Unit 2- Nutrition
Which micronutrients function as coenzymes in the chemical reactions that yield energy from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins?
B vitamins
Choose food sources of linoleic acid - the essential omega-6 fatty acid.
Sunflower oil Nuts and seeds Safflower oil
Partially hydrogenated oils are
no longer "generally recognized as safe" for use in human food.
Food manufacturers used the process of hydrogenation to
convert liquid oils into more solid fats.
What are some good food sources of polyunsaturated fats?
corn oil soybean oil
True or false: Trace minerals are categorized as such because they have relatively minor functions in the human body.
False- Minerals are categorized based on the amount we need per day.
What are some of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease?
Family history of cardiovascular disease High blood cholesterol Hypertension Smoking
Choose a lipid that can be synthesized by the body?
cholesterol
As fatty acids are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine, they are packaged as ______ for transport through the lymphatic system.
chylomicrons
types of lipoproteins
chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL
To be classified as a vitamin, a substance should meet which criteria?
The body is unable to synthesize enough to maintain health. Over time, a lack produces deficiency symptoms.
What is the name for health-promoting compounds found in animal food?
Zoochemicals
Vitamin D can be synthesized
by the skin.
What are some good food sources of monounsaturated fats?
canola oil peanut oil olive oil
When the ______ in polyunsaturated fatty acids break down, rancid by-products occur.
carbon-carbon double bonds
The leading cause of death among North American adults is
cardiovascular disease.
What are some components of plaque?
cholesterol calcium white blood cells
Fats and oils contain mixtures of various fatty acids. Which of the following food items are high in saturated fatty acids?
coconut oil butter cheeseburger
Some minerals, such as copper and selenium, work as , enabling various proteins, such as enzymes, to function.
cofactor
What is a substance (e.g. mineral) called when it binds to a specific region on a protein and is necessary for the protein's function?
cofactor
Minerals function as by aiding a protein such as an enzyme, to do its job.
cofactors
List the steps of the development of atherosclerosis in the arteries starting with arterial damage and ending with a heart attack.
damage, plague, accumuatles, and causes heart attack
Absence of a vitamin from the diet for a defined period of time leads to a(n) ______ disease.
deficiency
According to DSHEA, products containing vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and botanicals are categorized as
dietary supplements.
Vitamins A, D, E, and K are considered to be _____ vitamins.
fat-soluble
Just because a food is high in fat does not mean it is unhealthy. Some high-fat foods, such as plant oils and nuts, should be included in the diet because they are sources of
fat-soluble vitamins. essential fatty acids.
Most water-soluble vitamins are not stored to any great extent because they are
filtered and excreted by the kidneys.
If the supply of a specific vitamin is inadequate, a deficiency disease related to that vitamin's function will develop
gradually over a period of time.
Butter and margarine have about the same amount of fat, but the types of fatty acids in butter and margarine are different. Compared to margarine, butter has a ______ proportion of saturated fatty acids.
higer
-density lipoprotein is considered the "good" cholesterol.
high
What are some examples of the types of foods highly susceptible to rancidity?
high-fat foods with a large exposed surface area deep-fried foods fatty fish
The layer of triglycerides beneath the skin serves to
insulate body
One mineral that influences the health of red blood cells is .
iron or copper
The American Heart Association recommends consuming 2 or more servings of fatty fish each week because fish _____.
is a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids provides trace elements that may provide protective effects for the CV system is a valuable source of protein
Due to their high energy density (9 kcal per gram) ______ are the ideal form of energy storage for the body.
lipids
Name the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids, and sterols.
lipids
Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL are classified as
lipoproteins.
Oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids are typically ______ at room temperature.
liquid
density lipoprotein is considered the "bad" cholesterol.
low
The more refined a plant food is, such as with white flour, the _____ its mineral content.
lower
Based on current evidence, the National Institutes of Health
makes no recommendation, neither for nor against, use of multivitamin and mineral supplements.
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans, the American Heart Association, and the Food and Nutrition Board recommend that trans fat intake should be
minimal (i.e., less than 1% of total energy intake).
__ of the fatty acids in butter are saturated.
most
People who eat fish at least twice a week have lower risks for heart attacks. This protection is attributable to ______, which reduce blood clotting
omega-3
Reduced triglycerides, reduced blood clotting, and reduced pain from rheumatoid arthritis are benefits associated with intake of
omega-3 fatty acids.
It is illegal for supplement makers to claim that a dietary supplement
prevents cancer. treats osteoporosis. cures dementia.
It is necessary to consume water-soluble vitamins on a regular basis because most water-soluble vitamins are
readily excreted from the body via urine. not stored in the body to any great extent.
Butter is solid at room temperature. Butter contains mostly ______ fatty acids.
saturated
Compared to plant oils, animal sources of fat are typically higher in
saturated
Which of the following has only carbon-carbon single bonds?
saturated
_____ fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds.
saturated
Name a mineral that helps to protect the body's cells from oxidative damage.
selenium
Which of the following micronutrients participate in fluid and electrolyte balance?
sodium chloride potassium
A cerebrovascular accident is also called a
stroke
True or false: Frozen vegetables and fruits are often as nutrient rich as freshly harvested produce.
true
True or false: Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids are typically liquid at room temperature
true
True or false: Monounsaturated, saturated, and polyunsaturated fats all provide the same number of calories.
true
Exposure to light, heat, and oxygen can reduce a food's ______ content.
vitamins
Choose two nutrient-dense food sources of alpha-linolenic acid.
walnuts flax seeds
The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range set by the Food and Nutrition Board for lipids is 20Blank 1Blank 1 20 , Correct Unavailable% to 35Blank 2Blank 2 35 , Correct Unavailable% of kilocalories.
20-35%
Lipids yield ______ kcal per gram.
9 grams
Which of the fat-soluble vitamins is most often associated with toxicity?
AAA
Which of the following products are considered to be supplements in the United States?
Amino acids Minerals Vitamins
Why are the chemical structures of trans and saturated fatty acids similar?
Both have a straight shape.
Supplements ______ claim to prevent, treat, or cure a disease.
CANNOT
Which of the following are examples of micronutrients?
Calcium Iron Sodium
Which of the following vitamins are implicated in bone health?
D & K
Our bodies are able to synthesize vitamin ______ from exposure to sunlight.
DDDD
What happens to a food product when it becomes hydrogenated?
The molecular shape of the fats in the food resembles saturated fats. Trans fatty acid content is increased.
omega 3
alpha-linolenic acid
Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?
alpha-linolenic acid linoleic acid
Current evidence indicates that multivitamin and mineral supplements
are not effective at preventing chronic disease among the general population.
Which of these micronutrients are important for blood clotting?
calcium vitamin K
Cholesterol _____ be made by the body.
can
True or false: Vitamins are considered non-essential nutrients because we need them in small amounts.
false- they are essential to the body
Requirements for major minerals are
greater than 100 milligrams per day.
omega 6
linoleic acid
Considering their health effects, trans fatty acids are most similar to
sat fatts
Most foods containing saturated fatty acids are ______ at room temperature.
solid
True or false: Dietary fats consist of a complex mixture of several different types of fatty acids.
true
An omega-3 fatty acid is
unsaturated
One bowl of chicken tortilla soup has 5 grams of fat, which means that the food provides ______ kilocalories from fat.
45
The AHA recommends reducing trans fats and limiting saturated fat to no more than _____ of total calories.
5-6%
When considering a multivitamin and mineral supplement, which of the following should you select?
A supplement with less than the Upper Level for any nutrients
The water-soluble vitamins include
B-complex vitamins and vitamin C
Which of the following food ingredients indicate the presence of fat in a food product?
Cream Egg yolks Lard Partially hydrogenated vegetable oil Shortening
is the process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated fats, which makes a liquid fat more solid at room temperature.
Hydrogenation
What is the primary health risk associated with a high intake of trans fat?
Increased risk of heart disease
Considering what you know about minerals so far, which of the following represents safe advice for use of iron supplements?
Iron supplements should be taken to correct iron-deficiency anemia.
Oxidation of ______ contributes to plaque formation in the development of atherosclerosis.
LDL
Choose a function of fat tissue.
Protect organs from injury
occurs over time as heat, light, or oxygen break down the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids in food products, resulting in undesirable flavors and odors.
Rancidity
occurs when the double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids in food products are broken down by ultraviolet light or oxygen.
Rancidity
Why is the potential for fat rancidity a problem for manufacturers?
Rancidity of fats decreases the food's shelf life.
What are some health benefits associated with consuming a diet high in omega-3 fatty acids?
Reduced risk of heart disease Decreased blood triglyceride levels Reduced inflammation
How are trace minerals different from major minerals?
Requirements for trace minerals are less than 100 mg/day, whereas requirements for major minerals are 100 mg/day or more
What two food components contribute the most to raising the level of cholesterol in your blood?
Saturated fat Trans fat
What is the danger associated with consuming large amounts of fat-soluble vitamins?
Since they are stored, they can reach toxic levels.
What is the chemical structure of an omega-3 fatty acid?
The first carbon-carbon double bond is on the third carbon from the methyl end of the carbon chain.
Which statements are true about omega-6 fatty acids?
They are also called unsaturated fatty acids. The first carbon-carbon double bond is on the sixth carbon from the methyl end of the carbon chain.
Why are triglycerides ideal for fat storage?
They are energy dense. They are chemically stable.
unsaturated fatty acids are similar to saturated fatty acids with regard to shape and function.
Trans
Which of the following is the body's most efficient form of stored energy?
Triglycerides
are the major form of lipids found in foods and in the human body.
Triglycerides
are most susceptible to rancidity because they contain many carbon-carbon double bonds.
Unsaturated fats
Which of the following is an example of a micronutrient?
Vitamin C
Which of the following are examples of micronutrients?
Vitamins Minerals
Which of the following are appropriate recommendations for vitamin and/or mineral supplementation?
Women of childbearing age should consume 400 micrograms per day of folic acid. People on calorie-restricted diets may benefit from use of a balance multivitamin and mineral supplement.
What is a triglyceride?
a lipid made of one glycerol and three fatty acids
The B vitamins play a role in metabolism by
acting as coenzymes
Consuming large amounts of fat-soluble vitamins is a problem because they
are stored by the body.
Primarily, fatty acids are transported through the bloodstream
as part of lipoproteins.
Forming and maintaining ______ are calcium's major roles in the body.
bones
High-fat foods
can be included in a healthy eating pattern if they are balanced with low-fat foods.
The American Heart Association recommends using plant oils rather than animal fats in food preparation to
decrease saturated fat intake.
______ fatty acids must be supplied by the diet, whereas ______ fatty acids can be synthesized by the body and do not need to be supplied by the diet.
ess & noness.
Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid are both
essential fatty acids
Vitamins can be destroyed by
exposure to light. exposure to oxygen. heating.
Sodium, potassium, chloride, and phosphorus work together to maintain
fluid balance in the body.
Which method of preservation best protects the vitamin content of a food?
freezing
One risk factor for cardiovascular disease is
low levels of HDL.
A nutrient that yields no energy and is required in small amounts (milligrams or micrograms per day) is a
micronutrient.
Protective health benefits of phytochemicals include _____.
mimicking or inhibiting hormones and enzymes preventing DNA damage and aiding in DNA repair decreasing the formation of blood clots
Foods made with polyunsaturated fats are _____ likely to produce a rancid odor and taste.
more
Essential fatty acids
must be obtained from the diet.
Essential fatty acids ______ be synthesized in the body.
not!! Reason: Essential fatty acids cannot be synthesized in the body; they must be consumed as part of the diet.
Which of the following is a leading source of fat in the Mediterranean diet?
olive oil
Which type of oil is considered a good source of monounsaturated fat?
olive oil
Linoleic acid is an
omega-6 fatty acid
Stimulating the immune system, reducing inflammation, reducing oxidative damage to cells, and activating insulin receptors are some of the functions of _____
phytochemicals
is a cholesterol-rich substance deposited in the blood vessels.
plague
Which of the following fats have been shown to reduce serum cholesterol levels?
polyunsaturated fats monounsaturated fats
How are the different types of fatty acids distinguished?
position of carbon-carbon double bonds along the skeleton length of the carbon skeleton number of carbon-carbon double bonds along the skeleton
Which of the following have the biggest impact on blood cholesterol levels?
saturated fat intake trans fat intake
Which of the following substances are types of lipids?
saturated fatty acids triglycerides cholesterol
To promote heart health,
select more plant sources of fat and fewer animal sources of fat.
Counting from the methyl end of an omega-3 fatty acid, the first double bond occurs between the
third and fourth carbons.
Taking mineral supplements exceeding current standards for mineral needs may accumulate in the body to the extent that signs and symptoms of ______ occur
toxicity
The intake of _____ should be minimized or avoided as recommended by the Dietary Guidelines, AHA, and the Food and Nutrition Board.
trans
What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?
transport of fat-soluble vitamins energy storage insulation
Fatty acids containing carbon-carbon double bonds are considered ______ fatty acids.
unsaturated
A(n) ______organic compound needed in small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions and processes in the body.
vitamin
An organic compound that is needed in small amounts in the diet to help regulate and support chemical reactions and processes in the body is a
vitamin
Which of the following micronutrients participate in the body's antioxidant defenses?
vitamin C vitamin E selenium
The B vitamins and vitamin C are _____ vitamins.
water soluble
Fatty acids are used as the primary energy source by muscles
when the body is at rest. during low-intensity physical activity.
What are some examples of foods that are considered high in fat?
whole milk butter salad oils avocado
Why is LDL considered "bad" cholesterol?
LDL contributes to the development of plaques inside the arteries.
A toxicity of ______ can result from intakes of as little as 2 times human needs.
AAAA
How do you convert a liquid oil to a solid fat at room temperature?
Add hydrogens to the liquid fat (hydrogenation).
Lipids are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?
Do not readily dissolve in water
Which of the following are functions of HDL cholesterol in the bloodstream?
Donates cholesterol to other lipoprotein for transport back to the liver for excretion Picks up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources
Choose the correct statements about how the food you eat affects your blood lipoproteins.
Eating saturated fats and trans fats raises total cholesterol and particularly LDL. Dietary cholesterol does not have a big impact on the levels of HDL and LDL in the blood.
What does it mean when a fatty acid is considered essential?
It must be supplied by the diet in order to maintain health.
Which statement is true about the hydrogenation process?
It produces trans fats.
What are some of the diet and lifestyle recommendations from the American Heart Association?
Limit your intake of saturated fat. Choose whole-grain foods. Be physically active.
transport lipids from the small intestine and liver to body tissues.
Lipoproteins
What are the latest guidelines from the Dietary Guidelines and the American Heart Association for dietary cholesterol?
No limits have been set because dietary cholesterol intake has little impact on blood cholesterol levels.
What are some examples of oils that serve as good sources of polyunsaturated fat?
Soybean oil Safflower oil Corn oil