ridges. On land, results in rift-valley formation.
How have scientist identified where the plate boundaries are located?
By plotting the locations of earthquakes, scientists have not only been able to locate plate boundaries but have also been able to determine plate characteristics and predict the movement of the plates. In this investigation, you will plot the locations of earthquakes and determine the boundaries of the earth's plates.
What is the Theory of Continental Drift?
Continental drift describes one of the earliest ways geologists thought continents moved over time. In the early 20th century, Wegener published a paper explaining his theory that the continental landmasses were "drifting" across the Earth, sometimes plowing through oceans and into each other.Continental drift, large-scale horizontal movements of continents relative to one another and to the ocean basins during one or more episodes of geologic time. This concept was an important precursor to the development of the theory of plate tectonics, which incorporates it.
What are the three main types of plate boundaries?
Convergent boundaries: where two plates are colliding. Subduction zones occur when one or both of the tectonic plates are composed of oceanic crust, Divergent boundaries - where two plates are moving apart., Transform boundaries - where plates slide passed each other.
What topographic features and events occur along these boundaries?
Effects that are found at a divergent boundary between oceanic plates include: a submarine mountain range such as the Mid-Atlantic Ridge; volcanic activity in the form of fissure eruptions; shallow earthquake activity; creation of new seafloor and a widening ocean basin.
How are FAULT-BLOCK Mountains created?
Fault block mountains are formed by the movement of large crustal blocks along faults formed when tensional forces pull apart the crust. Tension is often the result of uplifting part of the crust; it can also be produced by opposite-flowing convection cells in the mantle.
What are three types of mountains?
Folded mountains form when rock is squeezed together at convergent boundaries, Volcanic mountains form when melted rock erupts onto Earth's surface at convergent boundaries, and Fault-Block mountains form when tension makes the lithosphere break into many normal faults.
How can folding rearrange the rock layers, so that the oldest is not on the bottom?
However, forces such as folding, faulting and uplifting can rearrange the rock layers so the youngest is not always found on top. ... A fold in rock that bends downward to form a valley is a syncline. Anticlines and synclines are found on many parts of the Earth's surface where compression forces have folded the crust.
What are three common types of volcanoes?
Individual volcanoes vary in the volcanic materials they produce, and this affects the size, shape, and structure of the volcano. There are three types of volcanoes: cinder cones (also called spatter cones), composite volcanoes (also called stratovolcanoes), and shield volcanoes.
What are mountains?
Land features that rise high above the surrounding land
Where are earthquakes most likely to occur?
Most earthquakes occur along the edge of the oceanic and continental plates.
Name 3 ACTIVE volcanoes in the USA?
Mount Saint Helens, Washington Mount Rainier, Washington Mount Shasta, California. Mount Hood, Oregon. Three Sisters, Oregon. Yellowstone Super Volcano
Name the three types of mountains?
Mountains are classified into four main types: upwarped mountains, volcanic mountains, fault-block mountains, and folded (or complex) mountains.
What is Paleomagnetism?
Paleomagnetism (or palaeomagnetism in the United Kingdom) is the study of the record of the Earth's magnetic field in rocks, sediment, or archeological materials. Magnetic minerals in rocks can lock-in a record of the direction and intensity of the magnetic field when they form.
Describe where you could find these two types of divergent boundaries on earth today?
Perhaps the best known of the divergent boundaries is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. This submerged mountain range, which extends from the Arctic Ocean to beyond the southern tip of Africa, is but one segment of the global mid-ocean ridge system that encircles the Earth.
The Asthenosphere is called the zone of _____________ flow in the mantle.
Plastic
Epicenter
Point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake's focus
What are the major mountains ranges in the US?
Rocky Mountains, Cascade Mountains, Sierra Nevada Mountains, Appalachian Mountains, Alaska Mountains, and Brooks Mountains
What is the Theory of Seafloor Spreading
Seafloor spreading, theory that oceanic crust forms along submarine mountain zones, known collectively as the mid-ocean ridge system, and spreads out laterally away from them. This idea played a pivotal role in the development of the theory of plate tectonics, which revolutionized geologic thought during the last quarter of the 20th century.
What evidence supports the Seafloor Spreading Theory?
Several types of evidence supported Hess's theory of sea-floor spreading: eruptions of molten material, magnetic stripes in the rock of the ocean floor, and the ages of the rocks themselves. This evidence led scientists to look again at Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift.
What are the different types of faults and the boundaries they go with?
Strike-slip faults indicate rocks are sliding past each other horizontally, with little to no vertical movement,Normal faults create space,Reverse faults, also called thrust faults, and slide one block of crust on top of another
Name the 2 FOLDED Mountain ranges in the USA.
The Appalachian Mountains and the Rocky Mountains
How do scientists measure the motion of the plates?
The Global Positioning System Scientists use a system of satellites called the global positioning system (GPS) to measure the rate of tectonic plate movement.
What is the Mariana Trench?
The Mariana Trench is a crescent-shaped trench in the Western Pacific, just east of the Mariana Islands near Guam. ... The Mariana Trench contains the deepest known points on Earth, vents bubbling up liquid sulfur and carbon dioxide, active mud volcanoes and marine life adapted to pressures 1,000 times that at sea level.
What is the name of the mid-ocean ridge in the Atlantic Ocean?
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge
How do we measure earthquakes?
The Richter scale measures the largest wiggle (amplitude) on the recording, but other magnitude scales measure different parts of the earthquake. The USGS currently reports earthquake magnitudes using the Moment Magnitude scale, though many other magnitudes are calculated for research and comparison purposes.
What topographic features and events occur along these boundaries?
The features and events that happen along an oceanic-oceanic convergent boundary are deep ocean trench, volcanic island arc, earthquakes, and volcanic activity. The features and events that happen along a continental-continental convergent boundary are mountain ranges, and earthquakes.
How does the lithosphere move?
The lithosphere is divided into huge slabs called tectonic plates. The heat from the mantle makes the rocks at the bottom of lithosphere slightly soft. This causes the plates to move. The movement of these plates is known as plate tectonics.
What are Oceanic Trenches?
The plate that subducts under another plate and bends where ocean trenches form to become long deep valleys.
Focus
The point beneath Earth's surface where rock breaks under stress and causes an earthquake
Who developed the Theory of Seafloor Spreading?
The seafloor spreading hypothesis was proposed by the American geophysicist Harry H. Hess in 1960.
Explain the Theory of Plate Tectonics
The theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth's solid outer crust, the lithosphere, is separated into plates that move over the asthenosphere, the molten upper portion of the mantle. Oceanic and continental plates come together, spread apart, and interact at boundaries all over the planet.
What are the three types of convergent plate boundaries?
The three types of convergent plate boundaries are oceanic-oceanic, continental-continental, and oceanic-continental.
What are FAULT-BLOCK Mountains?
Type of mountains formed when crust was pushed up by forces inside earth
How can faulting rearrange the rock layers, so that the oldest is on the bottom and the youngest is on the top?
The youngest rock layer are at the top and the oldest are at the bottom, which is described by the law of superposition. Distinctive rock layers, such as the Coconino sandstone, are matched across the board expanse of the canyon.
What are the 3 types of faults?
There are three kinds of faults: strike-slip, normal and thrust (reverse) faults, said Nicholas van der Elst, a seismologist at Columbia University's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in Palisades, New York.
Describe how each type of volcano erupt.
There are two predominant types of volcanic eruptions: Effusive eruptions - magma rises through the surface and flows out of the volcano as a viscous liquid called lava. Explosive eruptions - magma is torn apart as it rises and reaches the surface in pieces known as pyroclasts.
How is a volcano defined as being active,dormant, or extinct?
Volcanoes are classified as active, dormant, or extinct. Active volcanoes have a recent history of eruptions; they are likely to erupt again. Dormant volcanoes have not erupted for a very long time but may erupt at a future time.
What determines the type of volcano?
Volcanoes come in different sizes and shapes. The overall size of a volcano is determined by the total volume of lava that has erupted. The shape of a volcano is largely determined by the type of lava that has erupted, and importantly, its viscosity. Viscosity is a fluid's resistance to flow.
How are folded mountains created?
When two tectonic plates collide and the plate is crumpled or folded
How did OLD Faithful erupt?
Yellowstone National Park's Old Faithful erupting a column of steam and superhot water. ... The water escapes when the ground water is heated to boiling by the hot volcanic rocks. Expanding steam bubbles push the water overhead through the fissures in the rock until they overflow from the geyser.
Where is a hot-spot located in the USA?
Yellowstone sits atop a continental hot spot. As the North American plate moves steadily westward the hot spot affects different areas of the continent. Volcanic activity can be traced across the United States as the plate has moved across this hot spot.
where could you find these three types of convergent boundaries on earth today?
You could find and oceanic-oceanic convergent boundary between the pacific plate and Eurasian plate. This is why the islands of japan were created. You could find and oceanic-continental convergent boundary between the Nazca plate and south american plate. This is why the Andes Mountain range was created, and why there are many volcanoes in this range. You could find a continental-continental convergent boundary between Indo-Australian plate and the Euraisan plate. This is why the Himalaua Mountain range was created.
What are the two types of divergent plate boundaries?
continental rift zones and mid-ocean ridges
What is the lithosphere?
the rigid outer part of the earth, consisting of the crust and upper mantle.
What is an earthquake?
the vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy
