Unit 2 lab

The structure lableled "___" is still able to convert vibrations in air into to vibrations in bone when you drive from sea level to the mountains or fly in an airplane because The structure lableled "___" allows air pressure in the middle ear to reach equilibrium with air pressure outside the body.

F E

which hormone Targets the gonads. In females, this hormone promotes follicle maturation and in males, it promotes sperm production.

FSH

which hormone Targets the gonads. In females, this hormone triggers ovulation and in males, it promotes testosterone production.

LH

Match the region between the tips of each pair of black pointers to the name of that region.

Region A: A-band Region B: sarcomere Region C: I-band

When you strike the tines of a tuning fork and then press the base of the tuning fork to your glabella (forehead): (You may select some, none, or all of the options below.) You are carrying out the Rinne test. You can conclude that you have no hearing loss if you hear the sound from your tuning fork equally well in both ears. Sound from the tuning fork is reaching your cochlea primarily through bone conduction. You have some form of hearing loss if you hear the sound from your tuning fork better in in one ear than in the other ear.

Sound from the tuning fork is reaching your cochlea primarily through bone conduction. You have some form of hearing loss if you hear the sound from your tuning fork better in in one ear than in the other ear.

which hormone Targets the thyroid gland and stimulates release of thyroid hormones (T4 and T3)

TSH

Check the boxes below that indicate the area(s) you could you find the cell bodies of neurons responsible for sending (efferent) motor signals from the CNS to skeletal muscles.

The area lableled "D"

Consider the diagram below. What is the specific function of the red neuron? causes reciprocal inhibition of hamstrings so that the quadriceps can extend the leg at the knee acts as an inhibitory interneuron carries information from the muscle spindle to the central nervous system acts as a motor neruon to stimulate the hamstrings

causes reciprocal inhibition of hamstrings so that the quadriceps can extend the leg at the knee acts as an inhibitory interneuron

This image is part of a test used to determine whether a patient may have ____________.

color blindness

What physiological variable would you measure to determine whether a patient may have diabetes mellitus?

concentration of glucose in the blood

When you cover your left eye and focus on the black cross, the black circle will disappear if your head is the correct distance from your computer screen. This occurs because while the light from the black cross is focused on your____, light from the black circle is focused on your_____.

fovea, optic disk

Which hormone will be released after you have been fasting for for many hours and the concentration of glucose in your blood is low?

glucagon

which hormone Targets liver, muscle, bone, cartilage, and other tissues and promotes growth (anabolism).

growth hormone (GH)

Summation (a.k.a. wave summation) is achieved by

increasing the stimulus frequency (rate of stimulus dilevery to the muscle).

A muscle that generates tension but does not shorten or lengthen is undergoing a(n) ________ contraction.

isometric

To quickly assess whether your patient may have suffered damage to the femoral nerve or damage to spinal nerves in the lumbar region you should most likely test the ____________.

knee-jerk reflex

Select all of the changes that occur in your eye when you focus on a nearby object after having focused on a far-away object. lens becomes more convex (spherical) pupils dialate pupils diverge lens becomes more flat pupils constrict pupils converge

lens becomes more convex (spherical) pupils constrict pupils converge

A patient whose eyes are similar to this diagram might have an eye that is too ________ (along the anterior-posterior axis) and would probably be prescribed glasses with _______ lenses.

long, concave

ID specific cell at the end of the pointer:

multipolar neuron

ID specific structure (light) at the end of the pointer.

node of ranvier

At which number (1-7) is this neuron most permeable to Na+?

number 4

At which number (1-7) is membrane potential most positive?

number 5

When you quickly spin in a circle (while sitting on a chair that rotates, for example) and then abruptly stop, your pupils will quickly move back and forth in a direction opposite to the direction in which you were spinning. This condition or phenomenon is called____and it is caused by the continued movement of endolymph (due to inertia) through through the____

nystagmus semicircle canal

A muscle twitch is

one contractile response to a single action potential.

The term motor unit refers to:

one motor neuron and all of the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates.

The structure labeled "B" below is called an ____________.

otoscope

Identify the structure indicated by the letter "B".

pancreatic islet

The space indicated by arrow A contains ___ . The space indicated by arrow B contains ___. The space indicated by arrow C contains ___.

perilymph endolymph perilymph

Identify the connective tissue sheath at the end of both pointers:

perineurium

Type 1 diabetes mellitus results from a decreased ability to _______ insulin and type 2 diabetes mellitus results from a decreased ability to _______ insulin.

produce; respond to

which hormone argets mammary glands and promotes lactation (milk production).

prolactin (PL)

The ___ would tell you if the elevator you are riding in has started to move and the ____would allow you to convert the tone you hear when the elevator door opens into action potentials that are are sent to the brain along cranial nerve VIII (the vestibulocochlear nerve).

saccule organ of clot

Your patient complains that he cannot hear well. You conduct a Weber test and determine he can hear the tuning fork better in his right ear. You then conduct a Rinne test, and after removing the tuning fork from the mastoid process of your patient's right temporal bone and holding the tines of the tuning fork outside his right ear canal, he can still hear the tuning fork. Is most likely that your patient has __________ hearing loss in his ________ ear.

sensorineural; left

A motor unit with four skeletal muscle cells would be __________ all the motor units shown in this illustration.

smaller than

When a skeletal muscle is repetitively stimulated, twitches can overlap each other and result in a stronger muscle contraction that a stand-alone twitch. This phenomenon is know as

summation (a.k.a. wave summation)

What happens to each region or structure in a sarcomere during muscle contraction?

the distance from Z disk to Z disk: shortens the A-band: stays the same the H-zone: shortens the I-band: shortens the length of actin filaments: stays the same the length of myosin filaments: stays the same

The time interval when a neuron requires a stronger than normal stimulus to fire an action potential because some voltage-gated Na+ channels are inactivated and some voltage-gated K+ channels are open is called ___________.

the relative refractory period

The membrane potential at which enough voltage-gated Na+ channels open to cause positive feedback is called the __________ .

threshold

Below is an incorrect sequence of events by which vibrations in the ear are converted to action potentials that are sent to the brain. vibrations in endolymph --> vibrations at oval window --> vibrations of basilar membrane --> mechanically gated ion channels in hair cells are pulled open --> depolarized hair cells cause action potentials in auditory neurons Which event should be removed to make this sequence correct?

vibrations at oval window

Check the boxes below that indicate the area(s) you could find the cell bodies of neurons responsible for sending (afferent) sensory signals from the periphery to the CNS.

"A"

Match each phase of a muscle twitch to its correct name.

----

The gland shown in the image below is the ____ The cells at the end of each pointer labeled "A" produce the hormone ___The cells at the end of each pointer labeled "B" produce the hormone ____ The structure at the end of each pointer labeled "C" is called ____

----

The graph below shows the tension generated by a motor unit when it is stimulated. The tension produced by this motor unit is plotted on the y-axis and time is plotted on the x-axis. Each pink arrow represents an action potential that was stimulated in the motor neuron that innervates the muscle fibers in this motor unit. Match each number to the phenomenon you observe at or shortly after that number.

------

Consider the diagram below. What is the specific function of the yellow neuron?

-carries information from the muscle spindle to the central nervous system -monitors stretch in the quadriceps femoris

The illustration below shows: ___ motor neurons, ____ motor units, and ___ skeletal muscle fibers.

3 3 20

If you are able to read down to the sixth line of letters (indicated by the arrow) in the chart below when standing 20 feet from this chart, how far away from this chart could someone with normal vision stand and still be able to read the same (sixth) line?

30 feet away

What is the normal range for the concentration of glucose in the blood?

70-110 mg/dl

Select all of the structures below that are involved in making sure light is focused onto the fovea. The structure lableled "C" The structure lableled "D" The structure lableled "B" The structure lableled "A"

A B C

In the pupillary reflex, afferent sensory information is sent from the eye to the brain via ____and efferent motor information is sent from the brain to the eye via ____. If you shine a light in your patient's left eye and ____ it could mean that either of the cranial nerves above (or regions of the brain near these nerves) are damaged, compressed, or inflamed. In this example, you are testing a ____ reflex.

Answer 1:cranial nerve II (optic nerve) Answer 2:cranial nerve III (occulomotor nerve) Answer 3:right pupil does not constrict Answer 4:consensual

The anterior pituitary gland is ___ and receives input from the hypothalamus via ___ . It is also called the ___.

Answer 1:derived from epithelial tissue Answer 2:hormones secreted into the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal vessel Answer 3:adenohypohhysis

Oxytocin is released from the ____ and causes ____ Vasopressin (a.k.a. anti-diuretic hormone) is released by the ___and causes ____

Answer 1:posterior pituitary Answer 2:uterine contraction and milk let-down Answer 3:posterior pituitary Answer 4:reabsorption of water from the kidneys back into the blood

The region / zone of the adrenal cortex indicated by the letter "B" in the image below is called the ___ and it is an important sight of ___synthesis in the body. Release of this hormone is important for _____.

Answer 1:zona fasciculata Answer 2:cortisol Answer 3:increasing blood glucose concentration during times of stress

Which of the structures below are associated with your body's ability to sense how you are accelerating through space (check all that apply)?

B C (Semicircular canal, and cochlear)

Recall the video for lab 2.6 in which we drew the structure of a sacromere. Use this information to complete this quesiton. -This myofilament is made mostly of the protein actin. -This region at the center of the scaromere contains thick myosin filaments and no thin actin filaments. -This structure anchors and organizes thin actin filaments. -This region contains only thin actin filaments. -This myofilament is made mostly of the protein myosin. -This protein helps the sarcomere reutrn to its original length if it has been stretched too much. -This region corresponds to the A-band when viewing skeletal muscle tissue under the microscope. -This region represents the entire sarcomere.

C B E A H D F G

which hormone Targets the adrenal cortex and stimulates the release of steroid hormones

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

The EEG wave that is most readily recorded from the parietal and occipital lobes of a patient when they are awake and relaxed with thier eyes closed is called the ___ wave. The EEG wave that is most readily recorded from the frontal lobes of a patient who is engaging in mental activity with thier eyes open is called the ___ wave.

alpha beta

The height of a wave, or more specifically, the vertical distance between the peak of a wave and the point of equilibrium is called the ___ . The number of waves that are generated or pass a certain point each second is called the ___ .

amplitude frequency

Motor unit recruitment refers to:

an increase in the number of active muscle fibers to increase the force developed in a muscle.

If your patient reports that the horizontal lines in the chart below appear out of focus even though the vertical lines look clear, they may have a condition called ___This condition can occur if your patient's lens is____.

astigmatism; irregularly shaped

Your patient complains that her hearing is impaired in her right ear. She is able to hear a tuning fork vibrate when the handle of the tuning fork is pressed against the mastoid process of her right temporal bone. However, when the sound fades and she moves the tines (the forked part) so they are just outside her right ear canal, she cannot the tuning fork vibrate again. Your patient probably has ____ hearing loss in her right ear. Given the results above, your patient's hearing lost could be caused by ____

conductive a damaged typanic membrane

The cells in the retina that require bright light to function properly but allow us to have high-acuity color vision are called ___ . The cells in the retina that sense dim light but react slowly to visual stimuli are called ___ . The only cells in the retina that fire action potentials and whose axons make up the optic nerve are called ____

cones rods ganglion cells

A muscle that lengthens even though it is generating tension (e.g. your triceps brachii during the downward phase of a push-up) is undergoing a(n) ___________ contraction (be as specific as possible).

eccentric

When you apply lidocaine or TTX to the axon of a neuron, its ability to fire an action potential is ____because it binds to and blocks ___

eliminated voltage-gated sodium channels

The device labeled "A" below can be used for all of the following purposes (check all that apply): view blood vessels non-invasively view the fundus (i.e. the posterior surface of the eye) view the tympanic membrane view the optic disc

view the fundus (i.e. the posterior surface of the eye) view blood vessels non-invasively view the optic disc

Below is some data from an EMG dynamometry experiment (in which students forcefully squeeze a device called a dynamometer). ___ represents a weak muscle contraction and ___ represents the force generated by a strong muscle contraction.

waveform "C" waveform "B"