Unit 2 Psychology Test (Worksheets 5-9)
In sensory memory, what is the maintenance of detailed visual memories over several minutes called?
Eidetic imagery
In language development, over-inclusion of instances in a category is labeled overregularization.
False
Identify a true statement about prelinguistic vocalizations.
Babbling is prelinguistic.
Which of the following is true of psychological needs?
Psychological needs differ markedly from one person to another.
Naomi is afraid of dogs. While she is feeling relaxed, her therapist shows her a dog from a distance. The therapist gradually brings the dog closer until Naomi's fear is completely extinguished. In this scenario, which of the following techniques is being used to extinguish Naomi's fear of dogs?
Systematic desensitization
Memory may be defined as the processes by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.
True
Identify a true statement about heuristics.
Unlike algorithms, they permit rapid decisions.
Which of the following is a biological factor responsible for obesity?
a high fat-to-muscle ratio
The capacity of short-term memory is approximately:
about 7 items at one time.
Gael has been exhibiting some behavioral issues at school lately. The teacher has developed a plan to ignore his poor behaviors and reinforcement him with positive praise and attention whenever he exhibits positive behaviors. The teacher is using ______________.
behavior modification
Which of these is defined by the ability to cope with novel situations and generate many possible solutions to problems?
creative intelligence
Kyra, a history major, likes to talk with her grandfather often. She calls him her human dictionary because he knows the meaning of almost every word she asks him about. She is also surprised at how well versed he is in domestic and international current affairs and how easily he can talk about historical events. In this scenario, Kyra's grandfather is best displaying _________.
crystallized intelligence
Usually, in operant conditioning, people would
enjoy being negatively reinforced and dislike being positively punished.
Which of the following is the sequence of phases for the sexual response cycle?
excitement, plateau, orgasmic, resolution
Stefania was feeling down, and her mother said "smile, and the whole world smiles with you." If Stefania smiles and actually starts feeling better, which hypothesis has been validated?
facial feedback
Elijah is a web-content writer. He gets paid $100 for every five articles he publishes. In this scenario, on which schedule of reinforcement is Elijah's payment based?
fixed-ratio schedule
What kind of visual stimuli do two-month-olds have the largest preference for?
human faces
Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory states that ________.
humans learn to engage in behaviors that reduce a state of arousal
Which term describes a rat that is characterized by excessive eating?
hyperphagic
Lim has low blood sugar after fasting. What part of his brain will stoke his hunger drive?
hypothalamus
Aaron has been behaving poorly in school. His teacher calls a meeting with Aaron and his parent. The three agree to have the teacher give Aaron non-verbal cues when he seems likely to misbehave, and that they will meet again next month to see how this plan worked. Which step in the problem-solving process have they taken together?
implementing a plan of action
Pavel loves to play the violin. He feels best when he has played to the best of his ability. What kind of incentive makes Pavel practice so he can do his best?
intrinsic
In psycholinguistic theory, which of the following is a neural "prewiring" that facilitates a child's learning of grammar?
language acquisition device
You moved to a new town and have to learn the layout of the streets and locations of various businesses. You learn the layout of the town without any reinforcements. Your friend asks you to go to a specific store for them to pick up an order. You are able to easily do this by following a route you have never taken. This is an example of ______________.
latent learning
Classical conditioning is essentially _________.
learning associations
Deliah's older sister is swinging. She watches how her older sister pumps her legs forward then back while swinging. Deliah gets on the swing next to her and starts to copy her sister's behavior. In this example, the older sister is the ______________.
model
Susan, an astronomer, studies the nature of stars and has contributed significantly to the understanding of the laws that govern their behavior. In this scenario, Susan is exhibiting ________.
naturalist intelligence
In a movie about a fictitious monster called "Kaiju," scientists built a bomb to remove oxygen from an area. This would likely kill the monster because oxygen is a(n) ________.
need
Research on the biology of memory involving the visual cortex of rats reared in stimulating environments and the stimulation of certain synapses in sea snails suggests that:
neural events may be involved in memory.
Meaningless sets of two consonants with a vowel sandwiched in between that are used to study memory are known as _____________.
nonsense syllables
When we see modeled behavior being reinforced, we are vicariously reinforced. This is called __________.
observational learning
According to Savic and her colleagues (2010), during pregnancy sexual differentiation ________.
of the sex organs occurs during the first two months and brain structures differentiate during the second half of the pregnancy
Berto is crawling around the house. He gets near the stairs, pauses, and takes note of the drop. He turns around and heads in a different direction as to avoid the ledge. Berto is able to do this because he _____________.
perceives depth cues
Yael was caught speeding on the highway. He was pulled over and given a ticket for going 15 over the speed limit. After this, Yael always follows the speed limit. Being given the speeding ticket is an example of _______.
positive punishment
Food and water are examples of _______.
primary reinforcers
Kofo is an actor in adult films, so his motivation for having sex on camera is most likely ________.
resources
When we look at a visual stimulus, our impressions may seem fluid enough; however, they consist of a series of eye fixations referred to as _________.
saccadic eye movements
Channing walked into a Moroccan restaurant and was surprised that he did not see any utensils (i.e., fork, knife, & spoon). Their surprise stems from the fact that he had never eaten without utensils before. This is an example of a(n) __________.
schema
According to the research done my Ainsworth, which type of attachment is the healthiest?
secure
Narek is driving home from school when an aggressive driver cuts him off and offers him an obscene gesture. What system makes Narek's heart race?
sympathetic nervous system
Garcia and Koelling are known for their research on_______.
Taste aversion
Which of the following is a characteristic of the fetal stage of prenatal development?
The fetus alternates between wakefulness and sleep.
Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) can occur via the action of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and glutamate, at synapses.
True
With well-known information such as our names and occupations, retrieval is effortless and rapid.
True
In relation to the question of what determines intelligence, most psychologists agree that ________.
both heredity and environment are important in determining intelligence
Bain's dog barks and growls at the sound of a stranger's car pulling into his driveway, yet the dog wags its tail and gets excited at the sound of Bain's car. In this scenario, the difference in the dog's reactions to the sound of Bain's car and that of a stranger's car is due to _________.
discrimination
The final stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development is the ______________.
formal operational stage
What is the name of the concept that infants are born with the innate ability to learn language?
language acquisition device
Tobenna wants to figure out why his friend lied to him. What should he focus on?
motivation
Which of the following is the second phase of the sexual response cycle?
plateau phase
In the context of hunger, what is the state of being satisfied?
satiety
Which of the following is one of Ekman's (1980) universal emotions?
suprise
In Freud's psychodynamic theory, repression is when memories are pushed into the _______________.
unconscious
Which of the following is a correct description of Ebbinghaus's Curve of Forgetting?
Recall ability experiences a steep drop after the first day then levels off.
Which of the following is true of adolescents?
Their concept of the imaginary audience may drive the intense adolescent desire for privacy.
The work of McClelland (1965) found that college graduates who were high in achievement motivation ________.
sought careers that had elements of risk, and decision making
Operant conditioning is essentially learning __________.
the consequences that follow a behavior
When Afolabi is thirsty, he drinks, when he is hungry, he eats, both in order to maintain ________.
homeostasis
Which psychologist did research on observational learning by using a Bobo doll to assess aggression in children after they watched a model attack the clown doll?
Albert Bandura
According to the linguistic-relativity hypothesis, language does not affect the way we perceive the world.
False
In the context of behavior therapy methods, which of the following statements is true of flooding?
It involves continuous exposure to fear-evoking stimuli.
Lin came home after curfew last night, so her parents took away the car keys for a week. What kind of consequences are Lin's parents using?
Negative punishment
Rajesh recently got notified that his job will be outsourced in a few weeks. Which problem solving step involves coming up with multiple solutions?
brainstorming
Based on the fixed-interval scallop, the frequency of responses increases drastically immediately following a reinforcement.
false
B.F. Skinner was known for training animals in operant conditioning.
True
Cognitive theorists note that ________.
people are motivated to reduce tension
Cooper's fear of flying may, in part, stem from the ________.
availability heuristic
Amaan is 21-years-old. He finished his undergraduate studies and found a job. After a few months, he quit and joined another firm with a different job description. In the same year, he switched apartments more than once, with minimal furniture. Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is best depicted in the scenario?
the age of instability
Which of these are mental categories used to group together objects, relations, events, abstractions, or qualities that have common properties?
concepts
In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, achievement, prestige, and status are included under esteem needs.
True
In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, salivation of the dog in response to the meat powder is an unlearned or unconditioned response.
True
In Pavlov's famous experiment, the dog salivated in response to the tone because the tone became mentally connected with the meat powder. The meat powder is the unconditioned stimulus (UCS).
True
It takes children longer to learn new words than it takes apes to learn new signs.
False
Which of the following is true of the placenta?
It is connected to the mother by blood vessels in the uterine wall.
Which of the following theories states that pleasant events stamp in responses, and unpleasant events stamp them out?
Thorndike's law of effect
Which of the following can sabotage the efforts of overweight people to maintain a slender profile?
adaptive thermogenesis
Vygotsky's theory emphasizes ________.
cultural variations
In memory theory, when information is lost from short-term memory due to adding new information, this is called _______.
displace
Animals that have just copulated and thereby reduced their primary sex drives often show renewed interest in sex when presented with a novel sex partner. This is an example of ________.
stimulus motives
In order to form new memories, you must have a fully functioning _________.
hippocampus
Which type of coding is associated with a person's understanding the meaning of a word?
Semantic
Initially, in classical conditioning, the researcher repeatedly pairs the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus leading to the participant associating the two stimuli. This first phase is called_____________.
acquisition
Which division of the peripheral nervous system regulates glands and activities such as heartbeat and respiration?
autonomic nervous system
In which type of schedule must a specific amount of time elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available?
fixed-interval schedule
In classical conditioning, the term extinction can be misleading because:
spontaneous recovery of extinguished conditioned responses can occur.
In the context of prenatal development, the fetal stage lasts from:
the beginning of the third month of pregnancy until birth.
You move to a new house and it has a completely different layout than your previous home. It is also much larger. A few weeks after moving in, the power goes out late at night and you need to locate your flashlights. You are able to quickly navigate your way throughout your new home as you have apparently learned the layout of it regardless of that fact you haven't been reinforced for this feat. What did you use to help you navigate your surroundings?
A cognitive map
According to Arne Öhman and Susan Mineka, humans are not biologically prepared by evolutionary forces to develop fears of any kind.
False
According to Piaget's stages of development, when children are in the concrete operational stage, they are more egocentric than when they are in the preoperational stage.
False
All of our memories are permanently imprinted on the brain and stored in long-term memory.
False
Discrimination is the tendency for a conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar to the stimulus to which the response was conditioned.
False
The Wechsler intelligence scale yielded the mental age score.
False
Which psychologist studied the cognitive development of children?
Jean Piaget
Behavioral psychologists believe learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that arises from practice or experience.
True
Golf is a sport that many people love playing even though they will most likely not hit a successful shot every time. This demonstrates that partial reinforcement schedules ______________.
are difficult to extinguish
The readiness to acquire a certain kind of conditioned response due to the biological makeup of the organism is known as _________.
biological preparedness
Nancy is working on inventing a new battery technology to improve the usefulness of solar energy. What type of intelligence would be most helpful for Nancy?
creative
In experiments on the extinction of conditioned responses, Pavlov found that repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus led to which of the following conditioned responses?
extinction
According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, children begin to assert control over the environment and strive to master adult skills when they are in the stage of __________.
initiative versus guilt
Eric is a scam-artist who tries to make money through dishonest means. He tried to sell a fake antique Roman sculpture, but was caught when the antiques dealer noticed it was dated "246 BC." What is the dealer's sudden realization about the improper date called?
insight
In the context of problem solving, which strategy involves dealing simultaneously with two or more elements of the problems?
parallel processing
Tariana says the sun is going to bed because it is her bedtime. She says this every night thinking the sun does this just for her. Her explanation of why the sun sets suggests that she is in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
preoperational
According to cognitive psychologists, _________.
the changes caused by learning influence an organism's behavior
Which one of the following refers to conscious, planned attempts to make sense of and change the world?
thinking
In the context of hunger, if which part of a rat is electrically stimulated—that is, "switched on"—the rat stops eating until the current is turned off?
ventromedial nucleus
Which of the following statements is true of classical conditioning?
It is involuntary, automatic learning.
In observational learning, a person who engages in a response that is imitated is a model.
true
In Robert Rescorla's experiment, what happened to the group of dogs to whom a shock was consistently presented after a tone?
The group of dogs learned to show a fear response at the sound of the tone.
In observational learning, a person who engages in a response that is imitated is a model.
True
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory focuses instead on the ways in which children's cognitive development is influenced by the cultures. Key concepts in Vygotsky's theory include the zone of proximal development and scaffolding.
True
Bobby is attracted to Sophia, a married colleague. He pursues her and eventually has a one-night stand with her and brags about it. for which reason did Bobby want to have sex with Sophia?
duty
According to James and Lange, which of these are the cognitive representations of automatic physiological and behavioral responses?
emotions
Jane is working overtime to exceed her sales targets so that she gets a higher income. The higher income, in this scenario, is an intrinsic reward.
False
Media violence and aggressive video games decrease viewers' level of emotional arousal.
False
Overregularization reflects faulty language development.
False
In the context of the social and emotional development of children, which of the following statements is true?
Attachment formed in infancy tends to endure.
In a research setting when people exhibited pain through facial expressions they rated electric shocks as more painful. This is an example of the facial-feedback hypothesis.
True
Jorge works for a finance company. His boss tells him that he will get a raise if he completes his work two days before the actual deadline. The raise that Jorge is being offered is referred to as a(n) ________.
incentive
The reshaping of one's life to concentrate on what one finds to be important and meaningful in the face of physical decline and possible cognitive impairment is known as ___________________.
selective optimization with compensation
Henry is reading three years below his grade level. If he makes a goal to do extra work and catch up one years for every two years in school, he is employing which approach to problem solving?
setting achievable goals
Which of the following is the sensory register that briefly holds mental representations of auditory stimuli?
Echoic memory
These neurons fire when an animal observes the behavior of another animal and that behavior stimulates imitative behavior in the first animal.
Mirror neurons
Amara learned to cook by watching her mother cook rather than by means of direct experience. In the context of observational learning, Amara's mother acted as what for her?
Model
Which type of conditioning is defined as a simple form of learning in which an organism learns to engage in certain behavior because of the effects of that behavior?
Operant Conditioning
If you want to teach your cat to stop scratching up your couches, what type of conditioning will be most effective in reducing the scratching behavior?
Operant conditioning
Every time Yana smells gardenias, it takes her back to her childhood beside her mother working in the garden, and a memory of being surrounded by gardenias. The smell of gardenias triggers a context-dependent memory for Yana.
True
Which of the following is the effect of high testosterone in adults?
activating effects
What is the fifth stage of Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development?
ego identity versus role diffusion
According to psychologist Erik Erikson, late adulthood is the stage of _________.
ego integrity versus despair
In the context of hunger, adaptive thermogenesis causes which of the following effects when someone goes on a diet?
the body to burn fewer calories
To explore the role of genetics on intelligence, psychologists utilize ________.
hereditary studies
Which of the following comes first in the stages of prenatal development?
zygote
Which of the following is true of Maslow's theory?
It suggests that human behavior is not just mechanical and aimed toward survival and the reduction of tension.
You are in line at the grocery store and directly ahead of you is a child throwing a fit, demanding their parent buy them some candy. The temper tantrum gets louder and louder with each second. Based on the principals of operant conditioning, if the parent buys the child the candy she is demanding in order to stop the tantrum, what is that parent doing?
Encouraging more tantrums
Your memory of the alphabet or the multiplication tables is the result of a great deal of repetition that makes associations automatic, a phenomenon that psychologists refer to as retrospective memory.
False
Which of these options is an application of operant conditioning that assumes that any complex task can be broken down into a number of small steps that can be shaped individually and then combined in sequence to form the correct behavioral chain?
Programmed learning
Which of the following statements is true in the context of classical conditioning?
Reflexes can be learned by association.
What is the primary difference between reinforcement and punishment?
Reinforcement involves presenting a stimulus and punishment involves removing a stimulus.
Which of the following is the degree to which the variations in a trait from one person to another can be attributed to, or explained by, genetic factors?
heritability
When we look at a visual stimulus, our impressions of it may seem fluid enough. This is because:
sensory memory briefly holds perceptions, making them seem connected.
In the context of problem solving, which of these involves handling one element of the problem at a time?
serial processing
Positive reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when the reinforcers are removed, and negative reinforcers increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are applied. Correct!
False
Research shows that children of authoritarian parents have greater self-reliance, self-esteem, social competence, and achievement motivation than other children.
False
Which of the following statements is true about long-term memory?
It is analogous to a biochemical "hard drive."
In classical conditioning, extinction is the process by which stimuli lose their ability to evoke learned responses because the events that had followed the stimuli no longer occur.
True
Ali enjoys vaping nicotine, but is aware of cases of vaping causing severe lung damage. Ali decides to make a list of reasons to vape and reasons not to vape, and by doing so has taken which step in the problem-solving process?
evaluating pros and cons
Which of these is an object, a person, or a situation that can satisfy a need or is desirable for its own sake?
incentive
Which of these is a general mental capability that involves the ability to reason, plan, solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly, and learn from experience?
intelligence
Patrick is playing his favorite video game, and he has figured out that there is a common pattern that lets him win almost all of the time. Today that pattern has changed, but Patrick keeps using the same strategy that he always uses. Patrick was unable to adjust his gaming strategy due to a(n) ________.
mental set
When Wilson came out to his family, he asked them to use which term that used to be derogatory, but is now an umbrella term for members of the LGBTQ+ community?
queer
Which of the following refers to an unlearned response in which an organism attends to a stimulus?
An orienting reflex
Osku and Monika are discussing how emotions emerge. Osku insists that emotions are only felt after the patterns of body arousal begin. Monika maintains that the brain processes an event, with arousal and emotions happening simultaneously. For which theory of emotion is Monika advocating?
Cannon-Bard
According to Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, which of the following is a characteristic of children in the stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt?
Children need to develop feelings of self-control over physical functions.
Yul entered a pizza-eating contest when he was in college. He finished five large pizzas by himself, but he felt nauseated and threw up a few hours later. For several years, the sight and smell of pizza made him feel sick. In this scenario, Yul's aversion toward pizza occurred through ________.
Classical Conditioning
John B. Watson is most famous for which of the following experiments?
Conditioning "Little Albert" to be fearful of a white rat
The patient known as H.M. had his hippocampus removed. After the operation, what did H. M. lack the ability to do?
Consolidate memories from short-term to long-term
Ibn is trying to memorize the color spectrum for science class. He finds it helpful to use the acronym ROYGBIV. What type of rehearsal is using an acronym an example of?
Elaborative rehearsal
Cognitive psychologists explain the outcome of classical conditioning in terms of the publicly observable conditions of learning.
False
Environmental factors play little to no role in the development of a child. Everyone is preprogrammed with a genetic code for how their development will occur throughout childhood.
False
In the context of processes of memory, storage modifies information so that it can be placed in memory.
False
Robert Rescorla's contingency theory suggests that learning occurs only when the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) provides information about the conditioned stimulus (CS).
False
Stimulus motives provide an evolutionary disadvantage.
False
Telegraphic speech is brief and grammatically incorrect.
False
The thalamus is a structure of the limbic system that is involved in the storage of memories and does not become mature until we are about two years old.
False
True language is distinguished from the communication systems of lower animals by properties such as semanticity, infinite creativity, and linguistic relativity.
False
Unlike babbling, crying and cooing are inborn and prelinguistic.
False
With age, there are very large declines in memory function, and these changes can never be reversed.
False
Which of the following is true of metabolism?
Fatty tissue in the body metabolizes food more slowly than muscle tissue does.
Which is a classical conditioning procedure in which a previously neutral stimulus comes to elicit the response brought forth by a conditioned stimulus by being paired repeatedly with that conditioned stimulus?
Higher-order conditioning
In the context of the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (SBIS), which of the following statements is true of intelligence quotient (IQ)?
It reflects the relationship between a child's mental age and his or her actual age.
Deion is in high school and he is in the orchestra. He practices playing his violin daily. As he spends all those hours practicing, his brain is physically changing. What is happening to it?
Parts of his cerebral cortex are thickening.
Which part of your brain is highly active during visual and spatial problem solving?
Prefrontal cortex
Which of the following is true of drives?
Psychological needs for approval, achievement, and belonging give rise to drives.
Which two types of memories would be categorized as forms of explicit memory?
Semantic and episodic
You are in your U.S. History class and your teacher tells you to get out a blank sheet of paper. He asks you to write down as many of the U.S presidents' names as you can from memory. As you begin to run out of names you remember, you realize you did a good job recalling some of the first presidents over and the more recent ones. You struggled with those who were chronologically in the middle. Which process does this exemplify?
Serial position effect
Identify a true statement about environmental influences on intelligence.
Studies support the view that children's early environment is linked to academic achievement.
A professor asks the class which test format they would prefer for their midterm. They can choose between a multiple-choice exam or short answer questions. Which one will the students most likely vote for and why?
The multiple-choice exam because it utilizes recognition which is easier.
Paula was out on a date with her boyfriend. The song, "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds" by The Beatles came on and Paula and her boyfriend shared their first kiss which she enjoyed very much. Now whenever she hears this specific song, she feels happy and excited. In this instance, what is the conditioned stimulus?
The song, "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds"
In the context of the drive-reduction theory, which of the following is true of acquired drives?
They are developed through experience.
A composite of studies of the relationship between IQ scores and heredity suggests that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to IQ scores.
True
Anterograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred after physical trauma because of the effect of the trauma, while retrograde amnesia is failure to remember events that occurred prior to physical trauma because of the trauma.
True
It's normal for adolescents to see themselves as the center of attention and assume that other people are also preoccupied with their appearance and behavior. This is termed an imaginary audience.
True
The branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that spend body energy from stored reserves, such as in response to a fight-or-flight response, is known as the sympathetic nervous system.
True
There is a correlation between the viewing of media violence and aggressive behavior, but media violence is not the only factor.
True
When first-time voter Becky made her choices, she thought about her family's party affiliation and her similar beliefs which had formed over the years. Those beliefs were her anchor; however, she departed from her parents' viewpoints as she'd gotten older. Becky modeled the anchoring and adjustment heuristic in her judgment and decision making.
True
Which of the following is true of satiety?
We get signals of satiety from the digestive tract.
Which of the following is true about the storage of information in long-term memory?
We tend to organize information according to a hierarchical structure.
Yves , while standing on the deck of a ship, is trying to memorize distant landmarks to the harbor entrance; he is trying to create a mental picture of all the names. He is using ________.
a visual code
How long can information be stored in short-term memory without being rehearsed?
about 12 seconds
Chelsea sells used cars and she has noticed over the years that when you initially quote a high price for a car people tend to not have a drastically different counteroffer. This is an example of ________.
an anchoring and adjustment heuristic
Alejandro is playing the sequel to his favorite fast blue hedgehog game when he encounters a familiar villain. If Alejandro uses a similar solution to finish the level, which problem-solving method has he used?
analogy
Cole is almost two and has learned what a dog is and correctly label dogs when he sees them. While visiting a local farm, he sees a horse for the first time. It has two legs, is covered in fur, and has a tail. He points and shouts, "doggy!" This is an example of _______________.
assimilation
Imad's parents told him in middle school that he will play football next year. They even went as far as requiring him to work out with them at their local gym. Imad's parents are using which parenting style?
authoritarian
Episodic memory is also referred to as ________.
autobiographical memory
Ophelia is 51-years-old. She has begun to experience hot flashes and finds it difficult to sleep at night. More often than not, she finds herself feeling pessimistic and unmotivated. She also has a certain amount of anxiety. Since Ophelia is in middle adulthood, what is she most likely experiencing?
climacteric phase
Aria works at a marketing research firm. Whenever she processes information, she disregards information that does not fit in with her ideas to eliminate discrepancies. This behavior is consistent with ________.
cognitive dissonance theory
Jed has always believed that he was entirely incapable of learning how science works. He's always struggled in these classes, and has basically given up. Then he takes a DNA test and learns that he is a very distant relative of Albert Einstein, one of the greatest scientists in history. Which theory says that Jed is likely to change his behavior and thoughts to become consistent with his new knowledge?
cognitive dissonance theory
Leonard and Sheldon were working on a physics problem from different points of view, but came to a common solution. This is an example of which kind of thinking?
convergent
Marley had a fear of dogs. To extinguish this fear, their mother baked them their favorite cake and gradually brought a dog closer to them while they ate the cake. In this scenario, what did Marley's mother use to cure their fear?
counterconditioning
Consider an experiment in which a pigeon is placed in a Skinner box with a button on the wall. The cage contains a small green light that is turned on and off intermittently throughout the day. When the pigeon pecks the button when the green light is on, the behavior is reinforced with food. When it pecks the button when the green light is off, the behavior is not reinforced. The pigeon soon learns that button pecking will be rewarded only when the green light is on. In this scenario, the green light is a(n) __________.
discriminative stimulus
A pregnant woman undergoes an ultrasound in the second month of her pregnancy and hears the heartbeat of her developing child for the first time. She is told that at this stage of her pregnancy the head of the developing child will start changing shape, and its facial features will start becoming easier to identify. Which stage of prenatal development does this scenario depict?
embryonic stage
Feeling states with physiological, cognitive, and behavioral components are defined as ________.
emotions
Which of the following hormones regulates the menstrual cycle in women?
estrogen
During which process do, female rats respond to males by hopping, wiggling their ears, and arching their backs with their tails to one side, thus enabling males to penetrate them?
estrus
In a horror movie, Molly is being chased through the kitchen by the monster. She is looking for a weapon, but runs right past the fire extinguisher, and gets caught just as she reaches a kitchen knife. What caused Molly to not consider the fire extinguisher as a weapon?
functional fixedness
Which type of motivation is revenge?
goal attainment
A mental shortcut, or rule of thumb, for solving problems is called a(n) ________.
heuristic
Which of the following, along with receptors in our liver, helps regulate our hunger?
hypothalamus
Memory that is suggested but not plainly expressed, as illustrated in the things that people do but do not state clearly, is known as ________.
implicit memory
Vinvac Inc. was established three years ago. Kevin and Raj, co-owners of Vinvac Inc., had set a five-year goal for the company when they established it. Presently, they are assessing the difference between the company's current situation and the goals they had set so that they can work toward minimizing the difference. In this scenario, Kevin and Raj are using a technique called ________.
means-end analysis
Behavior that is rewarded by partial reinforcement is ________.
more resistant to extinction
Pointing to a cat and saying, "This is not a dog" is an example of which aspect of the dog concept?
negative instance
Studies involving brain imaging reveal that which factor makes it possible for people to carry out mental tasks with less neural activity?
priming
Hedwig learned how to play racquetball prior to learning how to play tennis. Because of this, her tennis game has never been that good. The difficulty stems from __________.
proactive interference
According to Melissa Hines and her colleagues (2015), human female embryos and fetuses who have been exposed prenatally to higher-than-typical concentrations of male sex hormones ________.
show increased male-stereotyped play during childhood
Why we go clubbing and drink alcohol can best be explained by ________.
stimulus motives
Which theory holds that innate factors, which make up children's nature, cause children to attend to and acquire language in certain ways?
the nativist theory of language development
According to the representativeness heuristic, people make judgments about events according to ________.
the populations of events that they appear to depict
Who believed that general intelligence was responsible for overall performance on mental ability tests?
Charles Spearman
Which of the following are memories of events that happen to a person or that take place in the person's presence?
Episodic memories
A feature of crystallized intelligence is that it does not increase throughout the life span.
False
Based on the fixed-interval scallop, the frequency of responses increases drastically immediately following a reinforcement.
False
The James-Lange theory suggests that emotions cause our behavioral responses to events.
False
The hypothalamus is involved in the formation of verbal memories.
False
The levels-of-processing model of memory holds that memories tend to wane when information is processed deeply.
False
These neurons help explain why behaviors like yawning and laughter seem to be "contagious."
Mirror neurons
Which part of your brain is highly active during visual and spatial problem solving?
Prefrontal Cortex
In the context of long-term memory, which of the following statements is true of flashbulb memory?
Stimuli that stand out are preserved in detail in a person's long-term memory.
By the end of the first trimester of fetal development during pregnancy, formation of all the major organ systems is complete.
True
Ludwig, a cellist, is memorizing a musical composition just by listening to it, without referring to the sheet music. He most likely is using a(n) _________.
acoustic code
If every door in the store swings both ways, a young child might believe all doors work this way. When the child encounters a door that does not work this way, she assumes that it must not be a door. This method of explaining doors according to the child's existing schema is called __________.
assimilation
After a single presentation, Lalitha can recall her friend's long-distance telephone number and five-digit extension even though the sequence contains 15 digits. One reason for her ease of recall is that she split the digits into smaller groups of three each. This process is called ________.
chunking
Yul entered a pizza-eating contest when he was in college. He finished five large pizzas by himself, but he felt nauseated and threw up a few hours later. For several years, the sight and smell of pizza made him feel sick. In this scenario, Yul's aversion toward pizza occurred through ________.
classical conditioning
According to this theory, events and arousal are appraised by the individual. The emotional response stems from the person's appraisal of the situation and his or her level of arousal.
cognitive appraisal theory
Sioban and Sinead are planning their wedding for next year. Which aspect of language allows them to discuss future events and make plans?
displacement
Sexual desires fall into which category?
drive
Rosinha is cold, so she puts on a sweater to return her temperature to a comfortable state. Which theory of motivation does this scenario illustrate?
drive-reduction
Mental representations of an auditory stimulus that are held briefly in sensory memory are called ____________.
echoes
Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's intimacy versus isolation stage?
establishment of close relationships
Due to repeated exposure to media violence, viewers' sensitivity to violence may decrease. This is called ______________ .
habituation
Song is a woman who is romantically attracted to men. Which term for Song would be used in this case?
heterosexual
Viola has just come back from work and is experiencing hunger pangs. She quickly makes a sandwich. Eating this sandwich satisfies her hunger. The return to normal bodily function without hunger pangs is called ________.
homeostasis
Knowing how to play a piano without much conscious effort illustrates ________.
implicit memory
Learning that is hidden or concealed refers to _________.
latent learning
In the context of the effects of media violence, most organizations of health professionals agree that:
media violence contributes to aggression among people.
If an image of Abraham Lincoln's face was flashed on a screen, the viewer could hold the visual impression in their sensory register as a(n) ________.
memory trace
According to William Masters and Virginia Johnson ________.
men and women have similar biological responses to sexual stimulation
Implicit memories involve methods and skills, cognitive and physical, and are also referred to as ________.
procedural memories
After they are shown positive and negative instances and given explanations, children refine their ________.
prototypes
The period during which the body becomes sexually mature is known as ______________.
puberty
Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is characterized by people having an optimistic belief that the world lies open before them?
the age of possibilities
B.F. Skinner was known for training animals in operant conditioning.
true
Santiago is a typical child in the United States. How many commercials for fast food and soft drinks will he see in an average year?
10,000
Which of the following is something that parents and educators can do to tone down the impact media violence is having on children?
Explain the real-life consequences of violence.
In the context of language development, which of the following statements is true of learning theory?
Learning theorists see language as developing according to laws of learning.
Luis has listened to his father lecture him about how important it is to wash your hands after using the bathroom, but he has never seen him father watch his hands after using the restroom. Based on observational learning, what is most likely true?
Luis will talk about how important cleanliness is, but not practice it.
Which term refers to the acquisition of knowledge and skills by watching others rather than by means of direct experience?
Observational learning
Which of the following is a view of cognitive psychologists?
People choose whether or not to imitate aggressive behaviors they observe.
Which of the following is a cognitive perspective on motivation?
People strive to become what their culture emphasizes of them.
Identify a true statement about the types of reinforcers.
The short-term consequences of behavior often provide more of an incentive than the long-term consequences.
According to Robert Sternberg, there are three types of intelligence: analytical, creative, and practical.
True
Eyewitness testimonies are susceptible to suggestion and misinformation.
True
In the context of hunger, which of the following is true?
Watching television increases the amount of food we eat.
Which of the following is a reason for overconfidence?
We work to bring about the events we believe in.
Chicken salad sandwiches have always been a favorite of Michonne's. Her mom made her one for dinner but was unaware the mayonnaise had sat out on the table for too long and had spoiled. Michonne got very sick after eating that sandwich. Now whenever she goes into the grocery store and sees chicken salad in the delicatessen, she feels sick to her stomach. The sick feeling she gets when seeing chicken salad is _______.
a conditioned response
Which of these is a mechanism that would help preserve life in times of famine?
adaptive thermogenesis
According to Ainsworth's strange situation method, upon reunion with their mothers after separation, infants with resistant attachment:
alternately cling to and push their mother away.
Which of the following can teachers learn to use to reinforce children when they are behaving appropriately and, when possible, to extinguish misbehavior by ignoring it?
behavior modification
Gael has been exhibiting some behavioral issues at school lately. The teacher has developed a plan to ignore his poor behaviors and reinforcement him with positive praise and attention whenever he exhibits positive behaviors. The teacher is using ______________.
behavioral modification
We are generally more likely to appreciate what we must work to obtain. Which theory best explains this behavior?
cognitive dissonance
After living in France for many years, Romilly returned for a visit to the United States. As she walked around the small town she had grown-up in, her mind was flooded with memories of her childhood. The environmental cues that helped trigger Romilly's memories illustrate __________.
context-dependent memory
Jordan and Quinn have two daughters. Their older daughter moved to a different city to pursue her graduate studies a few years ago. Recently, their younger daughter moved to a different country for her undergraduate studies. Now, Quinn is bereft and is unable to figure out what to do her free time. This scenario best illustrates the ______________.
empty-nest syndrome
According to psycholinguistic theory, ________.
environmental influences affect language acquisition
Huy has always feared going to the dentist as he associated these visits with pain. After repeated visits to the dentist, Huy also developed the fear of bright lights as he had started associating it with the dentist's cabin. In the given scenario, the development of Huy's fear of bright lights is due to ________.
higher-order conditioning
Motives are ________.
inferred from behavior
Bill thinks his wife is losing interest in him because he has put on a few pounds. He asks her for sex more often in order to feel more attractive. What type of factor is Bill's motivation for sex based on?
insecurity
Jo is excited to set up their first aquarium, being careful to avoid putting two fish of the same aggressive breed together, because they will fight by ________.
instinct
The series of eye fixations that we perceive as visual sensations seem continuous, or stream like, because of __________.
sensory memory
Which one of the following is essentially the same as the saying, "If it isn't broken, don't fix it?"
mental set
Darby was required to learn a list of 20 numbers in order. Initially, she took 15 repetitions to learn the list. After five days, she had forgotten the list of numbers and had to re-learn it. This time, she only took eight tries to re-learn the numbers. The difference between the number of repetitions she originally took to learn the numbers and the number of repetitions she took to re-learn the numbers is known as _________.
savings
Apes are taught to perform a task and they receive a token for that behavior. The token can be traded in for a banana which they like to eat. The coin is being used as a _______.
secondary reinforcer
Lani is a young female who has noticed that her hips and buttocks have started to become slightly heavier. Lani is undergoing a change in ___________.
secondary sex characteristics
In the context of neural activity and memory, the brain stores parts of memories in the appropriate areas of the __________.
sensory cortex
Selecting just a few aspects of all the environmental information that's being registered is a process that occurs in ________.
sensory memory
Davood is 67-years-old. His family does not allow him to go anywhere alone because he often forgets his name, address, and his way home. In addition, Davood is unable to follow instructions and do simple chores. Which of the following diseases does Davood most likely have?
Alzheimer's
Which of the following is a similarity between adolescence and emerging adulthood?
Both are ages of feeling in-between.
In the classic study by Albert Bandura on aggressive behavior and observational learning, which of the following was true?
Children, both boys and girls, often imitated the aggressive behaviors of the adult model.
Which of the following statements is true of prospective memory?
Moods and attitudes affect prospective memory.
According to Sarwer and Grilo, concerning obesity, which of the following statements is accurate?
Obesity increases the risk of high cholesterol levels, stroke, heart disease and some cancers.
According to your text, children watching violence in the media are potentially impacted by all of the following EXCEPT:
Reduced probability of aggressive behavior.
Kofi, a high school senior, is very clear that he wants to study medicine. He spends his summer volunteering at hospitals and studies very hard for all his tests. He subscribes to medical journals so that he does not miss out on developments in the medical field. Kofi is determined to study at Harvard Medical School. According to Erickson's theory of psychosocial development, Kofi is demonstrating ______________.
ego identity
Alex and Sean had been dating for a while before they had sex with each other for the first time. They agreed that it was time to take their relationship to the next level. Which type of motivation is displayed in this scenario?
emotional
Sam is-15-years old. He does not have any clue about what he wants to pursue as a career. Moreover, in the past two years, he has taken up more than five hobbies. According to Erik Erikson, Sam is __________.
experiencing role diffusion
Which of these is the correct sequence according to the James-Lange theory of emotion?
external stimulus - arousal and action - appraisal - emotion
A researcher places a baby in a room with many different objects. Then, he records the amount of time the baby spends looking at any one stimulus or object. This shows the baby's visual preference. In this scenario, the researcher is most likely measuring the baby's ___________.
fixation time
The recurrence of an extinguished response as a function of the passage of time is called ____________.
spontaneous recovery
Anaya is a teenager who has just started wearing braces. She hates going to school now because she thinks that everyone is looking at her and laughing. She believes that she must look her best at all times. Which of the following concepts of Piaget's adolescent egocentrism is depicted in this scenario?
the concept of the imaginary audience
Emma, a college gymnast, has been struggling with several injuries in recent years. She has had several fractures and broken bones. Because gymnastics often emphasize thinness, Emma might be suffering from ________.
the female athlete triad
The embryo is connected to the placenta by the __________.
umbilical cord
What is the name of Robert Rescorla's viewpoint that suggests that learning occurs only when a conditioned stimulus (CS) provides information about an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
Contingency theory
What is the term for the view that learning occurs when stimuli provide information about the likelihood of the occurrence of other stimuli?
Contingency theory
A dog chews on its toy and with each bite, the toy squeaks. If the squeaking sound is the reinforcer, the dog's response in biting the toy is reinforced with which type of schedule?
Continuous reinforcement
In his initial experiments, Pavlov trained dogs to salivate when he sounded a tone or a bell. Pavlov termed these trained salivary responses __________.
conditional reflexes
Mirin would spank her daughter when she would chew food with her mouth open. After several instances of poor table manners, her daughter starts avoiding the kitchen table. In this example, the table is a(n) ________.
conditioned stimulus
Theodor robs a gas station as he does not have the necessary funds to feed his family. When he is caught, he tells the police he did it because he knows it is his job to take care of and provide for his family and there was no other way to immediately solve their issue with food insecurity (it is "natural" to try to help one's family). Which stage of morality is Theodor at with this explanation?
conventional
According to the theories of intelligence, who can most likely solve problems to which there are no preexisting solutions and no proven formulas?
creative people
Amanda has long dreamed of becoming a mother. She tracks her menstrual cycle and tries to have sex with her husband at the most opportune times. What type of factor is Amanda's motivation for sex based on?
goal attainment
Sven has sex with his partner whenever she wants because he thinks it will keep her from cheating. Which subfactor reason for having sex is Sven using?
mate guarding
A measure of retention in which the difference between the number of repetitions originally required to learn a list and the number of repetitions required to relearn the list after a certain amount of time has elapsed is calculated is called ______________________.
method of savings
In the terminology of observational learning, a person who engages in a response that is imitated is a__________.
model
Tryphon wants to study why people are happy and well-adjusted instead of their disorders. Which area should he consider?
positive psychology
Dr. Bammo was experimenting with gamma rays and accidentally damaged his brain and rendered one part of it non-functional. He now finds himself eating constantly, even though he's not actually hungry. What part of his brain is most likely damaged?
ventromedial nucleus (VMN)
Joshua wants to do well in academics to get his parents' approval and appreciation. This is an example of a physiological need.
False
"Stranger Anxiety" is a concept connected to attachment that was theorized by whom?
John Bowlby
Which of the following is true of negative reinforcers?
They increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are removed.
Which of the following is a state of deprivation?
need
The height of sexual excitement involving involuntary muscle contractions and release of sexual tensions is termed ________.
orgasm
Miley is attracted to people of all gender identities. Which term best describes Miley's romantic interests?
pansexual
In the context of prenatal development, the male embryo starts producing androgens, male sex hormones, by about the:
seventh week.
Nakotah is teaching young children to play soccer. Each time they make a good move, he praises them. In this scenario, Nakotah is training the children by _________.
shaping
Although Alara had practiced her presentation several times before class, she struggled in the middle part of the speech when she gave it in class. This pattern of forgetting illustrates __________.
the serial-position effect
Which type of parent generally leaves their children to themselves?
uninvolved parents
Once adult children leave their home, their parents ________________________.
usually report increased marital satisfaction
Kyle decides to have sex with Lance to thank him for an amazing birthday present. Which motivation for having sex is Kyle using?
utilitarian
The human ability to store information is limited.
False
Which of the following is an aspect shared between the communication systems of lower animals, and true language?
holophrase
Hazel helps feed the dogs in the morning because she knows her mom will give her a little treat. If the reward is the motivation for her action, what level of morality is she exhibiting?
preconventional
When David scored much higher on the shark quiz than his usual average, his teacher accused him of cheating. Which heuristic most likely led to the false accusation?
anchoring and adjustment
In E. C. Tolman's experiment, some rats were trained to run through mazes for standard food goals, while other rats were allowed to explore the mazes for 10 days without food goals or other rewards. Later, when food rewards were placed in a box at the far end of the maze, the previously unrewarded rats reached the food box as quickly as the rewarded rats after only one or two trials. This experiment demonstrated that the rats had the ability to form ________.
cognitive maps of their surroundings
In which of these strategies does the problem solver associate freely to the elements of the problem, allowing "leads" to run a nearly limitless course?
divergent thinking
In the context of reinforcement schedules, commuter trains that arrive at platforms at specific times are on a__________.
fixed-interval schedule
In which schedule does an organism's response rate fall off after each reinforcement and then picks up again as the time when reinforcement will occur approaches?
fixed-interval schedule
In the context of reinforcement schedules, if you were only paid for every individual webpage that you create, you are being paid on a __________.
fixed-ratio schedule
Regina was shopping for ground beef and her daughter asked why the label said the meat was 80% lean, rather than 20% fat. Regina answered that this is the result of the ________.
framing effect
Leila's young son has accidentally locked himself in his room. Leila is trying to figure out how to unlock the door. Unfortunately, she doesn't realize that her butter knife could be used to unlock the door. This illustrates ________.
functional fixedness
Drew asked the professor to use they/them as their pronouns as part of what term related to gender?
gender expression
Kennedy identifies with both masculine and feminine elements of gender identity, and asks their friends to use the term ________.
genderqueer
Chandler was once awoken from her sleep by a white rat that fell on her. Following this incident, she began fearing all furry white objects including white fur coats and white stuffed animals. In this scenario, Chandler's fear of all furry white objects is due to _____.
generalization
Mina taught her dog to jump every time she raises her right hand. Later, the dog started jumping even if she raised her left hand. In this scenario, the dog's action of jumping as a response to a similar stimulus is due to a tendency called ________.
generalization
Lena is a mother of two. She has been working at a school and managing every aspect of her children's lives from the time her first child was born. She believes that she must contribute to her family as well as the society. According to Erik Erikson, Lena is demonstrating ________.
generativity
Joshua, a 10-year-old boy, knows that snakes are reptiles, all reptiles are animals, and all animals are living things. In this scenario, Joshua organizes concepts in ________.
hierarchies
Which of these is a pea-sized structure in the brain that is involved in many aspects of motivation, including sex, aggression, and hunger?
hypothalamus
Jamaal is taking a coding class at his grade school. He is really excited about his ability to make small little applications for his computer. Jamaal is most likely in Erikson's stage of __________.
industry vs. inferiority
Polina always hears stories about how extravagantly her first birthday was celebrated, but she is unable to recall the events of that day. Polina's inability to recall the events of her first birthday is known as _________.
infantile amnesia
In Gestalt psychology, which of these is a sudden perception of relationships among elements of the mentally represented elements of a problem that permits its solution?
insight
Ophelia is in high school. She enjoys studying and does well in school. Her parents encourage her to think and act independently. Whenever she does well in an exam, she feels a sense of self-satisfaction. In this scenario, Ophelia's achievement motivation stems from a(n) ________.
intrinsic goal
Which branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that restore reserves of energy to the body?
parasympathetic nervous system
Although he has always planned on waiting until he is married to have sex, Aviv is at a college party one night and gets very aroused when he is flirted with by someone he finds very attractive. He ends up having sex with that person later in the evening, even though he didn't know them well and didn't expect to ever see them again. What type of factor is Aviv's primary motivation for sex based upon?
physical
According to Piaget, the second stage of cognitive development in children, which involved difficulty with conservation tasks, is called ______________.
preoperational stage
When Nehir studies for her college classes, she actively thinks about the new information, thinks about its applications, and tries to generate her own examples based on her experiences. Using levels of processing terminology, Nehir is:
processing the information at a "deep" level so that it is more likely to be encoded into long-term memory.
In the context of operant conditioning, when you keep posting comments in social media to receive more "likes," this is an example of _________.
reinforcement
Roz took three years of Spanish classes when she was in high school. Roz is now 30 years old and decides she wants to take an introduction level Spanish course at a local community college. She picks up the content quickly and with much more ease than that first Spanish course she took all those years ago in high school. This can be explained by the retention measuring method of _____________.
relearning.
Ibn witnessed a person being clipped by a car, and went for help, asking the first person he saw wearing scrubs to aid the victim. The person wearing scrubs was not a medical professional. What most likely caused Ibn's confusion?
representativeness heuristic
After telling the police officer everything he could recall about when they went into the bank, Desi got to the point that he no longer could recall any more information. At that point, Desi was most likely experiencing ____________.
retrieval cue failure
Kennedy was recently involved in a car accident in which they was critically injured. They was unable to recall the events that led to the accident. Kennedy is suffering from ________.
retrograde amnesia
Alan works in a research laboratory. He owns a house, and he earns enough to sustain himself. He has a large social circle and makes time to meet his friends at least once a week. However, Alan feels that he is capable of much more and can achieve a lot more in life. He is striving to bring out the best within himself. In the context of Maslow's hierarchy of needs, Alan is trying to fulfill his ________.
self-actualization needs
Timur was sitting outside his tent at dusk when he heard a low growling in the woods. His heart started racing, and he felt fear. Which theory of emotion does this scenario illustrate?
James-Lange
Marisol was attempting to teach her boyfriend manners. In the beginning, she would compliment him if he was near her car door. After a period of time, she would only praise him if he would wait patiently outside of her door. Eventually, she would only pay him compliments if he opened her door. In this scenario, what is Marisol reinforcing?
Successive approximations of the goal
Which of the following is a feature of the Thematic Apperception Test?
It contains cards with drawings that are subject to various interpretations.
Consider a child who is burned by touching a hot stove. The sight of the stove may evoke fear, and because hearing the word stove may evoke a mental image of the stove, just hearing the word may evoke fear. The child shows discrimination towards the hot stove.
False
Masters and Johnson use the term sexual arousal cycle to describe the changes that occur in the body as men and women become sexually aroused.
False
Recall is the easiest type of memory task, making multiple-choice tests easier than fill-in-the-blank.
False
The James-Lange theory of emotion suggests that events are first processed by the brain. Body patterns of arousal, action, and our emotional responses are then triggered simultaneously.
False
Which of the following statements is true in the context of taste aversions?
In taste aversion, the unconditioned stimulus can occur hours after the conditioned stimulus.
In the context of hunger, which of the following statements is true of the blood sugar level?
The drop in blood sugar is communicated to the hypothalamus.
Aaliyah cries every time she hears a song on the radio that she and her ex-boyfriend used to enjoy. Hearing the song brings back memories of the good times they had before he broke off the relationship. How come Aaliyah cries when she hears the song?
The song is a conditioned stimulus that she still associates with the good times that she now misses.
According to your text, one of the common complaints concerning the Kinsey reports was that ________.
it was collected from a non-random sample
According to Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, what must be developed immediately prior to esteem needs?
love and belongingness
The Heinz dilemma is used to determine what level of development you are in _________________.
morally
