A&P BIO 2430

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Stroke volume (SV) = _____________ (note: ESV is end systolic volume and EDV is end diastolic volume)

EDV - ESV

Hormonal forms of birth control work by tricking the body into thinking it is in the luteal phase of a menstrual cycle. How would this be effective at preventing pregnancy?

FSH/LH/GnRH production are shut down so no follicles develop and thus no ovum (egg) is released

A charlie horse or muscle cramp occurs when a skeletal muscle contracts on its own without a signal from the nervous system. True or False?

False

A motor unit is defined as all the muscle fibers that are bundled together in one fascicle. True or False?

False

A single trachea branches into two primary bronchi which each branch again forming a total of four secondary bronchi, two in each lung. True or False?

False

All digested food molecules enter the hepatic portal system and are taken to the liver before they enter the general circulation. True or False?

False

All four heart valves snap open and snap shut at the exact same time (synchronously). True or False?

False

An increase in the diameter of a blood vessel will cause an increase in the resistance to blood flow through that vessel. True or False?

False

Both ligaments and tendons connect bones to other bones to provide stability at joints. True or False?

False

Hypertrophy is an increase in muscle mass caused by an increase in the number of muscle fibers in a muscle. True or False?

False

In smooth muscle, the thick filaments attach to the sarcolemma and the thin filaments attach to dense bodies. True or False?

False

In the autonomic nervous system, both the preganglionic and the postganglionic neurons are myelinated. True or False?

False

Ionic bonds are stronger than covalent bonds. True or False?

False

Lymph flows out of thin-walled lymph capillaries and into nearby blood capillaries. True or False?

False

Memory cells would be more important during the primary response to an antigen than the secondary response to the same antigen. True or False?

False

Pseudostratified epithelium appears to have 4 layers of cells, but it actually only has 2 layers of cells. True or False?

False

RhoGAM is an injection given to Rh+ women before they become pregnant with their first child. True or False?

False

Serous membranes are a double-layered membrane that lines tubes and body parts that have an opening to the outside of the body. True or False?

False

Surgical removal of the parathyroid glands would lead to an INCREASE in blood calcium levels. True or False?

False

Taste receptors are neurons. True or false?

False

The O allele in human blood type is dominant over both the A and B alleles. True or False?

False

The autonomic nervous system division is part of the afferent pathway of the nervous system. True or False?

False

The morning after pill (Plan B), if taken within 72 hours of unprotected sex, will always prevent sperm from fertilizing an egg. True or False?

False

The ovaries are larger than the testes, so over their lifetime females tend to produce more gametes than males. True or False?

False

The regulatory proteins troponin and tropomyosin are found on thick filaments. True or False?

False

The spinal cord extends from the first cervical vertebrae (C1) down to the last vertebrae that makes up the sacrum (S5). True or False?

False

When a molecule of ATP binds to a myosin head, a power stroke is generated . True or False?

False

When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, it tends to stimulate and speed up digestive processes. True or False?

False

In an advanced infection of COVID-19, edema is produced in lung tissue and this excess fluid can begin to fill up the inside of alveoli. How would this affect the exchange of oxygen at the lungs?

Fluid inside an alveolus would reduce the amount of air, and thus oxygen, inside the alveolus so less oxygen is available to diffuse into the blood.

Region noted by bracket and circle at letter D

H-band

The M-line is made up of the protein myomesin and it helps keep thick filaments evenly spaced and in place. The M-line is found in the center of the __________________

H-zone

Why does a newly created zygote/embryo need to begin producing human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) immediately?

HCG preserves the corpus luteum so it continues to support a thick endometrium

Region noted by bracket and letter E (same on both sides)

I-band

Which of the following is true about blood plasma?

It is about 90% water.

____________________ is the protein found in large amounts in the superficial layers of the epidermis.

Keratin

The figure below depicts the increases and decreases in the major hormones associated with the female menstrual cycle. Which hormone is being depicted by the solid orange line. It is the line that the large arrow is pointing to.

LH

Ovulation occurs due to a surge in the concentration of ________ which is triggered when levels of estrogen produced by the __________________ reach sufficiently high concentrations.

LH, maturing follicles

____________________ are rod-like bundles of proteins that fill the center of a skeletal muscle fiber.

Myofibrils

The figure below that depicts the activities that occur during an action potential in a neuron. What is occurring in the neuron at the point depicted by the arrow?

Na+ channels are opening and the neuron is beginning to depolarize

How do nutrients and oxygen reach the cells that form epithelial tissue?

Nutrients/oxygen diffuse to the cells from blood vessels in the connective tissue below

All of the following statements about cytotoxic (killer) T-cells are true except one. Which statement is false with regard to cytotoxic T-cells?

Once killer T-cells have been activated, they produce antibodies

__________________ is a passive process in which there is net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

Osmosis

Why is blood type O considered to be the "universal donor"?

Red blood cells in type O blood do not have any antigens

Which of the following statements about veins is FALSE?

Regulation of blood flow to the skin via vasoconstriction and vasodilation is primarily the responsibility of small veins.

_____________ is the force opposing blood flow through vessels created by the friction of the blood contacting the vessel walls.

Resistance

Under which of these circumstances could a mother produce anti Rh antibodies that are dangerous to her fetus during a second pregnancy? Mother is ______ and first baby was ________

Rh - , Rh +

What does the [+] allele for the Rh blood group produce?

Rh antigens

How are synovial membranes different from all the other types of membranes?

Synovial membranes are the only type of membrane that does not have any epithelial tissue

Cell-mediated immunity in the adaptive defense system involves what type of cell?

T-cells

Water would enter a cell (via osmosis) the fastest if that cell contained which of the following solutions? (mM - milliMolar)

The rate of osmosis would be the same in all of the other choices listed here

Which of the following statements about leukocytes is TRUE?

They are always nucleated (have a nucleus).

What role does tropomyosin play in skeletal muscles?

Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules.

A negative feedback loop could be used to maintain normal body temperature. True or False?

True

A primary function of astrocytes is to help create the blood-brain barrier in the brain. True or False?

True

A sample of tissue removed from the body for further examination is called a biopsy. True or False?

True

Adaptation in a receptor would lead to a reduction in our perception of the stimulus. True or False?

True

An action potential in a motor neuron will stimulate an action potential in a muscle fiber. True or False?

True

An injury to the spinal cord that prevented neural stimulation from reaching skeletal muscle would result in muscle atrophy. True or False?

True

Bile produced by the liver is used to emulsify large fat globules found in the small intestine. True or False?

True

Cerebrospinal fluid flows from the fourth ventricle of the brain into the central canal of the spinal cord. True or False?

True

Glial cells are capable of cellular division/reproduction (mitosis), while neurons are not. True or False?

True

If fully loaded, one molecule of hemoglobin can transport four molecules of oxygen. True or False?

True

In the epidermis, the stratum corneum contains more layers of cells than any of the other strata. True or False?

True

Metabolites of bilirubin have a yellow color and when filtered out of the blood by the kidneys give urine its yellow color. True or False?

True

Of the two sets of vocal cords, only the true vocal cords are used for sound production. True or False?

True

One of the functions of the skeletal system is to make movements of body parts possible by connecting bones to muscles. True or False?

True

Red bone marrow is classified as a primary lymphatic organ because B-cells are produced there. True or False?

True

Resetting the body temperature to a higher temperature (fever) can reduce the proper functioning of bacteria. True or False?

True

The cell membranes of neurons have many more potassium leak channels than sodium leak channels, making the membrane more permeable (leaky) to potassium ions than sodium ions. True or False?

True

The largest structure in the diencephalon is the thalamus. True or False?

True

The skin produces vitamin D after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. True or False?

True

The testes can be considered a part of the endocrine system because they produce hormones. True or False?

True

The trebeculae of spongy bone contain both lacunae and osteocytes. True or False?

True

Very young children have poor motor coordination because neural pathways to and from the cerebellum are not yet well-developed. True or False?

True

When a muscle fiber is at rest, troponin and tropomyosin block myosin-head binding sites on actin. True or False?

True

When bone deposit exceeds bone resorption, the result can be overly thick, heavy bones and bone spurs. True or False?

True

When muscle tissue is sufficiently stimulated, it can produce action potentials. True or False?

True

While the pH of blood is held fairly constant, the pH of urine can vary widely from acidic to basic pH. True or False?

True

rough that vessel. True or False?

True

If a baby has inherited the A allele for blood type from one parent, and the O allele for blood type from the other parent, what "blood type" will this baby have?

Type A blood

From the clues given in the figure below, what blood type would this person have? The top diagram shows a red blood cell. The lower diagram describes the blood plasma.

Type O blood

__________ are the large passageways that connect neighboring osteons.

Volkmann's canals

Structure noted by letter A - (same on both sides)

Z-disk

What structure marks the ends of a sarcomere?

Z-disk

Which of the following would be the most likely target for a natural killer cell?

a cancerous liver cell

Which of the following conditions is necessary for simple diffusion to take place?

a concentration gradient

When two or more atoms bond covalently by sharing electrons, the resulting combination is called

a molecule

Homeostasis is defined as

a range of normal values that the body attempts to defend and maintain

Ligand-gated channels open when a ligand binds to the channel. Which of these is NOT an example of a ligand?

a small electrical current

Which of the following stimuli would lead to an action potential?

a stimulus that depolarized the trigger zone to threshold

With regards to the movement of water in and out of capillaries, what process is the purple arrow inside the black circle demonstrating in this figure?

absorption (or reabsorption)

During muscle contraction, cross bridges are formed when myosin heads attach to ___________

actin

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease that leads to the destruction of myelin sheaths. Which of the following would be a consequence for someone diagnosed with MS?

action potentials would travel down an axon more slowly

Which of these is not a form of passive transport?

active transport

To stop muscle contraction, calcium ions must be removed from the sarcoplasm. How is this accomplished?

active transport pumps return the calcium to the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.

air pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

Parasympathetic nervous system activation causes _____________

airway constriction, increased digestive activity, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure

What family of plasma proteins acts as the carriers/escorts for hydrophobic lipids such as steroid hormones or cholesterol?

albumins

Across which of the following lung structures would the most oxygen diffuse into the blood?

alveoli

All of the following structures are found in the conducting zone of the respiratory system except one. Which of the following is not a structure in the conducting zone?

alveoli

Proteins are synthesized (made) by combining ________ into one or more chains.

amino acids

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of anemia in humans?

an excessive number of red blood cells

During vigorous exercise cardiac output can increase 4-6 times higher than cardiac output at rest. What causes this increase in cardiac output?

an increase in both heart rate and stroke volume

The terms dorsiflexion and plantar flexion pertain to movements made by the _________________

ankles

Which of the following is an example of an adaptive (specific) immune response against infection?

antibodies

In the figure below, assume that the kidney bean looking structures are bacteria. What do the dots on the surface of the bacteria represent? (Several of them have circles drawn around them)

antigens

What are the glycoproteins that can be found protruding from the cell membranes of red blood cells?

antigens

From the combinations below, which choice lists only types of sweat glands?

apocrine and eccrine

The process of bone growth involving an increase in the width or girth of a bone is known as _______

appositional growth

The subdural space lies between what two layers of the meninges?

arachnoid and dura mater

The vessels that directly feed blood into capillary beds are called ________.

arterioles

What structure is depicted by the bluish-gray areas indicated by the letter A? Hint: degeneration of this structure can lead to a form of osteoarthritis

articular cartilage

Which of the following lists the structural organization of the body in order of increasing complexity?

atom, cell, tissue, organ, organism

What two events in the heart occurring very close together in time create the QRS complex on an ECG?

atrial repolarization, ventricular depolarization

The ability to swing your arm around in big circles is possible because of the ________ joint found at the shoulder.

ball and socket

Why is the skin considered to be a component of the innate immune defenses?

because it provides a thick barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body

Why do slow oxidative muscle fibers appear to be dark red in color?

because they are well vascularized so blood can bring oxygen

Why do we refer to skeletal muscle "cells" as fibers?

because they were formed by fusing multiple cells together

Which of the following could be found inside a Haversian canal in healthy compact bone?

blood vessels

What do the somatic motor and autonomic nervous systems have in common?

both are efferent systems

requires a receptor to cause an effect

both type of hormone

has a long half-life (hours to minutes)

both type of hormone ?

is a chain of amino acids (i.e. a protein)

both type of hormone ?

requires a stimulus to initiate its production and release

both type of hormone ?

How do we increase lung volume in order to facilitate inhalation?

by contracting the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles

Movement of what ion is responsible for the rapid depolarization during an action potential generated in cells of the SA node (sinoatrial node)?

calcium ions

All organic molecules contain

carbon

An atom that gives up one or more electrons becomes a/an

cation

What part of the spinal cord is being indicated by the thick black arrow in the figure below?

cauda equina

What part of the brain is responsible for generating the action potentials in motor neurons that control skeletal muscle?

cerebral cortex

Receptors in the blood that monitor pH belong to the family of receptors known as _______________________

chemoreceptors

Absorption of water is the principal function of which part of the digestive system?

colon (large intestine)

Goblet cells would be most likely to be present in which of the following types of tissues?

columnar epithelium

In compact bone, progressively larger layered structures that make up osteons are collectively (together) called ________________

concentric lamellae

You just finished some awesome Blue Bell ice cream. After digesting the ice cream, the sugar glucose is transported out of your intestines and into your bloodstream causing your blood glucose levels to rise. Special receptors in the bloodstream detect the increase in blood glucose and send a signal to the pancreas. The pancreas responds by releasing the hormone insulin into the bloodstream. The presence of insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose by various other cells in the body (skin, liver, muscle etc.), thereby removing glucose from the bloodstream until blood glucose levels reach a normal range again. In this scenario, the pancreas represents what part of a negative feedback loop?

control center

cerebrum

controls high level process such as communication and concentration

Ouch, you just stepped on a sticker burr with your bare feet. The sticker would pierce the epidermal layers of the sole of your foot in which order?

corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale

The enzyme __________________ can produce ATP from ADP and Pi and provide about 10-12 more seconds of muscle activity once the muscle's ATP stores are depleted.

creatine phosphate

One type of membrane is designed to cover the outside of the entire body. You also know it as skin. What is the proper name for this membrane?

cutaneous membrane

The only type of T-cells that can directly attack and destroy other cells are

cytotoxic (killer) T-cells

Breaking apart a chain of six amino acids into two chains with three amino acids each is a good example of a/an _______________________ reaction.

decomposition

Boyle's law states that as the volume of a container (like a lung) increases, the pressure inside that container (like a lung) __________

decreases

The structure on a neuron that carries stimuli towards the cell body is called a/an

dendrite

The right ventricle contains

deoxygenated blood

Osteoprogenitor cells

develop into osteoblasts

What processing are the white blood cells in this figure (depicted by arrows) demonstrating?

diapedesis

Which lasts longer during a cardiac cycle?

diastole

During an action potential, sodium ions enter the neuron via ___________

diffusion

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the lungs and blood across the respiratory membrane by ________.

diffusion

Oogenesis begins ___________

during fetal development

The corpora quadrigemina is found on the mesencephalon. It serves as a relay station for sensory information being brought in from the ____________

ears (hearing)

When your blood pressure is too high, pressure receptors in the arteries detect the increase, send this pressure information to the brain which leads to an increase in kidney activity. The kidneys remove additional plasma from the blood, reducing the blood volume and thus the blood pressure. What do the kidneys represent in this negative feedback scenario?

effector

What blood vessel carries unfiltered blood out of and away from the glomerulus?

efferent arteriole

Neurons that carry impulses towards the peripheral nervous system (PNS) from the central nervous system (CNS) are _____________.

efferent neurons

Which of these vessels would be the first to be filled with blood that is being pumped out of the heart?

elastic arteries

In the first phase of ejaculation, the smooth muscle in the walls of the vase deferens move semen into the urethra. This process is called _____________.

emission

Glands, such as the thyroid gland, that secrete their products directly into the extracellular fluid and blood rather than through central ducts are classified as _______________________

endocrine

Which component of the nervous system is involved in the reflexes that are primarily responsible for regulating motility by peristalsis?

enteric nervous system

Which of the following membrane proteins is responsible for helping catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions?

enzyme

Which of the following connective tissue sheaths surrounds an entire muscle?

epimysium

The inner ear is responsible for bringing information to the brain about hearing and _____________________

equilibrium

Long-term smokers can develop emphysema which destroys connective tissue fibers in the lungs leading to a loss in elasticity. Would loss of elasticity primarily impair inhalation or exhalation?

exhalation

This figure depicts a synapse. Neurotransmitter leaves the axon terminal through the process called ________________.

exocytosis

The fluid that surrounds the outside of our cells is called

extracellular fluid

Calcium ions are found in higher concentration outside the cell than inside. Thus, calcium tends to want to move across the cell membrane and into the cell. There are calcium channels in the cell membrane that creates passageways that allow the calcium ions to cross the membrane. This is an example of

facilitated diffusion

Fertilization of an egg by a sperm typically occurs in the ______________

fallopian tubes

The perimysium surrounds _____________________

fascicles

uses glycolysis as the primary source of energy, contracts quickly

fast glycolytic

can use both aerobic respiration and glycolysis as sources of energy, can contract quickly

fast oxidative

Which of the following is stored inside the hollow center of long bones as yellow bone marrow?

fat (adipose)

How does the inside of the cell membrane of a resting neuron differ from the outside of the cell membrane? The inside has ________.

fewer sodium ions than the outside

The LEAST abundant type of plasma protein is ________.

fibrinogen

Which plasma protein thickens and then combines with platelets to form a blood clot?

fibrinogen

Immature cells found in both loose and dense connective tissue are called ____________.

fibroblasts

Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) could be found leaving the central nervous system from which of the following locations?

fifth thoracic vertebrae (T5)

The paired movements possible at hinge joints like the elbow and knee are _____________ and ________________

flexion and extension

A motor neuron generating multiple action potentials at a muscle fiber very close together in time for several minutes would produce ___________

fused (or complete) tetanus

In males, FSH stimulates what?

gamete (sperm) production

A cluster/group of neuron cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system is called a ________________.

ganglion

Ependymal cells

generate cerebrospinal fluid

What monosaccharide is broken down inside muscle fibers to provide energy for ATP production?

glucose

Muscle fibers store the polysaccharide carbohydrate _________________, which can be broken down into glucose molecules for use in ATP production.

glycogen

Which of the following is not a type of cone found in human eyes?

gray cones

In a reflex arc, where would you find the integration center, the site where the sensory neuron and motor neuron synapse?

gray matter of the spinal cord

Which statement below completes the following phrase to make it true? Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ______________

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

What part of a hair can be seen above the surface of the skin?

hair shaft

Epithelial tissue that forms sheets ______________________

has a basement membrane

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) selectively destroys which type of immune cell?

helper T-cells

Which component of a red blood cell is NOT recycled once the cell has been removed from circulation and destroyed?

heme

Mast cells release ________, a molecule that quickly stimulates the inflammatory response.

histamine

What is the name for the scientific study of tissues?

histology

Follicle stimulating hormone released from the pituitary gland stimulates the ovaries to produce and release the hormone estrogen. This scenario is an example of which type of stimulus that "turns on" an endocrine gland (the ovaries)?

hormonal stimulation

The final concentration of urine is determined by the action of _________ in the ___________ .

hormones, collecting duct

Which of the following is a major function of the submucosa of the wall of the GI tract?

houses neurons and blood and lymph vessels

Consider a muscle fiber that might be found in a large muscle like the gluteus maximus. How many nuclei are likely to be inside of this fiber?

hundreds

What happens to the hydrostatic pressure as blood flows from the arterial side of a capillary to the venous side of a capillary?

hydrostatic pressure decreases

The figure below depicts the activities that occur during an action potential in a neuron. How do we describe what is happening in the neuron during the activity depicted in gold color (where the arrow is pointing)?

hyperpolarization

Which of the following regions of the integumentary system would be likely to contain a large amount of fat/adipose tissue?

hypodermis

The tropic cascade in the endocrine system describes the situation where hormones produced in the _________________________________ tend to target and control the pituitary gland.

hypothalamus

Helper T-cells _____________

improve the cellular response in both the adaptive and the innate defense systems

Where is red bone marrow found?

in the gaps and spaces found in spongy bone

In which of the following locations would you NOT find smooth muscle?

in the heart

Where are most sympathetic nervous system ganglia found?

in two chains of ganglia (sympathetic trunk ganglia) found on either side of the spinal cord

At any given moment, where is most of the blood (~60%) in a human located?

in veins or venules

In anatomical position, the knee is ___________________________ to the hip.

inferior

Which of the following is responsible for stimulating pluripotent stem cells to differentiate into white blood cells in the red bone marrow?

interleukins

What is the best term to use to describe the fluid that surrounds and bathes the cells of the body?

interstitial fluid

Which of the following is NOT an important component of the cell membrane (plasma membrane)?

ions

How does the inside of the cell membrane of a resting neuron differ from the outside of the cell membrane? The inside _____________________________.

is negatively charged relative to the outside

What role does cholesterol play in the cell membrane?

it gives the cell membrane flexibility to help prevent damage to the cell

How does botulin toxin prevent muscles from contracting?

it inhibits the release of ACh from motor neurons

What does adrenergic transmission mean?

it means that a neuron releases NE as its neurotransmitter

A physician sends a patient's blood sample to the lab and the report that comes back says the patient has leukocytosis. What does that mean?

it means the patient has an abnormally high number of white blood cells

Menstruation occurs as a result of a dramatic decrease in ___________

levels of estrogen and progesterone.

works as a transcription factor

lipid-soluble hormone

Which of the following types of molecules found in food are absorbed out of the small intestine and into lacteals?

lipids

What two organs are responsible for removing bilirubin from the body after it is produced from the heme of destroyed blood cells?

liver and kidneys

If a tumor blocked a large lymph vessel, the result would be

localized edema distal to the blockage

Why does the area of the body involved in an inflammation response experience sensations of pain?

localized edema presses on nociceptors, triggering them

In a 28 day menstrual cycle, days 15-28 represent what phase?

luteal phase

Which of these types of lymphatic tissue is surrounded by a connective tissue capsule?

lymph node

filters and cleans lymph as it travels through lymph vessels

lymph nodes

When monocytes mature, leave the blood, and migrate into interstitial spaces, they are called __________________

macrophages

The living, rapidly dividing cells that produce new hair cells and thus make hair grow are called the ___________________

matrix

A feature unique to muscle tissue is its ability to convert chemical energy in the molecule ATP into ______________________________

mechanical energy

Hair cells in the ear that respond to sound waves belong to the family of receptors known as ____________________

mechanoreceptors

The cells that produce the pigment responsible for skin color are called _____________________

melanocytes

Why do men tend to have a higher hematocrit than women?

men make more testosterone which leads to the production of more EPO which leads to the production of more red blood cells

What is the specific name given to the simple squamous epithelial tissue that makes up part of serous membranes?

mesothelium

Which of the following protein fiber types is NOT found in connective tissue?

micro fibers

Look at this figure of the brain. What type of plane is being depicted here?

midsaggital

Which of the following types of white blood cells is NOT a granulocyte?

monocyte

Which of the following lists the events that occur in skeletal muscle contraction in the correct sequence?

motor neuron action potential, neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, release of calcium ions from SR, ATP-driven power stroke, sliding of myofilaments

During muscle contraction, ATP is used for all of the following activities except one. Which activity does not require ATP?

moving tropomyosin to expose myosin head binding sites

Which of the following lists the layers that make up the walls of the GI tract in order starting from the lumen and working outward?

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

Which of the following structures would NOT be found in the gray matter of the central nervous system (CNS)?

myelinated axons

The white matter of the spinal cord contains _________

myelinated neurons

Which of the following is an example of a structural protein found in skeletal muscle?

myomesin

What is the contractile protein found in thick filaments?

myosin

What structure in a sarcomere is responsible for generating a power stroke?

myosin heads

If a person has type AB blood, what types of antibodies will they make?

neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies

What is the name for the junction/synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber?

neuromuscular junction

When an action potential has traveled all the way to the axon terminals, ____________________ is/are released from the neuron into the ___________________.

neurotransmitter, synaptic cleft

After death, the stiffening of the muscles, known as rigor mortis, occurs because

no ATP is available to break the cross bridges between actin and myosin

The gaps between myelin sheaths on an axon are called

nodes of Ranvier

Adipose (fat) cells produce a hormone called leptin. Leptin is a medium-sized protein with 167 amino acids. It targets the hunger center in the brain and crates a sensation of satiation, or fullness. Which of the following statements about leptin is correct?

not Leptin is a neurotransmitter.

Your nana is baking cinnamon rolls in the nearby kitchen. You can't see into the oven but you know they are cinnamon rolls because second order olfactory neurons have carried action potentials to what part of the brain?

not limbic system

This figure shows neurons that are smell receptors in the nasal cavity epithelial tissues. What structure on the neuron extends into the nasal cavity to pick up chemicals in the air that is inhaled into the nasal cavity. This portion of the neuron is circled.

not myelinated axon

Slow pain can be felt in internal organs, often near the surface of the skin near or even far from the actual location of the organ. This ability to perceive slow pain deep in the body near the surface is called ___________________

not nociceptor

A small percentage of the neurons leaving the eyes through the optic nerve wind up in the corpora quadrigemina. What information is proccessed there?

not what is the object

Focus on the area depicted by the arrow in the figure below. Which of the following terms is NOT correctly associated with this area?

nucleus

Why are older women (post-menopause) more prone to osteoporosis than men or younger women (pre-menopause)?

older women produce less estrogen, and estrogen stimulates osteoblast activity

Schwann cells have the same function as what other type of glial cell?

oligodendrocytes

Where are you most likely to find vellus hairs on human skin?

on the body of a young child

Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) could be found leaving the central nervous system from which of the following locations?

one of the cranial nerves

If a mystery ligand binds to receptors on the cell body of a neuron at rest and causes many ligand-gated potassium channels to open, would effect would this have on the neuron?

opening ligand-gated potassium channels would hyperpolarize the neuron

The ability to touch other fingers with your thumb, as demonstrated in the figure below, is possible due to the movement called ___________

opposition

A set of 2 or more tissues that form a discrete structure and have a common function are called a/an

organ

Which cell type is capable of producing ground substance and collagen fibers in the matrix of bone tissue?

osteoblasts

Under a microscope, the basic structural unit of compact bone, the _______, resembles a cross section of a tree trunk.

osteon

Internal respiration involves gas exchange between the blood in capillaries and the cells/tissues of the body. Which of the following statements about internal respiration is true?

oxygen levels in the blood are high, so oxygen diffuses out of the blood to the cells

Arterioles contain oxygenated blood

oxygenated blood

The pulmonary veins contain

oxygenated blood

Which of the following is not considered a special sense?

pain

Which types of tonsils, located right at the back of the mouth can be infected so often in children that they wind up being surgically removed?

palatine tonsils

In males, erections are caused by a __________ reflex, and ejaculation is caused by a ____________ reflex.

parasympathetic , sympathetic

If calcium levels in the body are too low, receptors in the blood detect this and send a signal to the ___________________ which increases production of _______________________.

parathyroid gland, parathyroid hormone

Which of the following ENZYMES is capable of breaking down proteins?

pepsin

Which of the following types of capillaries would be found in close association with the tubular portion of a cortical nephron?

peritubular capillary

The deepest layer of the meninges that would lie directly against the brain or spinal cord is the __________________

pia mater

When the hypothalamus begins releasing thyroid releasing hormone (TRH), the _______________ responds by releasing _________________.

pituitary gland, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

What component makes up the largest percentage of a sample of whole blood?

plasma

Antibodies are produced and released by

plasma cells

The fluid in the Bowman's capsule (filtrate) is similar to plasma except that it does not contain ________.

plasma proteins

What component of blood plasma is important for establishing the colloid osmotic pressure that draws water into capillaries via absorption (aka reabsorption)?

plasma proteins, especially albumins

Look at this figure of a histological blood smear. What formed element is inside the circle marked by "A"?

platelet

What cells, found inside the Bowman's capsule help regulate the size of the molecules that can be removed from the blood in the glomerulus?

podocytes

Which of the following types of molecules is not known to be a type of hormone?

polysaccharides (carbohydrate)

This figure depicts a synapse. The large arrow is pointing to the ___________.

post-synaptic cell

The first time a B-cell in the blood encounters an antigen that it matches (can bind to), it initiates a __________

primary response

Which of the following is NOT an important function of connective tissue?

produce and release secretions into a central duct

Both the nervous system and endocrine system regulate and coordinate activity in body cells. Which of the following term best describes the ENDOCRINE system as compared to the nervous system? The endocrine system __________________________

produces a longer, sustained response

The extracellular matrix of connective tissue is composed of ___________________

protein fibers and ground substance

The family of organic molecules (biomolecules) that has the greatest variety of functions is

proteins

In the anatomical position, the shoulder is _____ to the elbow.

proximal

Which of the following is NOT a type of synovial joint?

pubic symphysis

The primary role that membrane proteins play in active transport is to

pump molecules across the membrane against the concentration gradient

Active transport is possible due to the activity of ___________________ which are a type of __________________.

pumps, protein

What muscle is responsible for regulating the slow, steady movement of chyme out of the stomach and into the small intestine?

pyloric sphincter

Within a few minutes of putting your clothes on in the morning, you no longer perceive the pressure of the clothes against our skin. This is because pressure receptors in the skin are good examples of

rapidly adapting receptors

Which of the following components is NOT a part of the respiratory membrane?

red blood cell

cerebellum

regulates coordinated motor control, balance, and posture (muscle movements)

medulla oblongata

regulation of heart rate and breathing

hypothalamus

regulation of hunger, thirst, and body temperature

We discussed three types of proteins found in thick and thin filaments. Which type of protein is responsible for starting (on) and stopping (off) muscle contractions?

regulatory proteins

In which of the following situations would the H-zone in a sarcomere be the widest?

relaxed muscle

thalamus

relay station for incoming sensory information

Which of the following structures is NOT part of a nephron?

renal pelvis

In a negative feedback loop system, the effector will create a response that

reverses the original stimulus.

Which large lymph system vessel trains lymph from the right upper limb and most of the head and neck?

right lymphatic duct

Which of the following sets of structures is involved in the pulmonary circulation (pulmonary circuit)?

right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium

What movement is being demonstrated in the figure below?

rotation

Transverse tubules (T-tubules) are formed when the __________________ dips deep into the center of a muscle fiber and forms a hollow tube.

sarcolemma

Region noted by the bracket and circle at letter B

sarcomere

A terminal cistern is an enlarged region at the end of a section of ___________________________________

sarcoplasmic reticulum

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The primary function of type II alveolar cells is to ________.

secrete surfactant

What role do G cells play in the stomach?

secrete the hormone gastrin

In the figure below, what component of a reflex arc is the large black arrow indicating?

sensory neuron

The plasma (cell) membrane is responsible for which of the following cellular functions?

separation of the internal environment from the external environment

In a motor unit, how is it possible for one neuron to simultaneously stimulate multiple muscle fibers?

several axon terminals branch off of the axon, and each axon terminal stimulates a different muscle fiber

What type of cells make up the endothelium of blood vessels?

simple squamous epithelial cells

The endocardium of the heart is composed of _________

simple squamous epithelium

What structure is found inside the black circle in this diagram of a heart?

sinoatrial (SA) node

uses primarily aerobic respiration as the source of energy, contract slowly and are fatigue resistant

slow oxidative

Most chemical digestion occurs in the ________________

small intestine

Dense bodies are structures that are only found in ________________________

smooth muscle

Which of the following muscle types is not striated?

smooth muscle

In the SA node, spontaneous depolarization of SA node cells occurs because the number of ___________ leak channels is greater than the number of ____________ leak channels.

sodium ion, potassium ion

Which of the following is not a type of taste receptor found in our taste buds?

spicy

Where are most red blood cells removed from the blood at the end of their life for destruction and recycling?

spleen

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

stimulates the release of FSH and LH.

Which of the following tissues/organs does NOT produce an enzyme designed to break down carbohydrates into smaller units?

stomach

Which layer of the epidermis is the only one that contains stem cells capable of continuous cell division?

stratum basale

Which of the following layers is present in "thick skin" but absent in "thin skin"?

stratum lucidum

The total amount of blood that is pushed out of the ventricles during systole is called the _________________

stroke volume

A doctor suspects a patient may have meningitis and needs a sample of cerebrospinal fluid to test for an infection. Where is the best (i.e. safest) place for the doctor to obtain a sample of cerebrospinal fluid?

subarachnoid space inferior to the spinal cord

In the panels labeled 2,3 and 4 in the figure below, what process is being demonstrated?

summation

Sometimes when you are afraid or very nervous, the palms of your hands become sweaty. What part of the nervous system is responsible for stimulating sweat glands to make and release more sweat?

sympathetic nervous system

The point at which one neuron communicates with a second neuron is called the ___________

synapse

Which term below describes the joint created when two bones in the skull are fused tightly together?

synarthrosis

What would be found in the yellow area labeled B on this figure?

synovial fluid

Synovial fluid is produced by which component of a synovial joint?

synovial membrane

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

synthesis of Vitamin D

Which of the following patterns correctly describes a triad inside a skeletal muscle?

terminal cistern - T tubule - terminal cistern

The interstitial cells (aka Leydig cells) of the testes produce

testosterone

Control of various activities in the body by the cerebrum is contralateral. What does this mean?

that the right cerebral hemisphere controls activities on the left side of the body, and vice versa

End systolic volume is a measure of what?

the amount of blood remaining in the ventricles after the heart contracts

What happens when movement of fluid in the cochlea bends the stereocilia in hair cells?

the hair cells initiate action potentials in neurons

On what part of the sarcolemma would you expect to find acetylcholine receptors?

the motor end plate

During skeletal muscle contraction, what happens when a molecule of ATP bound to a myosin head hydrolyzes (breaks) into ADP and Pi ?

the myosin head is reactivated/cocked and then creates a new cross bridge

Which of the following layers makes up about 20% of the dermis and is responsible for producing the ridges and crests in skin that produce fingerprints?

the papillary layer

What is hematocrit?

the percentage of whole blood made up of red blood cells

What is the sarcolemma?

the phospholipid bilayer membrane around a muscle fiber

Very fast, saltatory conduction of action potentials along the axon of a neuron is made possible by ________.

the presence of myelin on the axon

What is systole?

the pressure generated by the ventricles as they contract

The figure below depicts a posterior view of a portion of the male reproductive system inside the abdominal cavity. The structure noted with the large arrow is ____________________ and it primarily contributes _________________ to the semen.

the prostate gland , citric acid

Unlike inspiration, expiration (exhalation) is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved. Expiration, however, occurs more efficiently because of which two factors?

the recoil of elastic fibers in the lungs that were stretched during inspiration, and the inward pull of surface tension due to the water in the alveoli

What is one major difference between the urethra in males versus females?

the urethra in males serves both the urinary and reproductive systems while the urethra in females serves only the urinary system

What does glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measure?

the volume of blood filtered by the nephrons each minute

What feature of the corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa allows production of an erection?

these tubes can fill with blood and expand

What is the primary role of interferons?

they allow a cell infected by a virus to alert neighboring cells about the viral infection

Neurons are excitable cells. What does that mean?

they have the ability to dramatically change their membrane potential when stimulated

How do barrier methods of birth control like condoms and diaphragms prevent fertilization from occurring?

they prevent sperm cells from reaching eggs

Structure noted by letter C

thick filament

Which type of filament creates the dark bands in the striations visible in skeletal muscle?

thick filaments

Examine the figure of the neural pathway for the (afferent) sensory nervous system. Which term below best describes the green neuron that the large green arrow is pointing to?

third order neuron

serves as a site of development and maturation of T cells

thymus

Why might bone be resorbed (undergo resorption)?

to free up calcium when the body has an insufficient supply from the diet

What is the primary role of Langerhans cells?

to initiate an immune response in case the skin is broken in an injury

filters and cleans inhaled air

tonsils

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

transporting digested carbohydrates and proteins

What structure makes up the basic framework of spongy bone?

trebeculae

What happens when calcium ions are pumped back into storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

tropomyosin glides back over myosin head binding sites on actin, blocking them

The neural pathway associated with hearing involves a four neuron pathway. True or False?

true

What process is being depicted by the number 2 in the figure below?

tubular reabsorption

Skeletal muscles cells and cardiac muscle cells have many features in common. All of the following characteristics are common to both types of muscles except one. Which of these is only true of cardiac muscle?

uninucleate

In stratified cuboidal epithelium, what is the shape of the basal (deepest) layer of cells?

unknown based on the information provided

What structure prevents the movement of a food bolus upwards into the nasal cavity during swallowing?

uvula

Somatic motor (efferent) neurons exit the spinal cord through the ______________________.

ventral (anterior) root of the spinal cord

If a patient was infected with a virus that targeted the cells in the atrioventricular node (AV node) and prevented them from functioning, what part of the cardiac cycle would be most affected?

ventricular contraction would not occur

Bacteria living in the colon synthesize (make) _______________

vitamins B and K

What happens when an action potential travels into a t-tubule on a muscle fiber?

voltage-gated calcium channels on sarcoplasmic reticulum open

Assume a neuron has depolarized to threshold and an action potential begins. What is the first type of channel that opens during the initiation of an action potential?

voltage-gated sodium channel

travels through the blood easily alone, without an escort

water-soluble hormone

Most of the neurons leaving the eyes through the optic nerve wind up in the cerebrum. What information is processed there?

what the object is

Leukemia refers to a family of cancers that affect

white blood cells

A very weak stimulus arriving at the dendrite of a neuron

will produce a weak graded potential.

A neuron has a resting membrane potential of ______________

-70 mV

Which value below would be a possible membrane potential for a neuron that had undergone depolarization?

0 mV

Plasma typically has a concentration of 300 mOsm. If a researcher collects 100 urine samples and measures their concentrations, which of the following values is the researcher unlikely to find?

10 mOsm

Most humans have _____ primary (baby) teeth, and _____ permanent (adult) teeth.

20 , 32

How many amino acid chains (i.e. polypeptide chains) make up a single antibody?

4

About how long does it take for an immature spermatid to complete maturation to a functional sperm cell?

65-75 days

Which of the following chemical reactions represents a synthesis reaction? The reactions proceed from left to right.

A + B --> AB

What causes a muscle fiber to depolarize from -70 mV to +30 mV to initiate an action potential?

ACh binds to Na+ channels causing them to open and allow Na+ to diffuse in

In the autonomic nervous system, which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic neurons in order to stimulate action potentials in postganglionic neurons?

ACh is released by both preganglionic sympathetic and preganglionic parasympathetic neurons

Which of the following statements about cartilage in the skeletal system is FALSE?

About half of its extracellular matrix is composed of calcium salts attached to collagen fibers.

______________ is the process by which the products of digestion leave the lumen of the GI tract and enter the blood or lymph.

Absorption

Which of the following statements best describes arteries?

All arteries carry blood away from the heart.

_________________ are molecules, usually surface proteins, that stimulate the production of antibodies.

Antigens


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