Unit 2 - Porifera - Sponges

Asexual Reproduction

1 -->2 patter, Reproduction where the offspring is genetically identical (clones), regeneration, budding etc.

Sexual Reproduction

2 --> 1 pattern, Combining two gametes (in animals a sperm and ova) to form a new offspring which is NOT genetically identical to the parents

Budding

A form of asexual reproduction of sponges (and other animals) in which a new cell grows, identical to the parent, out of the body of a parent.

Osculum

A large opening on a sponge through which filtered water is expelled (sent out)

Sessile/stationary

An organism that remains attached to a surface for its entire life and does not move

Kingdom of Sponges

Animalia

ALL sponges can be said to occupy which zone of the ocean

Benthic

Domain of Sponges

Eukarya

Spongin

Flexible structure in sponges made by amebocytes, makes them squishy/soft

Gemmules

Groups of amoebocytes surrounded by a tough layer of spicules that form when the sponge is stressed, when conditions are favorable the amoebacytes "hatch" and will form a new sponge

Regeneration

Growth of cells and tissues to restore a lost structure or form a new organism

Filter Feeder

Most sponges feed by filtering bacteria and other unicellular organisms out of the water passing through their body

Carnivorous Sponge

Newly discovered species feed on small organisms like fish and shrimp instead of bacteria

Levels of organization found in Porifera

Organelles & cells only

Phylum of Sponges

Porifera

Number of freshwater species of porifera

about 100

A sponge found on the ocean floor at 5,000 m would occupy the benthic zone in the ______________________ zone.

abyssopelagic

Larva

an immature form of an animal that looks very different from the adult

hermaphrodite

an organism that makes both ova and sperm, non-gendered

Type of symmetry found in a sponge

asymmetrical - sponges have no defined symmetry

Microorganisms fed on by sponges

bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton

A sponge found on the ocean floor at 1,278 m would occupy the benthic zone in the ______________________ zone.

bathypelagic

Spicules can be made of _________________________ or ____________________.

calcium or silica

Amebocytes

cells in a sponge that distribute food and oxygen, make spicules & spongin, found in mesoglea

Zygote

first cell resulting from two gametes joining together

Collar cell, Choanocyte

flagellated cells that cause the water to flow into the sponge through the incurrent pores and out of the osculum at the top of the sponge

Cross-fertilization

gametes of sexual reproduction (sperm & ova in animals) come from 2 DIFFERENT parents

Self-fertilization

gametes of sexual reproduction (sperm & ova in animals) come from a SINGLE parent (still sexual reproduction)

Mesoglea

gel-like fluid found between the cellular layers of a sponge, contains the spicules and amoebocytes

A sponge found on the ocean floor at 7,523m would occupy the benthic zone in the ______________________ zone.

hadalpelagic

A sponge found on the ocean floor at 700m would occupy the benthic zone in the ______________________ zone.

mesopelagic

Epithelial cells

outer layer of cells of the sponge, protect the sponge

Number of marine species of porifera

over 9,000

A sponge found on the ocean floor at 8 m would occupy the benthic zone in the ______________________ zone.

photic

Spicules

spiny structures that are found inside the mesoglea of the sponge, give the sponge support and protection

Another word for filter-feeder

suspension feeder

Incurrent Pore

tiny openings in the sponge's body for the intake of water