UNIT 2 EXAM
Choose the correct order of the cell layers, or strata, in a section of thick skin, from the basement membrane toward the free surface (deep to superficial) 1. stratum lucidum 2. stratum basale 3. stratum corneum 4. stratum granulosum 5. stratum spinosum
2, 5, 4, 1, 3
The deltoid acts to
abduct the arm
The striated appearance of skeletal muscle results from
actin and myosin arrangement
A resting muscle generates most of its ATP by
aerobic respiration
The subcutaneous layer consists of
areolar and adipose tissue
Which of the following acts to flex the elbow?
brachioradialis
In infants, which muscle produces suction for suckling at the breast?
buccinator
In response to action potentials arriving from the transverse tubules, the sarcoplasmic retculum releases
calcium ions
The skin may turn orange as a result of _________ buildup.
carotene
Nerve fibers in the dermis most likely function in
controlling blood flow to the dermis and epidermis
True ribs are directly connected to the sternum by __________.
costal cartilages
The blood supply to the skin arises from a network of blood vessels called the _________ plexus in the hypodermis, at its border with the reticular layer of the dermis
cutaneous
The skin is also called the __________ membrane
cutaneous
The C1 vertebra forms a pivot joint with the C2 vertebra through a projection called the _________.
dens
The dermis is composed largely of __________
dense irregular connective
Projections of loose connective tissue from the dermis, which extend upward between the adjacent ridges of the epidermis, are called ___________
dermal papillae
Epidermal cells are supplied with nutrients from blood vessels in the
dermis
The shaft of a long bone is called the ________.
diaphysis
Which of the following associations is most accurate?
diarthroses; synovial
When the body is overheated, the skin responds by
dilating blood vessels
Exhaustion of energy reserves or decline in pH due to production and dissociation of lactic acid causes
muscle fatigue
Bone-forming cells are called ___________.
osteoblasts
Two hormones that work together to elevate calcium levels in the body are __________ and ___________.
parathyroid hormone and calcitriol
A sheath of connective tissue surrounding a bundle of striated muscle fibers is called ________.
perimysium
Which feature is an important landmark in females during pelvic examinations, and during labor and delivery?
sacral promontory
The terminal cisternae are structural features of the
sarcoplasmic reticula
The ankle consists of _____________ tarsal bones.
seven
Tarsal bones are classified as ____________ bones.
short
What is the function of the tibial and fibular collateral ligaments?
stabilize the joint at full extension
The deepest layer of cells in the epidermis is the cells of the _________
stratum basale
Skull bones are joined by tight connections called
sutures
The muscle that inserts on the coronoid process of the mandible is the
temporalis
Tom is having difficulty dorsiflexing and inverting his right foot. Which muscle is most likely involved in this problem?
tibialis anterior
__________ are giant bone cells with 50 or more nuclei.
Osteoclasts
Which of the following is an effect of aging on the muscular system?
Skeletal muscle fibers become smaller in diameter.
Which is the most logical reason for an elderly person's higher potential to be prone to skin infections, compared to a younger person?
Stem cell activity in the epidermis declines in the elderly
When the arrector pili muscles contract,
"goose bumps" are formed
Which of the following occurs in intramembranous ossification?
Fibrous connective tissue is converted to bone tissue, which first resembles spongy bone
What is the function of melanin?
It protects DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation
Which of the following describes the action of the trapezius?
elevates, adducts, depressed, or rotates the scapula
Which of the following muscles functions to maintain an erect spinal column and head?
erector spinae
Which structural feature of the scapula articulates with the humerus?
glenoid cavity
During the regeneration process of the skin after an injury, what is the combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and an extensive capillary network called?
granulation tissue
Skeletal muscle fibers differ from "typical cells" in that these muscle fibers
have many nuclei
The joints between the phalanges are classified as
hinges
The trochlea is a structural feature of which bone?
humerus
The term used to describe muscular growth in response to usage is
hypertrophy
Which of the following occurs when tension production rises to a peak and very brief periods of relaxation occur?
incomplete tetanus
"Anaerobic endurance"
is exemplified by contractions of fast muscle fibers
Found outside or inside a joint capsule, structures that join bone to bone are called _________.
ligaments
The point of attachment for muscles that extend and rotate the head is the
mastoid process
The observed differences in skin color reflect the levels of _________ production.
melanin
The most severe type of cancer is most likely to develop from
melanocytes