Unit 2 - Porifera - Sponges
Asexual Reproduction
1 -->2 patter, Reproduction where the offspring is genetically identical (clones), regeneration, budding etc.
Sexual Reproduction
2 --> 1 pattern, Combining two gametes (in animals a sperm and ova) to form a new offspring which is NOT genetically identical to the parents
Budding
A form of asexual reproduction of sponges (and other animals) in which a new cell grows, identical to the parent, out of the body of a parent.
Osculum
A large opening on a sponge through which filtered water is expelled (sent out)
Sessile/stationary
An organism that remains attached to a surface for its entire life and does not move
Kingdom of Sponges
Animalia
ALL sponges can be said to occupy which zone of the ocean
Benthic
Domain of Sponges
Eukarya
Spongin
Flexible structure in sponges made by amebocytes, makes them squishy/soft
Gemmules
Groups of amoebocytes surrounded by a tough layer of spicules that form when the sponge is stressed, when conditions are favorable the amoebacytes "hatch" and will form a new sponge
Regeneration
Growth of cells and tissues to restore a lost structure or form a new organism
Filter Feeder
Most sponges feed by filtering bacteria and other unicellular organisms out of the water passing through their body
Carnivorous Sponge
Newly discovered species feed on small organisms like fish and shrimp instead of bacteria
Levels of organization found in Porifera
Organelles & cells only
Phylum of Sponges
Porifera
Number of freshwater species of porifera
about 100
A sponge found on the ocean floor at 5,000 m would occupy the benthic zone in the ______________________ zone.
abyssopelagic
Larva
an immature form of an animal that looks very different from the adult
hermaphrodite
an organism that makes both ova and sperm, non-gendered
Type of symmetry found in a sponge
asymmetrical - sponges have no defined symmetry
Microorganisms fed on by sponges
bacteria, phytoplankton, zooplankton
A sponge found on the ocean floor at 1,278 m would occupy the benthic zone in the ______________________ zone.
bathypelagic
Spicules can be made of _________________________ or ____________________.
calcium or silica
Amebocytes
cells in a sponge that distribute food and oxygen, make spicules & spongin, found in mesoglea
Zygote
first cell resulting from two gametes joining together
Collar cell, Choanocyte
flagellated cells that cause the water to flow into the sponge through the incurrent pores and out of the osculum at the top of the sponge
Cross-fertilization
gametes of sexual reproduction (sperm & ova in animals) come from 2 DIFFERENT parents
Self-fertilization
gametes of sexual reproduction (sperm & ova in animals) come from a SINGLE parent (still sexual reproduction)
Mesoglea
gel-like fluid found between the cellular layers of a sponge, contains the spicules and amoebocytes
A sponge found on the ocean floor at 7,523m would occupy the benthic zone in the ______________________ zone.
hadalpelagic
A sponge found on the ocean floor at 700m would occupy the benthic zone in the ______________________ zone.
mesopelagic
Epithelial cells
outer layer of cells of the sponge, protect the sponge
Number of marine species of porifera
over 9,000
A sponge found on the ocean floor at 8 m would occupy the benthic zone in the ______________________ zone.
photic
Spicules
spiny structures that are found inside the mesoglea of the sponge, give the sponge support and protection
Another word for filter-feeder
suspension feeder
Incurrent Pore
tiny openings in the sponge's body for the intake of water