UNIT 2 EXAM

Choose the correct order of the cell layers, or strata, in a section of thick skin, from the basement membrane toward the free surface (deep to superficial) 1. stratum lucidum 2. stratum basale 3. stratum corneum 4. stratum granulosum 5. stratum spinosum

2, 5, 4, 1, 3

The deltoid acts to

abduct the arm

The striated appearance of skeletal muscle results from

actin and myosin arrangement

A resting muscle generates most of its ATP by

aerobic respiration

The subcutaneous layer consists of

areolar and adipose tissue

Which of the following acts to flex the elbow?

brachioradialis

In infants, which muscle produces suction for suckling at the breast?

buccinator

In response to action potentials arriving from the transverse tubules, the sarcoplasmic retculum releases

calcium ions

The skin may turn orange as a result of _________ buildup.

carotene

Nerve fibers in the dermis most likely function in

controlling blood flow to the dermis and epidermis

True ribs are directly connected to the sternum by __________.

costal cartilages

The blood supply to the skin arises from a network of blood vessels called the _________ plexus in the hypodermis, at its border with the reticular layer of the dermis

cutaneous

The skin is also called the __________ membrane

cutaneous

The C1 vertebra forms a pivot joint with the C2 vertebra through a projection called the _________.

dens

The dermis is composed largely of __________

dense irregular connective

Projections of loose connective tissue from the dermis, which extend upward between the adjacent ridges of the epidermis, are called ___________

dermal papillae

Epidermal cells are supplied with nutrients from blood vessels in the

dermis

The shaft of a long bone is called the ________.

diaphysis

Which of the following associations is most accurate?

diarthroses; synovial

When the body is overheated, the skin responds by

dilating blood vessels

Exhaustion of energy reserves or decline in pH due to production and dissociation of lactic acid causes

muscle fatigue

Bone-forming cells are called ___________.

osteoblasts

Two hormones that work together to elevate calcium levels in the body are __________ and ___________.

parathyroid hormone and calcitriol

A sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of striated muscle fibers is called ________.

perimysium

Which feature is an important landmark in females during pelvic examinations, and during labor and delivery?

sacral promontory

The terminal cisternae are structural features of the

sarcoplasmic reticula

The ankle consists of _____________ tarsal bones.

seven

Tarsal bones are classified as ____________ bones.

short

What is the function of the tibial and fibular collateral ligaments?

stabilize the joint at full extension

The deepest layer of cells in the epidermis is the cells of the _________

stratum basale

Skull bones are joined by tight connections called

sutures

The muscle that inserts on the coronoid process of the mandible is the

temporalis

Tom is having difficulty dorsiflexing and inverting his right foot. Which muscle is most likely involved in this problem?

tibialis anterior

__________ are giant bone cells with 50 or more nuclei.

Osteoclasts

Which of the following is an effect of aging on the muscular system?

Skeletal muscle fibers become smaller in diameter.

Which is the most logical reason for an elderly person's higher potential to be prone to skin infections, compared to a younger person?

Stem cell activity in the epidermis declines in the elderly

When the arrector pili muscles contract,

"goose bumps" are formed

Which of the following occurs in intramembranous ossification?

Fibrous connective tissue is converted to bone tissue, which first resembles spongy bone

What is the function of melanin?

It protects DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation

Which of the following describes the action of the trapezius?

elevates, adducts, depressed, or rotates the scapula

Which of the following muscles functions to maintain an erect spinal column and head?

erector spinae

Which structural feature of the scapula articulates with the humerus?

glenoid cavity

During the regeneration process of the skin after an injury, what is the combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and an extensive capillary network called?

granulation tissue

Skeletal muscle fibers differ from "typical cells" in that these muscle fibers

have many nuclei

The joints between the phalanges are classified as

hinges

The trochlea is a structural feature of which bone?

humerus

The term used to describe muscular growth in response to usage is

hypertrophy

Which of the following occurs when tension production rises to a peak and very brief periods of relaxation occur?

incomplete tetanus

"Anaerobic endurance"

is exemplified by contractions of fast muscle fibers

Found outside or inside a joint capsule, structures that join bone to bone are called _________.

ligaments

The point of attachment for muscles that extend and rotate the head is the

mastoid process

The observed differences in skin color reflect the levels of _________ production.

melanin

The most severe type of cancer is most likely to develop from

melanocytes