Unit 2: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Thermoregulation (Connect)
Catabolism
-The term for a reaction that breaks down a molecule (decomposition reactions) -energy-releasing
Vitamins
1. ATP production pathways 2. Blood clotting 3. Growth of different body tissues 4. Synthesis of DNA and RNA These are important roles of what?
Triglycerides
1. Consist of a glycerol molecule attached to 3 fatty acids 2. These are 95% of dietary lipids 3. Stored within adipose tissue
Identify examples of Catabolism
1. Digestion 2. Glycolysis
Anabolism
1. Energy-requiring 2. Synthesis of large molecules
Lowers Temperature
1. Increased production of sweat glands 2. Dermal blood vessel dilation
Identify examples of anabolism
1. Maintenance of cell structure 2. Synthesis of ATP 3. Production of enzymes
Minerals
1. Muscle Contraction 2. Metabolism 3. Nerve impulse transmission 4. Bone structure These are the important roles of:
Proteins
1. Structural strength 2. Muscle contraction 3. Transport These are the functions of what in the body?
Unsaturated Fat
1. The type of fat that is found predominantly in nuts, seeds, and most vegetable oils 2. Based on the double bonds found in the carbon chains of the fatty acids
1. Adenosine 2. 3 Phosphates
ATP consists of:
Carbohydrates
About 45- 65% of a person's daily kilocalorie intake should come from...
Chlorine
Acid-base balance
1. Aerobic Fermentation 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation
After glycolysis is complete, what happens to the two molecules of pyruvic acid in humans?
Mitochondrion
After glycolysis, pyruvic acid moves where to complete the remaining phases of aerobic respiration?
Keto Acid
After the NH2 group is removed from the amino acid, the remainder of the molecule is what kind of acid?
Coenzyme
An organic molecule that combines to an enzyme to make it functional
300 mg/day
Average cholesterol intake should not be more than:
Calcium
Bone matrix formation
Nutrient
By definition, it is any ingestion chemical that is used for growth, repair, or maintenance of the body
Calorie
By definition, the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius
Metabolic rate
Can be estimated by the amount of oxygen used per minute
Aerobic Respiration
Carbon Dioxide, ATP, and water are the end-products of which process?
Raises Temperature
Contraction of Skeletal Muscles
1. Shivering 2. Dermal Vasoconstriction
Core body temperature can be increased by: (2 answers)
Prevents Heat Loss
Dermal blood vessel constriction
1. Glucose 2. Sucrose 3. Galactose
Examples of monosaccharides:
beta-oxidation
Fatty acid chains are metabolized by a process called:
Free fatty acids
Fatty acids that are released into the blood from adipose tissues are called:
Absorptive State
For several hours during and after a meal, what state are you in?
1. Input of ATP 2. Cleavage of sugar 3. NADH Production 4. ATP/Pyruvic acid production
Four general phases of glycolysis in order
Absorptive
Glucose processed into glycogen
Glucose-6-Phosphate
Glycogenolysis involves the breaking down of glycogen into:
Cytosol
Glycolysis occurs in the:
Carbohydrates
Glycolysis, The Citric Acid Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain are part of the metabolism of:
Iron
Hemoglobin component
It isn't broken down, but instead provides bulk feces
How is cellulose digested?
4 kcal/g of energy
How much energy do carbohydrates and proteins provide?
Fat
In comparing macromolecules, name the class that provides the most energy per gram
4 ATP molecules
In glycolysis, 2 ATP molecules are used in the process but how many are produced?
1. Lactic Formation 2. Anaerobic Respiration 3. Fermentation
In the absence of oxygen, a human cell may resort to an aerobic reaction to produce energy. This process is called: (3 answers)
Oxaloacetic Acid
In the first step of the citric acid cycle, what acid combines with Acetyl-CoA to produce citric acid
Aerobic Respiration
In the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid enters the mitochondrion and is oxidized by:
1. Proteins 2. Lipids 3. Carbohydrates
In the typical US diet, what is the relative order of consumption of the following nutrients (least % to most %)
Decreases BMR
Increased age and diets and fasts do what to the BMR?
Minerals
Inorganic nutrients that are necessary for normal metabolic functions
Proteins
It is recommended that 10-35% of a person's kilocalories should come from
Postabsorptive
Lactic acid, glycogen, and fatty acids processed into glucose
1. Minerals 2. Most Minerals 3. Water 4. Calcium
List 4 examples of ESSENTIAL amino acids
Coenzymes and Hemoglobin
Minerals are components of which important body molecules? 1. Coenzymes 2. Water 3. Hemoglobin 4. Triglycerides
Dietary Requirement
Minerals are divided into 2 groups
1. 37 degrees Celcius 2. 98 degrees Fahrenheit
Normal Body Temperature is
Essential Nutrients
Nutrients that the body needs but is incapable of synthesizing adequate amounts are called:
1. Obtaining food requirements 2. Utilization of food components 3. Breakdown of food components
Nutrition includes which of the following? (3 answers)
Increases BMR
Pregnancy, hormones, muscle mass, and fever do what to BMR?
Glycogenesis
Process in which glucose-6-phosphate is converted into glycogen (energy storage)
Glycogenolysis
Process of Amino acids & Glycerol converting into gluclose-6-phosphate
Gluconeogenesis
Process of glycogen converting into glucose-6-phosphate
Gluconeogenesis
Production of glucose from lipids and amino acids (Cori Cycle)
Lipogenesis
Production of lipids from glucose and amino acids
Glycogenesis
Production of storage form of glucose
Amino Acids
Proteins are composed of:
Complete Proteins
Provides all the amino acids in the necessary proportions for human tissue growth, maintenance, and nitrogen balance
Lose Heat
Radiation, conduction, and convection are methods that the body uses to:
1. Glycolysis 2. Formation of Acetyl-CoA 3. Citric Acid Cycle 4. Electron Transport Chain
Rank the events of cellular respiration in the correct order:
1. Glycogen 2. Lipids 3. Amino Acids
Rank the resources the body utilizes as a source of glucose in the order they are used
Deamination
Removal of an amine group from an amino acid is known as:
Potassium
Resting membrane potential in muscles
Electron Transport Chain
Series of oxidation reduction reactions occurring across the inner membrane of the mitochondria leading to the production of ATP
Vitamins
Small dietary organic compounds that are necessary for metabolism
1. ATP 2. Glycolipids 3. Nucleic Acids 4. Glycoproteins
Sugars are the structural component of:
Evaporation
Sweat wets the skin and what carries heat away?
Phosphorylation
The addition of an inorganic phosphate (P1) group to an organic molecule is called:
Lower
The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is higher or lower in females compared to males of the the same age group?
Glycogen Molecules
The chains of glucose molecules that serve as short-term energy storage in muscle and liver are:
1;3;1
The citric produces how many of ATP, NADH, and FADH2 per "turn" of the cycle
Proteins
The class of nutrient that provides our chief source of nitrogen
Ketosis
The condition that occurs as a result of high concentration of ketone bodies in the blood is:
Lactic Acid
The end product of anaerobic fermentation
Thermic Effect of Food
The energy cost of digesting and absorbing food as well as the synthesis of new molecules is called the:
Basal Metabolic Rate
The energy required to keep the body functioning at restful levels
ATP synthase
The enzyme that forms channels for the diffusion of proteins back into the mitochondrial inner compartment is called:
Conduction
The exchange of heat between objects in direct contact with each other
Oxygen
The final acceptor in the electron transport chain
Chemiosmosis
The formation of ATP coupled to the flow of protons down their concentration gradient is:
Urea
The liver converts ammonia into what, which is a less toxic waste
Oxygen
The liver oxidizes lactic acid vack to pyruvic acid when available again
Keto Acid
The molecule in this figure represents a(n)
Glucose
The most important monosaccharide for cellular metabolism
2 ATP molecules per glucose
The net gain during glycolysis is:
6 H2O molecules
The net gain of water molecules in the aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule
1. 2 NADHs 2. 2 Pyruvate acid molecules 3. 4 ATPs
The overall products of glycolysis
Transamination
The primary process in which nonessential amino acids are formed involves transferring an amine group from the amino acid to the keto acid in a reaction called:
Glycogenesis
The process when glucose levels are high, glucose is converted into glycogen
Citric Acid Cycle
The production of ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2 occurs in what phase of aerobic respiration
Groups based on age and gender
The recommended daily allowances (RDA) are established for which groups?
1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Water 5. Minerals 6. Vitamins
The six classes of nutrients include:
Metabolism
The term for the sum of all the reactions in the body
36 ATP molecules
The theoretical amount of ATP generated per glucose
Adipose Tissue
The tissue type that serves the body by storing energy, protecting organs, and preventing heat loss
Transamination
The transfer of an amine group from an amino acid to a keto acid is:
Convection
The transfer of heat between the body and air or water
1. Transamination 2. Deamination
The two processes that convert free amino acids to intermediates of carbohydrate metabolism
Triglyceride
The type of lipid stored within adipose tissue
1. Cost to shuttle NADH into mitochondrion 2. Different yields per NADH molecule 3. Getting ATP out of the mitochondrion
The yield of ATP in aerobic respiration is usually lower than the theoretical 36 molecules due to:
Ketosis
These are conditions that lead to what condition? 1. A low carb diet 2. Uncontrolled Diabetes mellitus 3. Starvation
Incomplete proteins
These are dietary proteins that lack one or more essential amino acids
Disaccharides
These are examples of what? 1. Sucrose 2. Maltose 3. Lactose
Cholesterol
These are functions of what? 1. Structural component of the plasma membrane 2. Precursor for bile salts 3. Precursor for steroid hormones
Essential Fatty Acids
These are: 1. linoleic acid 2. alpha-linoleic acid
amino acid
This image represents a(n)
Hypothalamus
This part of the brain controls body temperature by initiating heat-conserving or heat-loss mechanisms
Iodine
Thyroid hormone production
Increase their level of physical activity
To increase the BMR, a person can choose to:
Saturated fats
Triglycerides containing fatty acids with no double bonds within their carbon units are examples of:
True
True or False: Amino acids are NOT stored in the body
True
True or False: The body's main energy-storage molecules are lipids
False
True or False: The same number of ATP molecules are produced for each NADH molecule
Water-soluble or Lipid-soluble
Vitamins are categorized as either:
Essential Vitamins
Vitamins that the body can't synthesize are called:
1. Glycogenolysis 2. Gluconeogenesis
What 2 processes used to produce glucose-6-phosphate of low blood glucose
Vitamins A, E, K, and K
What are 4 the lipid-soluble vitamins?
1. Saturated Fats 2. Trans Fats 3. Cholesterol
What are the 3 lipids associated or linked to cardiovascular disease?
CO2, ATP, Water
What are the end-products of the complete aerobic oxidation of glucose?
Vitamins B and C
What are the water soluble vitamins
1. Liver 2. Eggs
What foods are high in cholesterol
Cleavage of the sugar
What happens right after the phosphorylation steps of glycolysis
NADH and CO2
What is directly produced during the conversion of pyruvic acid to Acetyl-CoA
Dairy
What is not a major nutrient category
1. 4 CO2 2. 2 ATP 3. 2 FADH2
What is produced in the citric acid cycle (per glucose molecule)
Cellular fuel
What is the major function of carbohydrates
1. Production of ATP 2. Production of Pyruvic Acid
What occurs in the last 4 steps of glycolysis
Lipogenesis
When excess proteins and carbohydrates are consumed the body will produce triglycerides via:
Gluconeogenesis
When the liver cannot maintain blood glucose levels between meals, glucose can be made from non-carbohydrate sources by a process called:
Vitamins
Which class of nutrients do we require the least of?
Seeds, nuts, and legumes
Which of the following are good sources of essential fatty acids? 1. Seeds 2. Eggs 3. Nuts 4. Legumes 5. Meats
1. Beta-oxidation 2. Citric Acid Cycle 3. Ketogenesis
Which of the following processes may be involved in the breakdown of lipids
9 kcal/gm of energy
lipids or fats provides how many kcal/gm of energy?
Glucose
starch and glycogen are hydrolyzed into individual _______ molecules before absorption into the blood