Unit 2 Exam Review

Calculate the mean arterial pressure (MAP) if the systolic pressure is 120 mm Hg and the diastolic pressure is 90 mm Hg. 80 mm Hg 90 mm Hg 100 mm Hg 130 mm Hg

100 mm Hg MAP = SBP + 2(DBP) / 3 MAP = 120 + (180) / 3 = 100 To calculate a mean arterial pressure, double the diastolic blood pressure and add the sum to the systolic blood pressure. Then divide by 3

Determine the net filtration pressure (NFP) if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 40 mm Hg and the colloid osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg. 25 mm Hg 65 mm Hg 15 mm Hg 45 mm Hg

15 mm Hg

A patient has a heart rate of 70 beats per minute, an EDV of 110 ml, and an ESV of 70 ml. What is the patient's cardiac output? 18.0 L/minute 11.1 L/minute 2.8 L/minute 4.9 L/minute

2.8 L/minute

Place the following parts of the cardiac conduction system in the order in which they transmit the action potential. 1. atrioventricular (AV) bundle 2. Purkinje fibers 3. sinoatrial (SA) node 4. right and left bundle branches 5. contractile cells of cardiac muscle tissue 6. atrioventricular (AV) node 3, 6, 1, 4, 2, 5 3, 1, 6, 4, 5, 2 3, 1, 6, 4, 2, 5 3, 6, 4, 1, 2, 5

3, 6, 1, 4, 2, 5

What is the heart rate in beats per minute

60 A normal resting heart rate for adults 60 to 100. An athlete might have a normal resting closer to 40

Left ventricular end systolic volume = 100 ml, and left ventricular end diastolic volume = 40 ml. What is the stroke volume? 40 ml 100 ml 80 ml 60 ml

60 ml SV = EDV - ESV The SV volume may be calculated as the difference between the left ventricular end-diastolic volume and the left ventricular end-systolic volume (ESV).

How do beta-blockers reduce blood pressure? Beta-blockers are systemic vasoconstrictors that reduce blood pressure in the systemic arteries. Beta-blockers decrease the rate and force of heart contraction, reducing cardiac output and lowering blood pressure. Beta-blockers block the effects of angiotensin-II on blood vessels, decreasing resistance and therefore blood pressure. Beta-blockers decrease blood volume, which decreases blood pressure.

?????? Beta-blockers block the effects of angiotensin-II on blood vessels, decreasing resistance and therefore blood pressure.

The anterior pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is __________. TSH CRH ACTH PRL

ACTH

The ventricular ejection phase of the cardiac cycle is labeled __________. A B C D

B Cardiac Cycle 1) Isovolumic contraction 2) Ejection 3) Isovolumic Relaxation 4) Rapid Inflow 5) Diastasis 6) Atrial Systole

What is the cardiac output in ml/minute? 4800 ml/min 6000 ml/min Cannot be determined from this data. 8000 ml/min

Cannot be determined from this data Cardiac output is calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate A healthy heart with a normal cardiac output pumps about 5 to 6 liters of blood every minute when a person is resting

Which pressure pulls water into the capillary? colloid osmotic pressure interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure interstitial fluid osmotic pressure capillary hydrostatic pressure

Colloid osmotic pressure

Left ventricular end systolic volume = 100 ml, and left ventricular end diastolic volume = 40 ml. What is the ejection fraction? 40% 60% 70% 100%

EF (%) = SV / EDV x 100 EF is calculated by dividing the stroke volume by the end diastolic volume

Where are releasing and inhibiting hormones made? posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) hypothalamus anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) thyroid gland

Hypothalamus

How will the cardiac output change if you double the heart rate but reduce the stroke volume by one-half? It will increase. It will not change. It will decrease. The answer cannot be determined by the information given.

It will not change.

Which of the following vessels carries oxygenated blood? pulmonary artery superior vena cava pulmonary trunk pulmonary vein

Pulmonary veins

A damaged right bundle branch will prevent the passage of the action potential to the: atrioventricular (AV) node.sinoatrial (SA) node. Purkinje fibers in the right ventricle. atrioventricular (AV) bundle.

Purkinje fibers in the right ventricle.

Which part of the electrocardiogram (ECG) would most be affected by abnormally slow depolarization of the ventricles? T wave P wave QRS wave R-T interval

QRS (complex) wave

The main pacemaker of the heart is the __________. sympathetic nervous system AV node Purkinje fibers SA node

SA node

What is the function of leptin? controls cholesterol homeostasis stimulates hunger stimulates the body to store lipids induces satiety

Stimulates hunger

Thymosin and thymopoietin assist in the maturation of: chief cells. alpha cells. T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes.

T lymphocytes.

Which of the following hormones will be elevated in a patient with primary hypothyroidism, which results in a nonfunctional thyroid gland? CRH TSH iodine T3 and T4

TSH

Predict the position of the valves during the ventricular ejection phase

The AV valves are shut while both semilunar valves are forced open

Mary was in a terrible car accident. When the emergency personnel arrived, they noticed she had significant blood loss. What was their concern about her blood pressure? They were concerned her blood pressure would be too low and she would experience high peripheral resistance because of the extreme blood loss. They were concerned her blood pressure would be too high and she would go into circulatory shock. They were concerned her blood pressure would be extremely low, which could be fatal due to not enough oxygen reaching her cells, leading to organ failure. They were concerned that her blood pressure would be too high, causing the cardiac output to increase, leading to more blood loss.

They were concerned her blood pressure would be extremely low, which could be fatal due to not enough oxygen reaching her cells, leading to organ failure.

Why aren't capillaries made of thicker epithelium? Thicker epithelium would increase the amount of friction between tissues and blood. Thicker epithelium would allow toxins to enter into the tissues from the capillaries. Thicker epithelium would allow tissue perfusion to occur too rapidly for the body. Thicker epithelium would decrease the diffusion of gases and nutrients between the blood and tissues.

Thicker epithelium would decrease the diffusion of gases and nutrients between the blood and tissues

According to the Frank-Starling law, a bigger preload will result in __________. a weaker contraction increased afterload decreased afterload a stronger contraction

a stronger contraction

Which of the following is a chronotropic agent that decreases heart rate? glucagon epinephrine norepinephrine acetylcholine

acetylcholine

Hypersecretion of growth hormone after the epiphyseal plate closes causes a disorder known as: gigantism. congenital hypothyroidism. acromegaly. pituitary dwarfism.

acromegaly

The long length of the cardiac action potential, at 200-300 msec, allows for: less calcium ions to enter cells. a reduction in strength of the heart's contraction. a faster heart rate. an opportunity for the heart to fill with blood.

an opportunity for the heart to fill with blood.

Hormones that act on the same target cells yet have opposite effects are said to be: hydrophilic hormones. synergists. neurohormones. antagonists.

antagonists

Which hormones work synergistically to retain water? antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone aldosterone and cortisol atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone

What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary? No hormones are released by the posterior pituitary. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin releasing and inhibiting hormones stimulating hormones

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin

Which vessels typically carry blood away from the heart? arteries veins venules capillaries

arteries

Peripheral resistance includes all of the following EXCEPT: blood viscosity. blood vessel length. vessel radius. blood type.

blood type

What hormone is made by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland? triiodothyronine (T3) thyroxine (T4) parathyroid hormone (PTH) calcitonin

calcitonin

At the arteriolar end of the capillary, which pressure is the greatest? colloid osmotic pressure interstitial fluid osmotic pressure oncotic pressure capillary hydrostatic pressure

capillary hydrostatic pressure

What neurohormones are released from the adrenal medulla? catecholamines glucocorticoids corticosteroids androgenic steroids

catecholamines

Inotropic agents affect: heartrate. depolarization. contractility. stroke volume.

contractility.

Generally, coronary veins empty into a vessel known as the: coronary sinus. superior vena cava. inferior vena cava. aorta.

coronary sinus

Which hormone acts as a potent anti-inflammatory agent? insulin cortisol aldosterone epinephrine

cortisol

Which of the following stimuli is detected by a chemoreceptor? increased blood pressure stretch in the walls of arteries decreased blood oxygen concentration vasodilation of arterioles

decreased blood oxygen concentration

The appropriate baroreceptor reflex response to high blood pressure is: decreased cardiac output increased heart rate vasoconstriction stimulate sympathetic activity

decreased cardiac output and vasodilation

Hemorrhage would lead to a __________ preload and therefore __________ cardiac output. increased; increased increased; decreased decreased; decreased decreased; increased

decreased; decreased

What type of vessel is built to handle the highest pressure of any vessel in the cardiovascular system? muscular artery arteriole elastic artery metarteriole

elastic artery

Which of the following is a gonadotropin? corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

If you are busy all day and do not have time to eat, the hormone that will be released by your pancreas is __________. glucagon cortisol insulin prolactin

glucagon

High levels of testosterone inhibit the release of: gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) .thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH).

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).

Increasing levels of blood glucose stimulate the release of insulin. This type of stimulation is known as: positive stimulation. hormonal stimulation. humoral stimulation. neural stimulation.

humoral stimulation.

What type of hormone can cross the plasma membrane to bind to a receptor in the cytosol or nucleus? protein hormones hydrophobic hormones amine hormones hydrophilic hormones

hydrophobic hormones

Edna complains of weight gain, cold intolerance, and low blood pressure. What disorder do her symptoms match? hypothyroidism exophthalmos hyperthyroidism Graves' disease

hypothyroidism

What ion movement changes the membrane potential in a contractile cell from negative to positive during the rapid depolarization phase? outflow of calcium ions influx of sodium ions outflow of potassium ions influx of calcium ions

influx of calcium ions

What hormone is the primary antagonist of glucagon? cortisol growth hormone insulin thyroid hormone

insulin

What element is necessary for the production of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)? calcium iodine magnesium potassium

iodine

As ventricular systole begins, all four heart valves are closed during the: isovolumetric contraction phase. ventricular ejection phase. ventricular filling phase. isovolumetric relaxation phase.

isovolumetric contraction phase

When is the S2 heart sound heard? isovolumetric contraction phase ventricular ejection phase isovolumetric relaxation phase ventricular filling

isovolumetric relaxation phase

An insufficient mitral valve (bicuspid valve, or left atrioventricular valve) would allow the backflow of blood into the: left ventricle. left atrium. aorta. right atrium.

left atrium

Which hormone controls the milk-let-down reflex? oxytocin prolactin antidiuretic hormone (ADH, or vasopressin) gonadotropins

oxytocin

The hormone calcitonin is produced by the __________ cells of the thyroid. parafollicular chief colloid follicle

parafollicular

Melatonin is produced by the: heart. pineal gland. kidneys. adrenal glands.

pineal gland

The degree of stretch experienced by the sarcomeres in the ventricle cells before they contract is called: preload. contractility. stroke volume. afterload.

preload

Blood movement is driven by a _____________ gradient. flow temperature pressure concentration

pressure

What is the function of the valves in the heart? eliminate pressure variances within the heart invert during contraction of the ventricles promote contraction of the ventricles prevent backflow of blood through the heart

prevent backflow of blood through the heart

What is the target tissue of erythropoietin (EPO)? smooth muscle tissue red bone marrow breast tissue adipocytes

red bone marrow

What type of capillary has large pores within their endothelial cells and are the leakiest? sinusoidal capillaries closed capillaries continuous capillaries fenestrated capillaries

sinusoidal capillaries

The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one heartbeat is known as: heart rate (HR). cardiac output (CO). stroke volume (SV). end-diastolic volume (EDV).

stroke volume (SV)

Which nervous system promotes increased peripheral resistance and increased blood pressure through the vasoconstriction of systemic arterioles? parasympathetic nervous system sensory nervous system sympathetic nervous system somatic nervous system

sympathetic nervous system

The pressure indicated by the question mark is the __________. diastolic pressure systolic pressure mean arterial pressure pulse pressure

systolic pressure

Archie has a resting heart rate of 125 beats per minute. Classify his cardiac dysrhythmia. bradycardia heart block tachycardia asystole

tachycardia

The highlighted portion of this ECG trace corresponds to __________. atrial repolarization the duration of atrial depolarization and AV node delay ventricular depolarization and plateau phase ventricular repolarization

the duration of arterial depolarization and AV delay

Afterload is described as: the ability to generate tension. the amount of blood that has drained into the ventricle by the end of the filling phase. the length or degree of stretch of the sarcomeres in the ventricular cells before they contract. the force the ventricles must overcome to eject blood into their respective arteries.

the force the ventricles must overcome to eject blood into their respective arteries.

Vessels with a smaller radius will have an increased resistance to blood flow. True False

true

Which of the following vessels will have the lowest blood pressure? Venule Artery Vein Arteriole

veins

Which vessels serve as the blood reservoirs of the body? metarterioles arterioles veins muscular arteries

veins

An increased amount of parathyroid hormone is being secreted due to a tumor on the parathyroid gland. This increase of PTH will result in the patient having decreased calcium ion reabsorption in the kidneys. decreased amount of blood calcium concentration. weakened bones due to overactivity of osteoclasts. excessive bone growth due to over-activity of osteoclasts.

weakened bones due to overactivity of osteoclasts.

A tumor has appeared on the hypothalamus of a seven-year-old boy, causing increased secretion of GHRH. The increase of GHRH has in turn increased GH and IGF levels. If left untreated, the young boy... will suffer from pituitary dwarfism, where he will be short in stature. will suffer from gigantism since his epiphyseal plates have not closed. will suffer from acromegaly, in which his bones will increase in girth, especially his head and facial bones. will have a decreased amount of protein synthesis, decreasing muscle development and longitudinal bone growth.

will suffer from gigantism since his epiphyseal plates have not closed.