Unit 2 multiple choice question terms

The I.W.W.

The Industrial Workers of the World is an international industrial union that was formed in 1905. It promotes the concept of " One Big Union ", contends that all workers should be united as a social class and that capitalism and wage labor should be abolished.

The 17th Amendment

allowed citizens to begin directly electing Senators.

Dr. Francis Townsend

an American physician who was best known for his revolving old-age pension proposal during the Great Depression. Known as the "Townsend Plan," this proposal influenced the establishment of the Roosevelt administration's Social Security system.

Lochner v. New York

(1905) This supreme court case debated whether or not New York state violated the liberty of the fourteenth amendment which allowed Lochner to regulate his business when he made a contract. The specific contract Lochner made violated the New York statute which stated that bakers could not work more than 60 hours per week, and more than 10 hours per day. Ultimately, it was ruled that the New York State law was invalid, and interfered with the freedom of contract.

Oligopoly

(economics) a market in which control over the supply of a commodity is in the hands of a small number of producers and each one can influence prices and affect competitors

The Australian Ballot

1880s to 1990s, SECRET BALLOT, had created ballots that could be filled out outside of official places, and then brought to ballot boxes and deposited. Wanted to secretly vote, without pressure of candidates. Tried to chip away the power of parties over voters.

The Pure Food and Drug Act

1906, decided the purity in food and drugs to be consumed, significance: because of this act foods and medicines were regulated for consumer safety, so there were no questionable materials being consumed, which helped keep citizens safer, resulted from the work of muckrakers and Upton Sinclair's the jungle

William Howard Taft

27th president of the U.S. and tenth Chief Justice of the United States; he angered progressives by moving cautiously toward reforms and by supporting the Payne Aldrich Tariff; he lost Roosevelt's support and was defeated for a second term.

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

A 1911 fire in New York city that killed 146 workers because doors were locked. It led to laws for factory safety. Young girls worked in the factory for 12 hour days making shirts. The owners locked them in each day so they couldn't steal shirts. A fire started and the workers were trapped on the third floor. They had to dive out windows becuase the doors were all locked. The people of NYC were horrified that this could happen. The newspapers told about the story and this made changes happen for the workplace. New safety laws were put into place for all factories.

Father Charles Coughlin

A Catholic priest from Michigan who was critical of FDR on his radio show. His radio show morphed into being severly against Jews during WWII and he was eventually kicked off the air, however before his fascist rants, he was wildly popular among those who opposed FDR's New Deal.

Ida Tarbell

A leading muckraker and magazine editor, she exposed the corruption of the oil industry with her 1904 work A History of Standard Oil.

Mutualistas

A mexican american mutual aid group, the members pooled money to buy insurance and pay for legal advice.

The Social Gospel

A movement that believed that the church and society were obligated to help the less fortunate and wanted more government regulation.

Referendum

A state-level method of direct legislation that gives voters a chance to approve or disapprove proposed legislation or a proposed constitutional amendment.

Margaret Sanger

American leader of the movement to legalize birth control during the early 1900's. As a nurse in the poor sections of New York City, she had seen the suffering caused by unwanted pregnancy. Founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S. and the American Birth Control League, which later became Planned Parenthood.

Frederick Winslow Taylor

American mechanical engineer, who wanted to improve industrial efficiency. He is known as the father of scientific management, and was one of the first management consultants

The Reconstruction Finance Corporation

An independent agency charted during hoover's presidentcy. started with $500.000 and would eventually get 2 billion dollars. Made loans to businesses and became a large part of Roosevelt's New Deal and was a major factor in ending the great depression.

The Coolidge Prosperity

As President, Calvin Coolidge demonstrated his determination to preserve the old moral and economic precepts amid the material prosperity which many Americans were enjoying. He refused to abuse Federal economic power. His first message to Congress in December 1923 called for isolation in foreign policy, and for tax cuts, economy, and limited aid to farmers. He rapidly became popular. In 1924, as the beneficiary of what was becoming known as 'Coolidge prosperity,' he polled more than 54 percent of the popular vote.

A. Mitchell Palmer

Attorney General who rounded up many suspects who were thought to be un-American and socialistic; he helped to increase the Red Scare; he was nicknamed the "Fighting Quaker" until a bomb destroyed his home; he then had a nervous breakdown and became known as the "Quaking Fighter."

The CWA

Civil Works Administration was established by the New Deal during the Great Depression to rapidly create manual labor jobs for millions of unemployed workers. The jobs were merely temporary, for the duration of the hard winter. President Franklin D. Roosevelt unveiled the CWA on November 8, 1933 and put Harry L. Hopkins in charge of the short-term agency. Roosevelt was convinced that jobs were much better for everyone than cash handouts.

The Food Administration

During the United States participation in World War I this was the responsible agency for the administration of the allies' food reserves. One of its important tasks was the stabilization of the price of wheat on the U. S. market. It was established by Executive Order 2679-A of August 10, 1917 pursuant to the Food and Fuel Control Act.

The Zimmermann Telegram

Early in 1917, circumstances pushed the United States into the war. In January the German foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann, sent this secret to the German ambassador in Mexico. It instructed him to draw Mexico into the war on Germany's side. In exchange, Germany promised Mexico the return of the parts of the southwestern United States that Mexico had lost in 1848. The British intercepted the telegram, decoded it, and had it published to American newspapers. Americans were enraged.

Agricultural Depression

Farmers began to produce more goods because of all the technological advancements with machinery and pesticides, but consumers especially the people in the Middle-Class were not consuming very much grain. A considerable less amount of farmers were able to make a living during this depression, although the production of goods went up greatly, their price went down.

The Sussex Pledge

Fearing the entry of the United States into World War I, Germany attempted to appease the United States by issuing this, which promised a change in Germany's naval warfare policy. The primary elements of this undertaking were: 1.Passenger ships would not be targeted; 2.Merchant ships would not be sunk until the presence of weapons had been established, if necessary by a search of the ship; 3.Merchant ships would not be sunk without provision for the safety of passengers and crew.

The Niagra Movement

Founded by web Debois in 1905, calling for full civil liberties, An effort to encourage blacks to seek a liberal arts education in order to provide the African American society with well-educated leaders.

The Anti-Saloon League

Founded in Ohio in 1893. The organization grew rapidly and became the prominent group that advocated prohibition. The League's founder, Howard Russell, lobbied against the production, manufacture, and selling of any kind of alcohol. He also tried to shut down the nation's saloons, hence the name. The organization achieved success in 1920 with the 18th Amendment, which banned alcohol. The victory was short lived as the 19th Amendment overturned it in 1933.

Royce Haley

He worked for the first drive-in restaurant to open in the United States, Kirby's Pig Stand.

''Fordize''

In the 1920s, Europeans used the word _____ synonymously for Americanize, meaning mechanize (combining machinery and technology). This scenario created a new environment where workers' sense of individuals was repressed (crushed) to increase efficiency.

The Woman's Trade Union league

Key organization seeking to promote interests of laboring women, 1903, based on a union in England, sought workplace protection legislation and reduced hours for female workers, sponsored educational activities, campaigned for women's suffrage, supported a massive strike in 1909 against NYC sweatshops, encouraged women to learn trades - link to women's movement of 1920s...Mary Anderson, Rose Schneiderman, Agnes Nestor.

The Gospel of Efficiency

Major movement in U.S., U.K., and other industrial nations in the early 20th century to identify and eliminate waste in all areas of the economy and society.

Settlement Houses

Mostly run by middle-class native-born women, in immigrant neighborhoods provided housing, food, education, child care, cultural activities, and social connections for new arrivals to the United States. Many women, both native-born and immigrant, developed life-long passions for social activism in the settlement houses. Jane Addams's Hull House in Chicago and Lillian Wald's Henry Street Settlement in New York City were two of the most prominent.

The Sarajevo Incident

On 28 June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne, and his wife, Sophie, Duchess of Hohenberg, were shot dead in Sarajevo, by Gavrilo Princip, one of a group of six Bosnian Serb assassins coordinated by Danilo Ilić. The political objective of the assassination was to break off Austria-Hungary's south-Slav provinces so they could be combined into a Greater Serbia or a Yugoslavia. The assassins' motives were consistent with the movement that later became known as Young Bosnia. Serbian military officers stood behind the attack.

Initiative

Procedure whereby a certain number of voters may, by petition, propose a law or constitutional amendment and have it submitted to the voters.

The AEF

The American Expeditionary Forces were the United States Armed Forces sent to Europe in World War I. During the United States campaigns in World War I the AEF fought in France alongside French and British allied forces in the last year of the war, against Imperial German forces. The AEF helped the French Army on the Western Front during the Aisne Offensive (at Château-Thierry and Belleau Wood) in June 1918, and fought its major actions in the Saint-Mihiel and Meuse-Argonne Offensives in late 1918.

The CCC

The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men from relief families, ages 18-25. Robert Fechner was the head of the agency. A part of the New Deal of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who provided unskilled manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands owned by federal, state and local governments. The CCC was designed to provide jobs for young men, to relieve families who had difficulty finding jobs during the Great Depression in the United States while at the same time implementing a general natural resource conservation program in every state and territory. Maximum enrollment at any one time was 300,000; in nine years 3 million young men participated in the CCC, which provided them with shelter, clothing, and food, together with a small wage of $30 a month ($25 of which had to be sent home to their families).

The NRA

The National Rifle Association of America (NRA) is an American nonprofit organization[5] founded in 1871 that promotes firearm ownership, as well as police training, firearm safety, marksmanship, hunting and self-defense training in the United States. The NRA is designated by the IRS as a 501(c)(4) and it has a 527 lobbying organization: The NRA Political Victory Fund. The NRA also controls, through its board of trustees, the following 501(c)(3) organizations: The NRA Foundation, The NRA Freedom Action Foundation, the NRA Civil Rights Defense Fund and the NRA Special Contribution Fund.

The "Bull Moose" Movement

The Progressive Party of 1912 was an American political party. It was formed by former President Theodore Roosevelt, after a split in the Republican Party between himself and President William Howard Taft. The party became known as this when former President Roosevelt boasted, "It takes more than that to kill a bull moose" while giving a scheduled campaign speech minutes after being wounded in an assassination attempt during the 1912 campaign in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

The PWA

The Public Works Administration, part of the New Deal of 1933, was a large-scale public works construction agency in the United States headed by Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes. It was created by the National Industrial Recovery Act in June 1933 in response to the Great Depression. It built large-scale public works such as dams, bridges, hospitals, and schools. Its goals were to spend $3.3 billion in the first year, and $6 billion in all, to provide employment, stabilize purchasing power, and help revive the economy. Most of the spending came in two waves in 1933-35, and again in 1938. Originally called the Federal Emergency Administration of Public Works, it was renamed the Public Works Administration in 1939 and shut down in 1943.

Rugged Individualism

The belief that all individuals, or nearly all individuals, can succeed on their own and that government help for people should be minimal. Popularly said by Hertbert Hoover.

Jane Addams

The founder of Hull House, which provided English lessons for immigrants, daycares, and child care classes, 1860-1935. Founder of Settlement House Movement. First American Woman to earn Nobel Peace Prize in 1931 as president of Women's Intenational League for Peace and Freedom.

The Wisconsin Idea

The governor of Wisconsin (Robert La Follette) introduced many Progressive reforms such as lowering railroad rates which increased rail traffic that benefited both railroad owners and customers.

The New Nationalism

Theodore Roosevelt's new set of principles which strayed away from his strong conservative views. He argued that human welfare was more important than property rights and believed in a powerful federal government.

The Reservationists

They claimed to be in favor of the treaty of Versailles, but only after including a series of reservations prior to ratification.

The Jungle

This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

The Mann-Elkins Act

This act gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to regulate telephone and telegraph rates

The Triple Entente

This alliance consisted of France, Russia, and Britain. Originally, France paid Russia to be their friend and the two entered the Dual Alliance. Britain and France later signed an agreement called the Entente Cordial. This agreement completed this alliance between the three countries. Australia, New Zealand, Japan, Italy and America later joined the Allied Powers.

Lincoln Steffens

United States journalist who exposes in 1906 started an era of muckraking journalism (1866-1936), Writing for McClure's Magazine, he criticized the trend of urbanization with a series of articles under the title Shame of the Cities.

The Election of 1916

Woodrow Wilson vs. Charles E. Hughes, Wilson won. Democrats based their campaign off of the fact that they didn't go to war, Republicans criticized Wilson for not being aggressive enough and pursuing policies that would lead to war. Hughes did well among Irish and Germans, Wilson did well with women in western states : Americans didn't want war.

Jazz

a genre of popular music that originated in New Orleans around 1900 and developed through increasingly complex styles

The 16th Amendment

authorizes the United States to collect income tax without regard to the population of the states

Calvin Coolidge

became president when Warren G. Harding died of pneumonia. He was known for practicing a rigid economy in money and words, and acquired the name "Silent Cal" for being so soft-spoken. He was a true republican and industrialist. Believed in the government supporting big business.

The Railroad Administration

established in December 1917 by proclamation of President Woodrow Wilson, to control and operate all rail transport for the duration of the war. The Railroad Administration was a direct response to the failure of the Railroads' War Board, which railroad executives had formed in April 1917 to achieve a coordinated "railway system" for the World War I emergency. Although this private effort to coordinate activities had resulted in some pooling of freight cars and coal supplies, it was difficult to unify other transportation resources without governmental intervention and was almost impossible to obtain adequate financial assistance.

The Federal Trade Commission Act

established the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), a bipartisan body of five members appointed by the president of the United States for seven-year terms. The FTC Act was one of President Woodrow Wilson's major acts against trusts. Trusts and trust-busting were significant political concerns during the Progressive Era. This commission was authorized to issue "cease and desist" orders to large corporations to curb unfair trade practices. This Act also gave more flexibility to the U.S. Congress for judicial matters. It passed the Senate by a 43-5 vote on September 8, 1914, and, without a tally of yeas and nays, it passed the House on September 10.

Gifford Pinchot

first chief of the US Forest Service; advocated managing resources for multiple use using principles of sustainable yield

The Hepburn Act

gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to fix the rates that railroads charged for their services. It also strictly limited the free passes that railroads gave out to politicians and business owners.

The National Reclamation Act

is a federal law enacted to appropriate the receipts from the sale and disposal of public lands in certain States and Territories to the construction of irrigation works for the reclamation of arid lands. The purpose of the act was to harness the intermittent precipitation in seventeen western states and use it to encourage individual families to settle in the West by converting arid federal land into agriculturally productive land

Tennessee Valley Authority

is a federally owned corporation in the United States created by congressional charter in May 1933 to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development in the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly affected by the Great Depression. The enterprise was a result of the efforts of Senator George W. Norris of Nebraska. TVA was envisioned not only as a provider, but also as a regional economic development agency that would use federal experts and electricity to rapidly modernize the region's economy and society.

The City Commission System

is a form of municipal government which once was common in the United States, but many cities which were formerly governed by commission have since switched to the council-manager form of government. Voters elect a small commission, typically, from five to seven members, on a plurality-at-large basis. These commissioners constitute the legislative body of the city and, as a group, are responsible for taxation, appropriations, ordinances, and other general functions. Individual commissioners are assigned responsibility for a specific aspect of municipal affairs, such as public works, finance, or public safety.

The Wagner Labor Relations Act

is a foundational statute of US labor law which guarantees basic rights of private sector employees to organize into trade unions, engage in collective bargaining for better terms and conditions at work, and take collective action including strike if necessary. The act also created the National Labor Relations Board which conducts elections which, if voted in favor of representation, awards labor unions (also known as trade unions) with a requirement for the employer to engage in collective bargaining with this union. The Act does not apply to workers who are covered by the Railway Labor Act, agricultural employees, domestic employees, supervisors, federal, state or local government workers, independent contractors and some close relatives of individual employers.

Consumerism

is a social and economic order that encourages the purchase of goods and services in ever-greater amounts. Criticisms of consumption are already present in the works of Thorstein Veblen (1899). Veblen's subject of examination, the newly emergent middle class arising at the turn of the twentieth century,[1] comes to full[citation needed] fruition by the end of the twentieth century through the process of globalization. In this sense, consumerism is usually considered a part of media culture.

The Federal Reserve Act

is an Act of Congress that created and set up the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States of America, and granted it the legal authority to issue Federal Reserve Notes (now commonly known as the U.S. Dollar) and Federal Reserve Bank Notes as legal tender. The Act was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson.

The Russian Revolutions

is the collective term for a series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Russian SFSR. The Emperor was forced to abdicate and the old regime was replaced by a provisional government during the first revolution of February 1917 (March in the Gregorian calendar; the older Julian calendar was in use in Russia at the time). In the second revolution, during October, the Provisional Government was removed and replaced with a Bolshevik (Communist) government.

The Woman Suffrage Movement

is the right of women to vote and to stand for office. Limited voting rights were gained by women in Sweden, Finland and some western U.S. states in the late 19th century.

The Payne-Aldrich Tariff

named for Representative Sereno E. Payne (R-NY) and Senator Nelson W. Aldrich (R-RI), began in the United States House of Representatives as a bill lowering certain tariffs on goods entering the United States.

Huey P. Long

nicknamed The Kingfish, was an American politician from the U.S. state of Louisiana. A Democrat, he was noted for his radical populist policies. He served as Governor of Louisiana from 1928 to 1932 and as a U.S. senator from 1932 to 1935. Though a backer of Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election, Long split with Roosevelt in June 1933 and allegedly planned to mount his own presidential bid.

Recall

procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office

Welfare Capitalism

refers to capitalist economies that include comprehensive social welfare policies. Alternatively, welfare capitalism refers to the practice of businesses providing welfare services to their employees. Welfare capitalism in this second sense, or industrial paternalism, was centered in industries that employed skilled labor and peaked in the mid-20th century.

The "Big Four"

refers to the top Allied leaders who met at the Paris Peace Conference in January 1919 following the end of World War I (1914-18). The Big Four are also known as the Council of Four. It was composed of Woodrow Wilson of the United States, David Lloyd George of Britain, Vittorio Orlando of Italy, and Georges Clemenceau of France.

The Harlem Renaissance

the flourishing of African-American literature and art in the 1920's, born in Harlem, New York, and spread mostly in urban centers across America. Prominent figures: Langston Hughes, Claude McKay, W.E.B. DuBois

Conservation

the preservation and careful management of the environment and of natural resources

Freedom of the Seas

the right of merchant ships to travel freely in international waters

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

the use of submarines to sink without warning any ship (including neutral ships and unarmed passenger liners) found in an enemy's waters.

Sacco and Vanzetti

two Italian-born anarchists, unfairly tried and convicted for the armed robbery and murder of two pay-clerks in Massachusetts in 1920

The New Freedom

was Wilson's propsed changes he made during his presidency in the progressive era, from 1901-1919. The changes included tariff reform (lower tariffs), raise income tax (16th amendment), to have a central banking system (Federal Reserve Act), and to continue hindering trusts by strengthening the Sherman Anti-trust act (clayton antitrust act).

The Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact

was a 1928 international agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them".[2] Parties failing to abide by this promise "should be denied the benefits furnished by this treaty". It was signed by Germany, France and the United States on August 27, 1928, and by most other nations soon after. Sponsored by France and the U.S., the Pact renounced the use of war and called for the peaceful settlement of disputes. Similar provisions were incorporated into the UN Charter and other treaties and it became a stepping stone to a more activist American policy.[3] It is named after its authors: United States Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg and French foreign minister Aristide Briand.

John Maynard Keynes

was a British economist whose ideas have fundamentally affected the theory and practice of modern macroeconomics, and informed the economic policies of governments. He built on and greatly refined earlier work on the causes of business cycles, and is widely considered to be one of the founders of modern macroeconomics and the most influential economist of the 20th century. His ideas are the basis for the school of thought known as Keynesian economics, and its various offshoots.

Marcus Garvey

was a Jamaican political leader, publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator who was a staunch proponent of the Black nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements, to which end he founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL).[2] He founded the Black Star Line, part of the Back-to-Africa movement, which promoted the return of the African diaspora to their ancestral lands.

The War Industries Board

was a United States government agency established on July 28, 1917, during World War I, to coordinate the purchase of war supplies. The organization encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency and urged them to eliminate waste by standardizing products. The board set production quotas and allocated raw materials. It also conducted psychological testing to help people find the right jobs.

The Teapot Dome Scandal

was a bribery incident that took place in the United States from 1920 to 1923, during the administration of President Warren G. Harding. Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall leased Navy petroleum reserves at Teapot Dome in Wyoming and two other locations in California to private oil companies at low rates without competitive bidding. In 1922 and 1923, the leases became the subject of a sensational investigation by Senator Thomas J. Walsh. Fall was later convicted of accepting bribes from the oil companies.

Schechter Brothers Poultry Company v. United States

was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States that invalidated regulations of the poultry industry according to the nondelegation doctrine and as an invalid use of Congress's power under the commerce clause. This was a unanimous decision that rendered the National Industrial Recovery Act, a main component of President Roosevelt's New Deal, unconstitutional.

The National War Labor Board

was a federal agency created in April 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson. It was composed of twelve representatives from business and labor, and co-chaired by Former President William Howard Taft. Its purpose was to arbitrate disputes between workers and employers in order to ensure labor reliability and productivity during the war. It was disbanded after the war in May 1919.

The Ohio Gang

was a gang of politicians and industry leaders closely surrounding Warren G. Harding, the 29th President of the United States of America. Many of these individuals came into Harding's personal orbit during his tenure as a state-level politician in Ohio, hence the name. During the Harding administration, several members of the so-called Ohio Gang became involved in financial scandals. These included the Teapot Dome scandal and apparent malfeasance at the U.S. Department of Justice, many of which ended in prison terms and suicides. Following Harding's sudden death of a heart attack in 1923, many members of the Ohio Gang were effectively removed from the corridors of power by Harding's Vice President and successor, Calvin Coolidge.

John J. Pershing

was a general officer in the United States Army who led the American Expeditionary Forces in World War I. Pershing is the only person to be promoted in his own life time to the highest rank ever held in the United States Army—General of the Armies (a retroactive Congressional edict passed in 1976 promoted George Washington to the same rank but with higher seniority. Pershing holds the first United States officer service number (O-1). He was regarded as a mentor by the generation of American generals who led the United States Army in Europe during World War II, including George C. Marshall, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar N. Bradley, and George S. Patton.

The Meuse-Argonne Offense

was a part of the final Allied offensive of World War I that stretched along the entire western front. It was fought from September 26, 1918, until the Armistice (November 11).

The 14 Points

was a statement by United States President Woodrow Wilson that the Great War was being fought for a moral cause and for postwar peace in Europe. Europeans generally welcomed Wilson's intervention, but his main Allied colleagues (Georges Clemenceau of France, David Lloyd George of the Great Britain, and Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy) were skeptical of the applicability of Wilsonian idealism. 1.Reliance on open diplomacy rather than secret agreements. 2.Freedom of the seas. 3.Free trade. 4.Reduce the military forces and/or weapons. 5.Readjust the colonies fairly. 6.The allowance for Russia to self-determine its own government. 7.Respect for Belgium's Integrity. 8.Restoration of French Territory. 9.Italy receives territory based upon ethnicity. 10.Austria-Hungary receives fair development opportunities. 11.Independence for the Balkan states. 12.Self-determination for the peoples of the Ottoman Empire and free passage through the Dardanelles. 13.Independence for Poland. 14.The formation of a League of Nations to guarantee independence for all countries, large and small.

The Anthricite Coal Strike of 1902

was a strike by the United Mine Workers of America in the fields of eastern Pennsylvania. Miners were on strike asking for higher wages, shorter workdays and the recognition of their union. The strike threatened to shut down the winter fuel supply to all major cities (homes and apartments were heated with anthracite or "hard" coal because it had higher heat value and less smoke than "soft" or bituminous coal).

The Western Front

was a term used during the First and Second World Wars to describe the contested armed frontier between lands controlled by Germany to the east and the Allies to the west. A contested armed frontier during a war is called a "front".

Charles A. Lindbergh

was an American aviator, author, inventor, explorer, and social activist. As a 25-year-old U.S. Air Mail pilot, Lindbergh emerged suddenly from virtual obscurity to instantaneous world fame as the result of his Orteig Prize-winning solo non-stop flight on May 20-21, 1927, made from Roosevelt Field[N 1] located in Garden City on New York's Long Island to Le Bourget Field in Paris, France, a distance of nearly 3,600 statute miles (5,800 km), in the single-seat, single-engine purpose-built Ryan monoplane Spirit of St. Louis. As a result of this flight Lindbergh was the first person in history to be in New York one day and Paris the next. Lindbergh, a U.S. Army Air Corps Reserve officer, was also awarded the nation's highest military decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his historic exploit.

Henry Ford

was an American industrialist, the founder of the Ford Motor Company, and sponsor of the development of the assembly line technique of mass production. Ford did not invent the automobile, but he developed and manufactured the first automobile that many middle class Americans could afford to buy. His introduction of the Model T automobile revolutionized transportation and American industry.

The Committee on Public Information

was an independent agency of the government of the United States created to influence U.S. public opinion regarding American participation in World War I. Over just 28 months, from April 13, 1917, to August 21, 1919, it used every medium available to create enthusiasm for the war effort and enlist public support against foreign attempts to undercut America's war aims.

The East St. Louis Riot

was an outbreak of labor- and race-related violence that caused between 40 and 200 deaths and extensive property damage. East St. Louis, Illinois, is an industrial city on the east bank of the Mississippi River across from St. Louis, Missouri. It was the worst incidence of labor-related violence in 20th-century American history,[1] and one of the worst race riots in U.S. history. The local Chamber of Commerce called for the resignation of the police chief. At the end of the month, ten thousand people marched in silent protest in New York City over the riots.

The Clayton Anti-Trust Act

was enacted in the United States to add further substance to the U.S. antitrust law regime by seeking to prevent anticompetitive practices in their incipiency. That regime started with the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, the first Federal law outlawing practices considered harmful to consumers (monopolies, cartels, and trusts). The Clayton Act specified particular prohibited conduct, the three-level enforcement scheme, the exemptions, and the remedial measures.

The Treaty of Versailles

was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers. It was signed on 28 June 1919, exactly five years after the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The other Central Powers on the German side of World War I were dealt with in separate treaties.[1] Although the armistice, signed on 11 November 1918, ended the actual fighting, it took six months of negotiations at the Paris Peace Conference to conclude the peace treaty. The treaty was registered by the Secretariat of the League of Nations on 21 October 1919, and was printed in The League of Nations Treaty Series.

The Meat Inspection Act

was passed June 1906 and is law that provided federal inspection of meat products and forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated food products and poisonous patent medicines. Was passed after Upton Sinclairs book came out.

The Election of 1912

was the 32nd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5, 1912. The election was a rare four-way contest.[1] Incumbent President William Howard Taft was renominated by the Republican Party with the support of its conservative wing. After former President Theodore Roosevelt failed to receive the Republican nomination, he called his own convention and created the Progressive Party (nicknamed the "Bull Moose Party").

The Election of 1920

was the 34th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2, 1920. The Republicans nominated newspaper publisher and Senator Warren G. Harding, while the Democrats chose newspaper publisher and Governor James M. Cox. Incumbent President Woodrow Wilson, a Democrat, chose not to run for a third term. Former president Theodore Roosevelt had been the frontrunner for the Republican nomination, but his health collapsed in 1918. He died in January 1919, leaving no obvious heir to his progressive legacy. As a result, both major parties ultimately turned to dark horse candidates from the electoral-vote-rich state of Ohio. To help his campaign, Cox chose future president Franklin D. Roosevelt (a fifth cousin of Theodore) as his running mate. Harding virtually ignored Cox and essentially campaigned against Wilson, calling for a return to "normalcy." With an almost 4-to-1 spending advantage, Harding won a landslide victory by winning 37 states, including the first Republican victories in Arizona, New Mexico and Oklahoma (Then the three most recently ratified U.S states).

The Covenant of the League of Nations

was the charter of the League of Nations.The proposed new international organization was to be composed of three bodies: The Secretariat. This permanent body was to be responsible for the administration of League policies and programs and was to be housed in Geneva, Switzerland. The Council. The Council was to be composed of nine member nations. Britain, France, Italy, Japan and the United States were to be permanent Council members. The remaining four positions were to be chosen by the Assembly on a rotating basis. The Assembly. All member nations were to be represented in the Assembly and each was to have a single vote.

Kaiser Wilhelm II

was the emperor of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918. He pushed for a more aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain. His actions added to the growing tensions in pre-1914 Europe.

J. Edgar Hoover

was the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the United States. Appointed director of the Bureau of Investigation—predecessor to the FBI—in 1924, he was instrumental in founding the FBI in 1935, where he remained director until his death in 1972 at age 77. Hoover is credited with building the FBI into a larger crime-fighting agency, and with instituting a number of modernizations to police technology, such as a centralized fingerprint file and forensic laboratories.

The Paris Peace Conference

was the meeting of the Allied victors following the end of World War I to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers following the armistices of 1918. It took place in Paris during 1919 and involved diplomats from more than 32 countries and nationalities. They met, discussed various options and developed a series of treaties ("Paris Peace Treaties") for the post-war world. These treaties reshaped the map of Europe with new borders and countries. The defeated Central Powers' colonial empires in Africa, southwest Asia, and the Pacific, would be parceled between and mandated to the victorious colonial empires, based on the different levels of previous development and the creation of the League of Nations.

The Triple Alliance

was the military alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, (as opposing the Triple Entente which consisted of an alliance between Britain, France and Russia), that lasted from 1882[1] until the start of World War I in 1914.[2] Each member promised mutual support in the event of an attack by any other great powers, or for Germany and Italy, an attack by France alone.

The Irreconcilables

were bitter opponents of the Treaty of Versailles in the United States in 1919. Specifically, the term refers to about 12 to 18 United States Senators, both Republicans and Democrats, who fought intensely to defeat the ratification of the treaty by the Senate in 1919. They succeeded, and the United States never ratified the Treaty of Versailles and never joined the League of Nations.

The Espionage and Sedition Acts

were implemented to protect the United States from domestic and foreign spies.One Act deals with United States citizens that attempt to harm the United States while the other Act deprives suspects of some rights that the United States Constitution protects.

The Central Powers

were one of the two warring factions in World War I (1914-18), composed of the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Bulgaria. This alignment originated in the Triple Alliance, and fought against the Allied Powers that had formed around the Triple Entente.