A&P BIO 2430
Stroke volume (SV) = _____________ (note: ESV is end systolic volume and EDV is end diastolic volume)
EDV - ESV
Hormonal forms of birth control work by tricking the body into thinking it is in the luteal phase of a menstrual cycle. How would this be effective at preventing pregnancy?
FSH/LH/GnRH production are shut down so no follicles develop and thus no ovum (egg) is released
A charlie horse or muscle cramp occurs when a skeletal muscle contracts on its own without a signal from the nervous system. True or False?
False
A motor unit is defined as all the muscle fibers that are bundled together in one fascicle. True or False?
False
A single trachea branches into two primary bronchi which each branch again forming a total of four secondary bronchi, two in each lung. True or False?
False
All digested food molecules enter the hepatic portal system and are taken to the liver before they enter the general circulation. True or False?
False
All four heart valves snap open and snap shut at the exact same time (synchronously). True or False?
False
An increase in the diameter of a blood vessel will cause an increase in the resistance to blood flow through that vessel. True or False?
False
Both ligaments and tendons connect bones to other bones to provide stability at joints. True or False?
False
Hypertrophy is an increase in muscle mass caused by an increase in the number of muscle fibers in a muscle. True or False?
False
In smooth muscle, the thick filaments attach to the sarcolemma and the thin filaments attach to dense bodies. True or False?
False
In the autonomic nervous system, both the preganglionic and the postganglionic neurons are myelinated. True or False?
False
Ionic bonds are stronger than covalent bonds. True or False?
False
Lymph flows out of thin-walled lymph capillaries and into nearby blood capillaries. True or False?
False
Memory cells would be more important during the primary response to an antigen than the secondary response to the same antigen. True or False?
False
Pseudostratified epithelium appears to have 4 layers of cells, but it actually only has 2 layers of cells. True or False?
False
RhoGAM is an injection given to Rh+ women before they become pregnant with their first child. True or False?
False
Serous membranes are a double-layered membrane that lines tubes and body parts that have an opening to the outside of the body. True or False?
False
Surgical removal of the parathyroid glands would lead to an INCREASE in blood calcium levels. True or False?
False
Taste receptors are neurons. True or false?
False
The O allele in human blood type is dominant over both the A and B alleles. True or False?
False
The autonomic nervous system division is part of the afferent pathway of the nervous system. True or False?
False
The morning after pill (Plan B), if taken within 72 hours of unprotected sex, will always prevent sperm from fertilizing an egg. True or False?
False
The ovaries are larger than the testes, so over their lifetime females tend to produce more gametes than males. True or False?
False
The regulatory proteins troponin and tropomyosin are found on thick filaments. True or False?
False
The spinal cord extends from the first cervical vertebrae (C1) down to the last vertebrae that makes up the sacrum (S5). True or False?
False
When a molecule of ATP binds to a myosin head, a power stroke is generated . True or False?
False
When the sympathetic nervous system is activated, it tends to stimulate and speed up digestive processes. True or False?
False
In an advanced infection of COVID-19, edema is produced in lung tissue and this excess fluid can begin to fill up the inside of alveoli. How would this affect the exchange of oxygen at the lungs?
Fluid inside an alveolus would reduce the amount of air, and thus oxygen, inside the alveolus so less oxygen is available to diffuse into the blood.
Region noted by bracket and circle at letter D
H-band
The M-line is made up of the protein myomesin and it helps keep thick filaments evenly spaced and in place. The M-line is found in the center of the __________________
H-zone
Why does a newly created zygote/embryo need to begin producing human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) immediately?
HCG preserves the corpus luteum so it continues to support a thick endometrium
Region noted by bracket and letter E (same on both sides)
I-band
Which of the following is true about blood plasma?
It is about 90% water.
____________________ is the protein found in large amounts in the superficial layers of the epidermis.
Keratin
The figure below depicts the increases and decreases in the major hormones associated with the female menstrual cycle. Which hormone is being depicted by the solid orange line. It is the line that the large arrow is pointing to.
LH
Ovulation occurs due to a surge in the concentration of ________ which is triggered when levels of estrogen produced by the __________________ reach sufficiently high concentrations.
LH, maturing follicles
____________________ are rod-like bundles of proteins that fill the center of a skeletal muscle fiber.
Myofibrils
The figure below that depicts the activities that occur during an action potential in a neuron. What is occurring in the neuron at the point depicted by the arrow?
Na+ channels are opening and the neuron is beginning to depolarize
How do nutrients and oxygen reach the cells that form epithelial tissue?
Nutrients/oxygen diffuse to the cells from blood vessels in the connective tissue below
All of the following statements about cytotoxic (killer) T-cells are true except one. Which statement is false with regard to cytotoxic T-cells?
Once killer T-cells have been activated, they produce antibodies
__________________ is a passive process in which there is net movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
Osmosis
Why is blood type O considered to be the "universal donor"?
Red blood cells in type O blood do not have any antigens
Which of the following statements about veins is FALSE?
Regulation of blood flow to the skin via vasoconstriction and vasodilation is primarily the responsibility of small veins.
_____________ is the force opposing blood flow through vessels created by the friction of the blood contacting the vessel walls.
Resistance
Under which of these circumstances could a mother produce anti Rh antibodies that are dangerous to her fetus during a second pregnancy? Mother is ______ and first baby was ________
Rh - , Rh +
What does the [+] allele for the Rh blood group produce?
Rh antigens
How are synovial membranes different from all the other types of membranes?
Synovial membranes are the only type of membrane that does not have any epithelial tissue
Cell-mediated immunity in the adaptive defense system involves what type of cell?
T-cells
Water would enter a cell (via osmosis) the fastest if that cell contained which of the following solutions? (mM - milliMolar)
The rate of osmosis would be the same in all of the other choices listed here
Which of the following statements about leukocytes is TRUE?
They are always nucleated (have a nucleus).
What role does tropomyosin play in skeletal muscles?
Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules.
A negative feedback loop could be used to maintain normal body temperature. True or False?
True
A primary function of astrocytes is to help create the blood-brain barrier in the brain. True or False?
True
A sample of tissue removed from the body for further examination is called a biopsy. True or False?
True
Adaptation in a receptor would lead to a reduction in our perception of the stimulus. True or False?
True
An action potential in a motor neuron will stimulate an action potential in a muscle fiber. True or False?
True
An injury to the spinal cord that prevented neural stimulation from reaching skeletal muscle would result in muscle atrophy. True or False?
True
Bile produced by the liver is used to emulsify large fat globules found in the small intestine. True or False?
True
Cerebrospinal fluid flows from the fourth ventricle of the brain into the central canal of the spinal cord. True or False?
True
Glial cells are capable of cellular division/reproduction (mitosis), while neurons are not. True or False?
True
If fully loaded, one molecule of hemoglobin can transport four molecules of oxygen. True or False?
True
In the epidermis, the stratum corneum contains more layers of cells than any of the other strata. True or False?
True
Metabolites of bilirubin have a yellow color and when filtered out of the blood by the kidneys give urine its yellow color. True or False?
True
Of the two sets of vocal cords, only the true vocal cords are used for sound production. True or False?
True
One of the functions of the skeletal system is to make movements of body parts possible by connecting bones to muscles. True or False?
True
Red bone marrow is classified as a primary lymphatic organ because B-cells are produced there. True or False?
True
Resetting the body temperature to a higher temperature (fever) can reduce the proper functioning of bacteria. True or False?
True
The cell membranes of neurons have many more potassium leak channels than sodium leak channels, making the membrane more permeable (leaky) to potassium ions than sodium ions. True or False?
True
The largest structure in the diencephalon is the thalamus. True or False?
True
The skin produces vitamin D after exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. True or False?
True
The testes can be considered a part of the endocrine system because they produce hormones. True or False?
True
The trebeculae of spongy bone contain both lacunae and osteocytes. True or False?
True
Very young children have poor motor coordination because neural pathways to and from the cerebellum are not yet well-developed. True or False?
True
When a muscle fiber is at rest, troponin and tropomyosin block myosin-head binding sites on actin. True or False?
True
When bone deposit exceeds bone resorption, the result can be overly thick, heavy bones and bone spurs. True or False?
True
When muscle tissue is sufficiently stimulated, it can produce action potentials. True or False?
True
While the pH of blood is held fairly constant, the pH of urine can vary widely from acidic to basic pH. True or False?
True
rough that vessel. True or False?
True
If a baby has inherited the A allele for blood type from one parent, and the O allele for blood type from the other parent, what "blood type" will this baby have?
Type A blood
From the clues given in the figure below, what blood type would this person have? The top diagram shows a red blood cell. The lower diagram describes the blood plasma.
Type O blood
__________ are the large passageways that connect neighboring osteons.
Volkmann's canals
Structure noted by letter A - (same on both sides)
Z-disk
What structure marks the ends of a sarcomere?
Z-disk
Which of the following would be the most likely target for a natural killer cell?
a cancerous liver cell
Which of the following conditions is necessary for simple diffusion to take place?
a concentration gradient
When two or more atoms bond covalently by sharing electrons, the resulting combination is called
a molecule
Homeostasis is defined as
a range of normal values that the body attempts to defend and maintain
Ligand-gated channels open when a ligand binds to the channel. Which of these is NOT an example of a ligand?
a small electrical current
Which of the following stimuli would lead to an action potential?
a stimulus that depolarized the trigger zone to threshold
With regards to the movement of water in and out of capillaries, what process is the purple arrow inside the black circle demonstrating in this figure?
absorption (or reabsorption)
During muscle contraction, cross bridges are formed when myosin heads attach to ___________
actin
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease that leads to the destruction of myelin sheaths. Which of the following would be a consequence for someone diagnosed with MS?
action potentials would travel down an axon more slowly
Which of these is not a form of passive transport?
active transport
To stop muscle contraction, calcium ions must be removed from the sarcoplasm. How is this accomplished?
active transport pumps return the calcium to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.
air pressure within the alveoli of the lungs
Parasympathetic nervous system activation causes _____________
airway constriction, increased digestive activity, and decreased heart rate and blood pressure
What family of plasma proteins acts as the carriers/escorts for hydrophobic lipids such as steroid hormones or cholesterol?
albumins
Across which of the following lung structures would the most oxygen diffuse into the blood?
alveoli
All of the following structures are found in the conducting zone of the respiratory system except one. Which of the following is not a structure in the conducting zone?
alveoli
Proteins are synthesized (made) by combining ________ into one or more chains.
amino acids
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of anemia in humans?
an excessive number of red blood cells
During vigorous exercise cardiac output can increase 4-6 times higher than cardiac output at rest. What causes this increase in cardiac output?
an increase in both heart rate and stroke volume
The terms dorsiflexion and plantar flexion pertain to movements made by the _________________
ankles
Which of the following is an example of an adaptive (specific) immune response against infection?
antibodies
In the figure below, assume that the kidney bean looking structures are bacteria. What do the dots on the surface of the bacteria represent? (Several of them have circles drawn around them)
antigens
What are the glycoproteins that can be found protruding from the cell membranes of red blood cells?
antigens
From the combinations below, which choice lists only types of sweat glands?
apocrine and eccrine
The process of bone growth involving an increase in the width or girth of a bone is known as _______
appositional growth
The subdural space lies between what two layers of the meninges?
arachnoid and dura mater
The vessels that directly feed blood into capillary beds are called ________.
arterioles
What structure is depicted by the bluish-gray areas indicated by the letter A? Hint: degeneration of this structure can lead to a form of osteoarthritis
articular cartilage
Which of the following lists the structural organization of the body in order of increasing complexity?
atom, cell, tissue, organ, organism
What two events in the heart occurring very close together in time create the QRS complex on an ECG?
atrial repolarization, ventricular depolarization
The ability to swing your arm around in big circles is possible because of the ________ joint found at the shoulder.
ball and socket
Why is the skin considered to be a component of the innate immune defenses?
because it provides a thick barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body
Why do slow oxidative muscle fibers appear to be dark red in color?
because they are well vascularized so blood can bring oxygen
Why do we refer to skeletal muscle "cells" as fibers?
because they were formed by fusing multiple cells together
Which of the following could be found inside a Haversian canal in healthy compact bone?
blood vessels
What do the somatic motor and autonomic nervous systems have in common?
both are efferent systems
requires a receptor to cause an effect
both type of hormone
has a long half-life (hours to minutes)
both type of hormone ?
is a chain of amino acids (i.e. a protein)
both type of hormone ?
requires a stimulus to initiate its production and release
both type of hormone ?
How do we increase lung volume in order to facilitate inhalation?
by contracting the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles
Movement of what ion is responsible for the rapid depolarization during an action potential generated in cells of the SA node (sinoatrial node)?
calcium ions
All organic molecules contain
carbon
An atom that gives up one or more electrons becomes a/an
cation
What part of the spinal cord is being indicated by the thick black arrow in the figure below?
cauda equina
What part of the brain is responsible for generating the action potentials in motor neurons that control skeletal muscle?
cerebral cortex
Receptors in the blood that monitor pH belong to the family of receptors known as _______________________
chemoreceptors
Absorption of water is the principal function of which part of the digestive system?
colon (large intestine)
Goblet cells would be most likely to be present in which of the following types of tissues?
columnar epithelium
In compact bone, progressively larger layered structures that make up osteons are collectively (together) called ________________
concentric lamellae
You just finished some awesome Blue Bell ice cream. After digesting the ice cream, the sugar glucose is transported out of your intestines and into your bloodstream causing your blood glucose levels to rise. Special receptors in the bloodstream detect the increase in blood glucose and send a signal to the pancreas. The pancreas responds by releasing the hormone insulin into the bloodstream. The presence of insulin stimulates the uptake of glucose by various other cells in the body (skin, liver, muscle etc.), thereby removing glucose from the bloodstream until blood glucose levels reach a normal range again. In this scenario, the pancreas represents what part of a negative feedback loop?
control center
cerebrum
controls high level process such as communication and concentration
Ouch, you just stepped on a sticker burr with your bare feet. The sticker would pierce the epidermal layers of the sole of your foot in which order?
corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
The enzyme __________________ can produce ATP from ADP and Pi and provide about 10-12 more seconds of muscle activity once the muscle's ATP stores are depleted.
creatine phosphate
One type of membrane is designed to cover the outside of the entire body. You also know it as skin. What is the proper name for this membrane?
cutaneous membrane
The only type of T-cells that can directly attack and destroy other cells are
cytotoxic (killer) T-cells
Breaking apart a chain of six amino acids into two chains with three amino acids each is a good example of a/an _______________________ reaction.
decomposition
Boyle's law states that as the volume of a container (like a lung) increases, the pressure inside that container (like a lung) __________
decreases
The structure on a neuron that carries stimuli towards the cell body is called a/an
dendrite
The right ventricle contains
deoxygenated blood
Osteoprogenitor cells
develop into osteoblasts
What processing are the white blood cells in this figure (depicted by arrows) demonstrating?
diapedesis
Which lasts longer during a cardiac cycle?
diastole
During an action potential, sodium ions enter the neuron via ___________
diffusion
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the lungs and blood across the respiratory membrane by ________.
diffusion
Oogenesis begins ___________
during fetal development
The corpora quadrigemina is found on the mesencephalon. It serves as a relay station for sensory information being brought in from the ____________
ears (hearing)
When your blood pressure is too high, pressure receptors in the arteries detect the increase, send this pressure information to the brain which leads to an increase in kidney activity. The kidneys remove additional plasma from the blood, reducing the blood volume and thus the blood pressure. What do the kidneys represent in this negative feedback scenario?
effector
What blood vessel carries unfiltered blood out of and away from the glomerulus?
efferent arteriole
Neurons that carry impulses towards the peripheral nervous system (PNS) from the central nervous system (CNS) are _____________.
efferent neurons
Which of these vessels would be the first to be filled with blood that is being pumped out of the heart?
elastic arteries
In the first phase of ejaculation, the smooth muscle in the walls of the vase deferens move semen into the urethra. This process is called _____________.
emission
Glands, such as the thyroid gland, that secrete their products directly into the extracellular fluid and blood rather than through central ducts are classified as _______________________
endocrine
Which component of the nervous system is involved in the reflexes that are primarily responsible for regulating motility by peristalsis?
enteric nervous system
Which of the following membrane proteins is responsible for helping catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions?
enzyme
Which of the following connective tissue sheaths surrounds an entire muscle?
epimysium
The inner ear is responsible for bringing information to the brain about hearing and _____________________
equilibrium
Long-term smokers can develop emphysema which destroys connective tissue fibers in the lungs leading to a loss in elasticity. Would loss of elasticity primarily impair inhalation or exhalation?
exhalation
This figure depicts a synapse. Neurotransmitter leaves the axon terminal through the process called ________________.
exocytosis
The fluid that surrounds the outside of our cells is called
extracellular fluid
Calcium ions are found in higher concentration outside the cell than inside. Thus, calcium tends to want to move across the cell membrane and into the cell. There are calcium channels in the cell membrane that creates passageways that allow the calcium ions to cross the membrane. This is an example of
facilitated diffusion
Fertilization of an egg by a sperm typically occurs in the ______________
fallopian tubes
The perimysium surrounds _____________________
fascicles
uses glycolysis as the primary source of energy, contracts quickly
fast glycolytic
can use both aerobic respiration and glycolysis as sources of energy, can contract quickly
fast oxidative
Which of the following is stored inside the hollow center of long bones as yellow bone marrow?
fat (adipose)
How does the inside of the cell membrane of a resting neuron differ from the outside of the cell membrane? The inside has ________.
fewer sodium ions than the outside
The LEAST abundant type of plasma protein is ________.
fibrinogen
Which plasma protein thickens and then combines with platelets to form a blood clot?
fibrinogen
Immature cells found in both loose and dense connective tissue are called ____________.
fibroblasts
Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) could be found leaving the central nervous system from which of the following locations?
fifth thoracic vertebrae (T5)
The paired movements possible at hinge joints like the elbow and knee are _____________ and ________________
flexion and extension
A motor neuron generating multiple action potentials at a muscle fiber very close together in time for several minutes would produce ___________
fused (or complete) tetanus
In males, FSH stimulates what?
gamete (sperm) production
A cluster/group of neuron cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system is called a ________________.
ganglion
Ependymal cells
generate cerebrospinal fluid
What monosaccharide is broken down inside muscle fibers to provide energy for ATP production?
glucose
Muscle fibers store the polysaccharide carbohydrate _________________, which can be broken down into glucose molecules for use in ATP production.
glycogen
Which of the following is not a type of cone found in human eyes?
gray cones
In a reflex arc, where would you find the integration center, the site where the sensory neuron and motor neuron synapse?
gray matter of the spinal cord
Which statement below completes the following phrase to make it true? Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ______________
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
What part of a hair can be seen above the surface of the skin?
hair shaft
Epithelial tissue that forms sheets ______________________
has a basement membrane
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) selectively destroys which type of immune cell?
helper T-cells
Which component of a red blood cell is NOT recycled once the cell has been removed from circulation and destroyed?
heme
Mast cells release ________, a molecule that quickly stimulates the inflammatory response.
histamine
What is the name for the scientific study of tissues?
histology
Follicle stimulating hormone released from the pituitary gland stimulates the ovaries to produce and release the hormone estrogen. This scenario is an example of which type of stimulus that "turns on" an endocrine gland (the ovaries)?
hormonal stimulation
The final concentration of urine is determined by the action of _________ in the ___________ .
hormones, collecting duct
Which of the following is a major function of the submucosa of the wall of the GI tract?
houses neurons and blood and lymph vessels
Consider a muscle fiber that might be found in a large muscle like the gluteus maximus. How many nuclei are likely to be inside of this fiber?
hundreds
What happens to the hydrostatic pressure as blood flows from the arterial side of a capillary to the venous side of a capillary?
hydrostatic pressure decreases
The figure below depicts the activities that occur during an action potential in a neuron. How do we describe what is happening in the neuron during the activity depicted in gold color (where the arrow is pointing)?
hyperpolarization
Which of the following regions of the integumentary system would be likely to contain a large amount of fat/adipose tissue?
hypodermis
The tropic cascade in the endocrine system describes the situation where hormones produced in the _________________________________ tend to target and control the pituitary gland.
hypothalamus
Helper T-cells _____________
improve the cellular response in both the adaptive and the innate defense systems
Where is red bone marrow found?
in the gaps and spaces found in spongy bone
In which of the following locations would you NOT find smooth muscle?
in the heart
Where are most sympathetic nervous system ganglia found?
in two chains of ganglia (sympathetic trunk ganglia) found on either side of the spinal cord
At any given moment, where is most of the blood (~60%) in a human located?
in veins or venules
In anatomical position, the knee is ___________________________ to the hip.
inferior
Which of the following is responsible for stimulating pluripotent stem cells to differentiate into white blood cells in the red bone marrow?
interleukins
What is the best term to use to describe the fluid that surrounds and bathes the cells of the body?
interstitial fluid
Which of the following is NOT an important component of the cell membrane (plasma membrane)?
ions
How does the inside of the cell membrane of a resting neuron differ from the outside of the cell membrane? The inside _____________________________.
is negatively charged relative to the outside
What role does cholesterol play in the cell membrane?
it gives the cell membrane flexibility to help prevent damage to the cell
How does botulin toxin prevent muscles from contracting?
it inhibits the release of ACh from motor neurons
What does adrenergic transmission mean?
it means that a neuron releases NE as its neurotransmitter
A physician sends a patient's blood sample to the lab and the report that comes back says the patient has leukocytosis. What does that mean?
it means the patient has an abnormally high number of white blood cells
Menstruation occurs as a result of a dramatic decrease in ___________
levels of estrogen and progesterone.
works as a transcription factor
lipid-soluble hormone
Which of the following types of molecules found in food are absorbed out of the small intestine and into lacteals?
lipids
What two organs are responsible for removing bilirubin from the body after it is produced from the heme of destroyed blood cells?
liver and kidneys
If a tumor blocked a large lymph vessel, the result would be
localized edema distal to the blockage
Why does the area of the body involved in an inflammation response experience sensations of pain?
localized edema presses on nociceptors, triggering them
In a 28 day menstrual cycle, days 15-28 represent what phase?
luteal phase
Which of these types of lymphatic tissue is surrounded by a connective tissue capsule?
lymph node
filters and cleans lymph as it travels through lymph vessels
lymph nodes
When monocytes mature, leave the blood, and migrate into interstitial spaces, they are called __________________
macrophages
The living, rapidly dividing cells that produce new hair cells and thus make hair grow are called the ___________________
matrix
A feature unique to muscle tissue is its ability to convert chemical energy in the molecule ATP into ______________________________
mechanical energy
Hair cells in the ear that respond to sound waves belong to the family of receptors known as ____________________
mechanoreceptors
The cells that produce the pigment responsible for skin color are called _____________________
melanocytes
Why do men tend to have a higher hematocrit than women?
men make more testosterone which leads to the production of more EPO which leads to the production of more red blood cells
What is the specific name given to the simple squamous epithelial tissue that makes up part of serous membranes?
mesothelium
Which of the following protein fiber types is NOT found in connective tissue?
micro fibers
Look at this figure of the brain. What type of plane is being depicted here?
midsaggital
Which of the following types of white blood cells is NOT a granulocyte?
monocyte
Which of the following lists the events that occur in skeletal muscle contraction in the correct sequence?
motor neuron action potential, neurotransmitter release, muscle cell action potential, release of calcium ions from SR, ATP-driven power stroke, sliding of myofilaments
During muscle contraction, ATP is used for all of the following activities except one. Which activity does not require ATP?
moving tropomyosin to expose myosin head binding sites
Which of the following lists the layers that make up the walls of the GI tract in order starting from the lumen and working outward?
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
Which of the following structures would NOT be found in the gray matter of the central nervous system (CNS)?
myelinated axons
The white matter of the spinal cord contains _________
myelinated neurons
Which of the following is an example of a structural protein found in skeletal muscle?
myomesin
What is the contractile protein found in thick filaments?
myosin
What structure in a sarcomere is responsible for generating a power stroke?
myosin heads
If a person has type AB blood, what types of antibodies will they make?
neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies
What is the name for the junction/synapse between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber?
neuromuscular junction
When an action potential has traveled all the way to the axon terminals, ____________________ is/are released from the neuron into the ___________________.
neurotransmitter, synaptic cleft
After death, the stiffening of the muscles, known as rigor mortis, occurs because
no ATP is available to break the cross bridges between actin and myosin
The gaps between myelin sheaths on an axon are called
nodes of Ranvier
Adipose (fat) cells produce a hormone called leptin. Leptin is a medium-sized protein with 167 amino acids. It targets the hunger center in the brain and crates a sensation of satiation, or fullness. Which of the following statements about leptin is correct?
not Leptin is a neurotransmitter.
Your nana is baking cinnamon rolls in the nearby kitchen. You can't see into the oven but you know they are cinnamon rolls because second order olfactory neurons have carried action potentials to what part of the brain?
not limbic system
This figure shows neurons that are smell receptors in the nasal cavity epithelial tissues. What structure on the neuron extends into the nasal cavity to pick up chemicals in the air that is inhaled into the nasal cavity. This portion of the neuron is circled.
not myelinated axon
Slow pain can be felt in internal organs, often near the surface of the skin near or even far from the actual location of the organ. This ability to perceive slow pain deep in the body near the surface is called ___________________
not nociceptor
A small percentage of the neurons leaving the eyes through the optic nerve wind up in the corpora quadrigemina. What information is proccessed there?
not what is the object
Focus on the area depicted by the arrow in the figure below. Which of the following terms is NOT correctly associated with this area?
nucleus
Why are older women (post-menopause) more prone to osteoporosis than men or younger women (pre-menopause)?
older women produce less estrogen, and estrogen stimulates osteoblast activity
Schwann cells have the same function as what other type of glial cell?
oligodendrocytes
Where are you most likely to find vellus hairs on human skin?
on the body of a young child
Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) could be found leaving the central nervous system from which of the following locations?
one of the cranial nerves
If a mystery ligand binds to receptors on the cell body of a neuron at rest and causes many ligand-gated potassium channels to open, would effect would this have on the neuron?
opening ligand-gated potassium channels would hyperpolarize the neuron
The ability to touch other fingers with your thumb, as demonstrated in the figure below, is possible due to the movement called ___________
opposition
A set of 2 or more tissues that form a discrete structure and have a common function are called a/an
organ
Which cell type is capable of producing ground substance and collagen fibers in the matrix of bone tissue?
osteoblasts
Under a microscope, the basic structural unit of compact bone, the _______, resembles a cross section of a tree trunk.
osteon
Internal respiration involves gas exchange between the blood in capillaries and the cells/tissues of the body. Which of the following statements about internal respiration is true?
oxygen levels in the blood are high, so oxygen diffuses out of the blood to the cells
Arterioles contain oxygenated blood
oxygenated blood
The pulmonary veins contain
oxygenated blood
Which of the following is not considered a special sense?
pain
Which types of tonsils, located right at the back of the mouth can be infected so often in children that they wind up being surgically removed?
palatine tonsils
In males, erections are caused by a __________ reflex, and ejaculation is caused by a ____________ reflex.
parasympathetic , sympathetic
If calcium levels in the body are too low, receptors in the blood detect this and send a signal to the ___________________ which increases production of _______________________.
parathyroid gland, parathyroid hormone
Which of the following ENZYMES is capable of breaking down proteins?
pepsin
Which of the following types of capillaries would be found in close association with the tubular portion of a cortical nephron?
peritubular capillary
The deepest layer of the meninges that would lie directly against the brain or spinal cord is the __________________
pia mater
When the hypothalamus begins releasing thyroid releasing hormone (TRH), the _______________ responds by releasing _________________.
pituitary gland, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
What component makes up the largest percentage of a sample of whole blood?
plasma
Antibodies are produced and released by
plasma cells
The fluid in the Bowman's capsule (filtrate) is similar to plasma except that it does not contain ________.
plasma proteins
What component of blood plasma is important for establishing the colloid osmotic pressure that draws water into capillaries via absorption (aka reabsorption)?
plasma proteins, especially albumins
Look at this figure of a histological blood smear. What formed element is inside the circle marked by "A"?
platelet
What cells, found inside the Bowman's capsule help regulate the size of the molecules that can be removed from the blood in the glomerulus?
podocytes
Which of the following types of molecules is not known to be a type of hormone?
polysaccharides (carbohydrate)
This figure depicts a synapse. The large arrow is pointing to the ___________.
post-synaptic cell
The first time a B-cell in the blood encounters an antigen that it matches (can bind to), it initiates a __________
primary response
Which of the following is NOT an important function of connective tissue?
produce and release secretions into a central duct
Both the nervous system and endocrine system regulate and coordinate activity in body cells. Which of the following term best describes the ENDOCRINE system as compared to the nervous system? The endocrine system __________________________
produces a longer, sustained response
The extracellular matrix of connective tissue is composed of ___________________
protein fibers and ground substance
The family of organic molecules (biomolecules) that has the greatest variety of functions is
proteins
In the anatomical position, the shoulder is _____ to the elbow.
proximal
Which of the following is NOT a type of synovial joint?
pubic symphysis
The primary role that membrane proteins play in active transport is to
pump molecules across the membrane against the concentration gradient
Active transport is possible due to the activity of ___________________ which are a type of __________________.
pumps, protein
What muscle is responsible for regulating the slow, steady movement of chyme out of the stomach and into the small intestine?
pyloric sphincter
Within a few minutes of putting your clothes on in the morning, you no longer perceive the pressure of the clothes against our skin. This is because pressure receptors in the skin are good examples of
rapidly adapting receptors
Which of the following components is NOT a part of the respiratory membrane?
red blood cell
cerebellum
regulates coordinated motor control, balance, and posture (muscle movements)
medulla oblongata
regulation of heart rate and breathing
hypothalamus
regulation of hunger, thirst, and body temperature
We discussed three types of proteins found in thick and thin filaments. Which type of protein is responsible for starting (on) and stopping (off) muscle contractions?
regulatory proteins
In which of the following situations would the H-zone in a sarcomere be the widest?
relaxed muscle
thalamus
relay station for incoming sensory information
Which of the following structures is NOT part of a nephron?
renal pelvis
In a negative feedback loop system, the effector will create a response that
reverses the original stimulus.
Which large lymph system vessel trains lymph from the right upper limb and most of the head and neck?
right lymphatic duct
Which of the following sets of structures is involved in the pulmonary circulation (pulmonary circuit)?
right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium
What movement is being demonstrated in the figure below?
rotation
Transverse tubules (T-tubules) are formed when the __________________ dips deep into the center of a muscle fiber and forms a hollow tube.
sarcolemma
Region noted by the bracket and circle at letter B
sarcomere
A terminal cistern is an enlarged region at the end of a section of ___________________________________
sarcoplasmic reticulum
The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II. The primary function of type II alveolar cells is to ________.
secrete surfactant
What role do G cells play in the stomach?
secrete the hormone gastrin
In the figure below, what component of a reflex arc is the large black arrow indicating?
sensory neuron
The plasma (cell) membrane is responsible for which of the following cellular functions?
separation of the internal environment from the external environment
In a motor unit, how is it possible for one neuron to simultaneously stimulate multiple muscle fibers?
several axon terminals branch off of the axon, and each axon terminal stimulates a different muscle fiber
What type of cells make up the endothelium of blood vessels?
simple squamous epithelial cells
The endocardium of the heart is composed of _________
simple squamous epithelium
What structure is found inside the black circle in this diagram of a heart?
sinoatrial (SA) node
uses primarily aerobic respiration as the source of energy, contract slowly and are fatigue resistant
slow oxidative
Most chemical digestion occurs in the ________________
small intestine
Dense bodies are structures that are only found in ________________________
smooth muscle
Which of the following muscle types is not striated?
smooth muscle
In the SA node, spontaneous depolarization of SA node cells occurs because the number of ___________ leak channels is greater than the number of ____________ leak channels.
sodium ion, potassium ion
Which of the following is not a type of taste receptor found in our taste buds?
spicy
Where are most red blood cells removed from the blood at the end of their life for destruction and recycling?
spleen
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
stimulates the release of FSH and LH.
Which of the following tissues/organs does NOT produce an enzyme designed to break down carbohydrates into smaller units?
stomach
Which layer of the epidermis is the only one that contains stem cells capable of continuous cell division?
stratum basale
Which of the following layers is present in "thick skin" but absent in "thin skin"?
stratum lucidum
The total amount of blood that is pushed out of the ventricles during systole is called the _________________
stroke volume
A doctor suspects a patient may have meningitis and needs a sample of cerebrospinal fluid to test for an infection. Where is the best (i.e. safest) place for the doctor to obtain a sample of cerebrospinal fluid?
subarachnoid space inferior to the spinal cord
In the panels labeled 2,3 and 4 in the figure below, what process is being demonstrated?
summation
Sometimes when you are afraid or very nervous, the palms of your hands become sweaty. What part of the nervous system is responsible for stimulating sweat glands to make and release more sweat?
sympathetic nervous system
The point at which one neuron communicates with a second neuron is called the ___________
synapse
Which term below describes the joint created when two bones in the skull are fused tightly together?
synarthrosis
What would be found in the yellow area labeled B on this figure?
synovial fluid
Synovial fluid is produced by which component of a synovial joint?
synovial membrane
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
synthesis of Vitamin D
Which of the following patterns correctly describes a triad inside a skeletal muscle?
terminal cistern - T tubule - terminal cistern
The interstitial cells (aka Leydig cells) of the testes produce
testosterone
Control of various activities in the body by the cerebrum is contralateral. What does this mean?
that the right cerebral hemisphere controls activities on the left side of the body, and vice versa
End systolic volume is a measure of what?
the amount of blood remaining in the ventricles after the heart contracts
What happens when movement of fluid in the cochlea bends the stereocilia in hair cells?
the hair cells initiate action potentials in neurons
On what part of the sarcolemma would you expect to find acetylcholine receptors?
the motor end plate
During skeletal muscle contraction, what happens when a molecule of ATP bound to a myosin head hydrolyzes (breaks) into ADP and Pi ?
the myosin head is reactivated/cocked and then creates a new cross bridge
Which of the following layers makes up about 20% of the dermis and is responsible for producing the ridges and crests in skin that produce fingerprints?
the papillary layer
What is hematocrit?
the percentage of whole blood made up of red blood cells
What is the sarcolemma?
the phospholipid bilayer membrane around a muscle fiber
Very fast, saltatory conduction of action potentials along the axon of a neuron is made possible by ________.
the presence of myelin on the axon
What is systole?
the pressure generated by the ventricles as they contract
The figure below depicts a posterior view of a portion of the male reproductive system inside the abdominal cavity. The structure noted with the large arrow is ____________________ and it primarily contributes _________________ to the semen.
the prostate gland , citric acid
Unlike inspiration, expiration (exhalation) is a passive act because no muscular contractions are involved. Expiration, however, occurs more efficiently because of which two factors?
the recoil of elastic fibers in the lungs that were stretched during inspiration, and the inward pull of surface tension due to the water in the alveoli
What is one major difference between the urethra in males versus females?
the urethra in males serves both the urinary and reproductive systems while the urethra in females serves only the urinary system
What does glomerular filtration rate (GFR) measure?
the volume of blood filtered by the nephrons each minute
What feature of the corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa allows production of an erection?
these tubes can fill with blood and expand
What is the primary role of interferons?
they allow a cell infected by a virus to alert neighboring cells about the viral infection
Neurons are excitable cells. What does that mean?
they have the ability to dramatically change their membrane potential when stimulated
How do barrier methods of birth control like condoms and diaphragms prevent fertilization from occurring?
they prevent sperm cells from reaching eggs
Structure noted by letter C
thick filament
Which type of filament creates the dark bands in the striations visible in skeletal muscle?
thick filaments
Examine the figure of the neural pathway for the (afferent) sensory nervous system. Which term below best describes the green neuron that the large green arrow is pointing to?
third order neuron
serves as a site of development and maturation of T cells
thymus
Why might bone be resorbed (undergo resorption)?
to free up calcium when the body has an insufficient supply from the diet
What is the primary role of Langerhans cells?
to initiate an immune response in case the skin is broken in an injury
filters and cleans inhaled air
tonsils
Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?
transporting digested carbohydrates and proteins
What structure makes up the basic framework of spongy bone?
trebeculae
What happens when calcium ions are pumped back into storage in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
tropomyosin glides back over myosin head binding sites on actin, blocking them
The neural pathway associated with hearing involves a four neuron pathway. True or False?
true
What process is being depicted by the number 2 in the figure below?
tubular reabsorption
Skeletal muscles cells and cardiac muscle cells have many features in common. All of the following characteristics are common to both types of muscles except one. Which of these is only true of cardiac muscle?
uninucleate
In stratified cuboidal epithelium, what is the shape of the basal (deepest) layer of cells?
unknown based on the information provided
What structure prevents the movement of a food bolus upwards into the nasal cavity during swallowing?
uvula
Somatic motor (efferent) neurons exit the spinal cord through the ______________________.
ventral (anterior) root of the spinal cord
If a patient was infected with a virus that targeted the cells in the atrioventricular node (AV node) and prevented them from functioning, what part of the cardiac cycle would be most affected?
ventricular contraction would not occur
Bacteria living in the colon synthesize (make) _______________
vitamins B and K
What happens when an action potential travels into a t-tubule on a muscle fiber?
voltage-gated calcium channels on sarcoplasmic reticulum open
Assume a neuron has depolarized to threshold and an action potential begins. What is the first type of channel that opens during the initiation of an action potential?
voltage-gated sodium channel
travels through the blood easily alone, without an escort
water-soluble hormone
Most of the neurons leaving the eyes through the optic nerve wind up in the cerebrum. What information is processed there?
what the object is
Leukemia refers to a family of cancers that affect
white blood cells
A very weak stimulus arriving at the dendrite of a neuron
will produce a weak graded potential.
A neuron has a resting membrane potential of ______________
-70 mV
Which value below would be a possible membrane potential for a neuron that had undergone depolarization?
0 mV
Plasma typically has a concentration of 300 mOsm. If a researcher collects 100 urine samples and measures their concentrations, which of the following values is the researcher unlikely to find?
10 mOsm
Most humans have _____ primary (baby) teeth, and _____ permanent (adult) teeth.
20 , 32
How many amino acid chains (i.e. polypeptide chains) make up a single antibody?
4
About how long does it take for an immature spermatid to complete maturation to a functional sperm cell?
65-75 days
Which of the following chemical reactions represents a synthesis reaction? The reactions proceed from left to right.
A + B --> AB
What causes a muscle fiber to depolarize from -70 mV to +30 mV to initiate an action potential?
ACh binds to Na+ channels causing them to open and allow Na+ to diffuse in
In the autonomic nervous system, which neurotransmitter is released by preganglionic neurons in order to stimulate action potentials in postganglionic neurons?
ACh is released by both preganglionic sympathetic and preganglionic parasympathetic neurons
Which of the following statements about cartilage in the skeletal system is FALSE?
About half of its extracellular matrix is composed of calcium salts attached to collagen fibers.
______________ is the process by which the products of digestion leave the lumen of the GI tract and enter the blood or lymph.
Absorption
Which of the following statements best describes arteries?
All arteries carry blood away from the heart.
_________________ are molecules, usually surface proteins, that stimulate the production of antibodies.
Antigens