Unit 2: Nutrition, Metabolism, and Thermoregulation (Connect)

Catabolism

-The term for a reaction that breaks down a molecule (decomposition reactions) -energy-releasing

Vitamins

1. ATP production pathways 2. Blood clotting 3. Growth of different body tissues 4. Synthesis of DNA and RNA These are important roles of what?

Triglycerides

1. Consist of a glycerol molecule attached to 3 fatty acids 2. These are 95% of dietary lipids 3. Stored within adipose tissue

Identify examples of Catabolism

1. Digestion 2. Glycolysis

Anabolism

1. Energy-requiring 2. Synthesis of large molecules

Lowers Temperature

1. Increased production of sweat glands 2. Dermal blood vessel dilation

Identify examples of anabolism

1. Maintenance of cell structure 2. Synthesis of ATP 3. Production of enzymes

Minerals

1. Muscle Contraction 2. Metabolism 3. Nerve impulse transmission 4. Bone structure These are the important roles of:

Proteins

1. Structural strength 2. Muscle contraction 3. Transport These are the functions of what in the body?

Unsaturated Fat

1. The type of fat that is found predominantly in nuts, seeds, and most vegetable oils 2. Based on the double bonds found in the carbon chains of the fatty acids

1. Adenosine 2. 3 Phosphates

ATP consists of:

Carbohydrates

About 45- 65% of a person's daily kilocalorie intake should come from...

Chlorine

Acid-base balance

1. Aerobic Fermentation 2. Lactic Acid Fermentation

After glycolysis is complete, what happens to the two molecules of pyruvic acid in humans?

Mitochondrion

After glycolysis, pyruvic acid moves where to complete the remaining phases of aerobic respiration?

Keto Acid

After the NH2 group is removed from the amino acid, the remainder of the molecule is what kind of acid?

Coenzyme

An organic molecule that combines to an enzyme to make it functional

300 mg/day

Average cholesterol intake should not be more than:

Calcium

Bone matrix formation

Nutrient

By definition, it is any ingestion chemical that is used for growth, repair, or maintenance of the body

Calorie

By definition, the amount of energy (heat) required to increase the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius

Metabolic rate

Can be estimated by the amount of oxygen used per minute

Aerobic Respiration

Carbon Dioxide, ATP, and water are the end-products of which process?

Raises Temperature

Contraction of Skeletal Muscles

1. Shivering 2. Dermal Vasoconstriction

Core body temperature can be increased by: (2 answers)

Prevents Heat Loss

Dermal blood vessel constriction

1. Glucose 2. Sucrose 3. Galactose

Examples of monosaccharides:

beta-oxidation

Fatty acid chains are metabolized by a process called:

Free fatty acids

Fatty acids that are released into the blood from adipose tissues are called:

Absorptive State

For several hours during and after a meal, what state are you in?

1. Input of ATP 2. Cleavage of sugar 3. NADH Production 4. ATP/Pyruvic acid production

Four general phases of glycolysis in order

Absorptive

Glucose processed into glycogen

Glucose-6-Phosphate

Glycogenolysis involves the breaking down of glycogen into:

Cytosol

Glycolysis occurs in the:

Carbohydrates

Glycolysis, The Citric Acid Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain are part of the metabolism of:

Iron

Hemoglobin component

It isn't broken down, but instead provides bulk feces

How is cellulose digested?

4 kcal/g of energy

How much energy do carbohydrates and proteins provide?

Fat

In comparing macromolecules, name the class that provides the most energy per gram

4 ATP molecules

In glycolysis, 2 ATP molecules are used in the process but how many are produced?

1. Lactic Formation 2. Anaerobic Respiration 3. Fermentation

In the absence of oxygen, a human cell may resort to an aerobic reaction to produce energy. This process is called: (3 answers)

Oxaloacetic Acid

In the first step of the citric acid cycle, what acid combines with Acetyl-CoA to produce citric acid

Aerobic Respiration

In the presence of oxygen, pyruvic acid enters the mitochondrion and is oxidized by:

1. Proteins 2. Lipids 3. Carbohydrates

In the typical US diet, what is the relative order of consumption of the following nutrients (least % to most %)

Decreases BMR

Increased age and diets and fasts do what to the BMR?

Minerals

Inorganic nutrients that are necessary for normal metabolic functions

Proteins

It is recommended that 10-35% of a person's kilocalories should come from

Postabsorptive

Lactic acid, glycogen, and fatty acids processed into glucose

1. Minerals 2. Most Minerals 3. Water 4. Calcium

List 4 examples of ESSENTIAL amino acids

Coenzymes and Hemoglobin

Minerals are components of which important body molecules? 1. Coenzymes 2. Water 3. Hemoglobin 4. Triglycerides

Dietary Requirement

Minerals are divided into 2 groups

1. 37 degrees Celcius 2. 98 degrees Fahrenheit

Normal Body Temperature is

Essential Nutrients

Nutrients that the body needs but is incapable of synthesizing adequate amounts are called:

1. Obtaining food requirements 2. Utilization of food components 3. Breakdown of food components

Nutrition includes which of the following? (3 answers)

Increases BMR

Pregnancy, hormones, muscle mass, and fever do what to BMR?

Glycogenesis

Process in which glucose-6-phosphate is converted into glycogen (energy storage)

Glycogenolysis

Process of Amino acids & Glycerol converting into gluclose-6-phosphate

Gluconeogenesis

Process of glycogen converting into glucose-6-phosphate

Gluconeogenesis

Production of glucose from lipids and amino acids (Cori Cycle)

Lipogenesis

Production of lipids from glucose and amino acids

Glycogenesis

Production of storage form of glucose

Amino Acids

Proteins are composed of:

Complete Proteins

Provides all the amino acids in the necessary proportions for human tissue growth, maintenance, and nitrogen balance

Lose Heat

Radiation, conduction, and convection are methods that the body uses to:

1. Glycolysis 2. Formation of Acetyl-CoA 3. Citric Acid Cycle 4. Electron Transport Chain

Rank the events of cellular respiration in the correct order:

1. Glycogen 2. Lipids 3. Amino Acids

Rank the resources the body utilizes as a source of glucose in the order they are used

Deamination

Removal of an amine group from an amino acid is known as:

Potassium

Resting membrane potential in muscles

Electron Transport Chain

Series of oxidation reduction reactions occurring across the inner membrane of the mitochondria leading to the production of ATP

Vitamins

Small dietary organic compounds that are necessary for metabolism

1. ATP 2. Glycolipids 3. Nucleic Acids 4. Glycoproteins

Sugars are the structural component of:

Evaporation

Sweat wets the skin and what carries heat away?

Phosphorylation

The addition of an inorganic phosphate (P1) group to an organic molecule is called:

Lower

The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is higher or lower in females compared to males of the the same age group?

Glycogen Molecules

The chains of glucose molecules that serve as short-term energy storage in muscle and liver are:

1;3;1

The citric produces how many of ATP, NADH, and FADH2 per "turn" of the cycle

Proteins

The class of nutrient that provides our chief source of nitrogen

Ketosis

The condition that occurs as a result of high concentration of ketone bodies in the blood is:

Lactic Acid

The end product of anaerobic fermentation

Thermic Effect of Food

The energy cost of digesting and absorbing food as well as the synthesis of new molecules is called the:

Basal Metabolic Rate

The energy required to keep the body functioning at restful levels

ATP synthase

The enzyme that forms channels for the diffusion of proteins back into the mitochondrial inner compartment is called:

Conduction

The exchange of heat between objects in direct contact with each other

Oxygen

The final acceptor in the electron transport chain

Chemiosmosis

The formation of ATP coupled to the flow of protons down their concentration gradient is:

Urea

The liver converts ammonia into what, which is a less toxic waste

Oxygen

The liver oxidizes lactic acid vack to pyruvic acid when available again

Keto Acid

The molecule in this figure represents a(n)

Glucose

The most important monosaccharide for cellular metabolism

2 ATP molecules per glucose

The net gain during glycolysis is:

6 H2O molecules

The net gain of water molecules in the aerobic respiration of one glucose molecule

1. 2 NADHs 2. 2 Pyruvate acid molecules 3. 4 ATPs

The overall products of glycolysis

Transamination

The primary process in which nonessential amino acids are formed involves transferring an amine group from the amino acid to the keto acid in a reaction called:

Glycogenesis

The process when glucose levels are high, glucose is converted into glycogen

Citric Acid Cycle

The production of ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2 occurs in what phase of aerobic respiration

Groups based on age and gender

The recommended daily allowances (RDA) are established for which groups?

1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Water 5. Minerals 6. Vitamins

The six classes of nutrients include:

Metabolism

The term for the sum of all the reactions in the body

36 ATP molecules

The theoretical amount of ATP generated per glucose

Adipose Tissue

The tissue type that serves the body by storing energy, protecting organs, and preventing heat loss

Transamination

The transfer of an amine group from an amino acid to a keto acid is:

Convection

The transfer of heat between the body and air or water

1. Transamination 2. Deamination

The two processes that convert free amino acids to intermediates of carbohydrate metabolism

Triglyceride

The type of lipid stored within adipose tissue

1. Cost to shuttle NADH into mitochondrion 2. Different yields per NADH molecule 3. Getting ATP out of the mitochondrion

The yield of ATP in aerobic respiration is usually lower than the theoretical 36 molecules due to:

Ketosis

These are conditions that lead to what condition? 1. A low carb diet 2. Uncontrolled Diabetes mellitus 3. Starvation

Incomplete proteins

These are dietary proteins that lack one or more essential amino acids

Disaccharides

These are examples of what? 1. Sucrose 2. Maltose 3. Lactose

Cholesterol

These are functions of what? 1. Structural component of the plasma membrane 2. Precursor for bile salts 3. Precursor for steroid hormones

Essential Fatty Acids

These are: 1. linoleic acid 2. alpha-linoleic acid

amino acid

This image represents a(n)

Hypothalamus

This part of the brain controls body temperature by initiating heat-conserving or heat-loss mechanisms

Iodine

Thyroid hormone production

Increase their level of physical activity

To increase the BMR, a person can choose to:

Saturated fats

Triglycerides containing fatty acids with no double bonds within their carbon units are examples of:

True

True or False: Amino acids are NOT stored in the body

True

True or False: The body's main energy-storage molecules are lipids

False

True or False: The same number of ATP molecules are produced for each NADH molecule

Water-soluble or Lipid-soluble

Vitamins are categorized as either:

Essential Vitamins

Vitamins that the body can't synthesize are called:

1. Glycogenolysis 2. Gluconeogenesis

What 2 processes used to produce glucose-6-phosphate of low blood glucose

Vitamins A, E, K, and K

What are 4 the lipid-soluble vitamins?

1. Saturated Fats 2. Trans Fats 3. Cholesterol

What are the 3 lipids associated or linked to cardiovascular disease?

CO2, ATP, Water

What are the end-products of the complete aerobic oxidation of glucose?

Vitamins B and C

What are the water soluble vitamins

1. Liver 2. Eggs

What foods are high in cholesterol

Cleavage of the sugar

What happens right after the phosphorylation steps of glycolysis

NADH and CO2

What is directly produced during the conversion of pyruvic acid to Acetyl-CoA

Dairy

What is not a major nutrient category

1. 4 CO2 2. 2 ATP 3. 2 FADH2

What is produced in the citric acid cycle (per glucose molecule)

Cellular fuel

What is the major function of carbohydrates

1. Production of ATP 2. Production of Pyruvic Acid

What occurs in the last 4 steps of glycolysis

Lipogenesis

When excess proteins and carbohydrates are consumed the body will produce triglycerides via:

Gluconeogenesis

When the liver cannot maintain blood glucose levels between meals, glucose can be made from non-carbohydrate sources by a process called:

Vitamins

Which class of nutrients do we require the least of?

Seeds, nuts, and legumes

Which of the following are good sources of essential fatty acids? 1. Seeds 2. Eggs 3. Nuts 4. Legumes 5. Meats

1. Beta-oxidation 2. Citric Acid Cycle 3. Ketogenesis

Which of the following processes may be involved in the breakdown of lipids

9 kcal/gm of energy

lipids or fats provides how many kcal/gm of energy?

Glucose

starch and glycogen are hydrolyzed into individual _______ molecules before absorption into the blood