Unit 2 Test Psychology

Suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words "Drink Cola" flash on the screen. You do not perceive the words "Drink Cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "Drink Cola" is an example of _____.

A subliminal message

Which of the following is not a risk factor for SIDS?

Above average birth weight

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________.

Adaptation

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?

Afterimage

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when _____.

An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep.

Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example?

Binocular disparity

which of the following higher level processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex?

Breathing

Who described the collective unconscious?

Carl Jung

Which of the following statements about deaf culture is false?

Deaf individuals believe children should receive a cochlear implant as soon as possible after birth

Alcohol is considered a ____ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

Depressant

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest?

Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies

_____ theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist.

Dissociative

What can you do to realign your biological clock with the external world when you work a rotating shift?

Expose yourself to bright light while working.

How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep?

Four

_____ is another term for the malleus.

Hammer

What is amplitude?

Height of a wave

When Brady is hot he sweats. When Brady is cold, he gets goose bumps on his skin so he will warm up more quickly. This is an example of how the body tries to achieve ________.

Homeostasis

What concept is illustrated by the following study? Participants were instructed to focus on either white or black objects, disregarding the other color. When a red cross passed across the screen, about one third of the subjects did not notice it.

Inattentional blindness

The _____ is also known as the anvil.

Incus

Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false ?

It will probably lead to substance abuse

The ____ is the deep groove that separates the brain into two halves.

Longitudinal fissure

Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to ________.

Maintain balance and body posture

Which of the following is an example of a synthetic opioid?

Methadone

Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has difficulty seeing in dim light. This is called ________.

Night blindness

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain?

Optic

______ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; _______ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

Perception; sensation

______ is a chemical message sent by another individual.

Pheromone

The ____ connects the brain and the spinal cord.

Pons

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "States of consciousness do not vary over the course of the day."

Remove the phrase "do not"

Uncomfortable sensations in the leg during periods of inactivity are a symptom of ____ leg syndrome.

Restless

Which of the following is false about sensation?

Sensation refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.

Which of these statements about Rosalind Cartwright is false?

She is a Jungian dream analyst.

Which theorist described dreams as having manifest and latent content?

Sigmund Freud

What is vertigo?

Spinning sensation

In what stage of sleep do sleep spindles appear?

Stage 2

Jeremy has Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood, and he feels the need to smoke more cigarettes than he used to. It is likely that Jeremy's _____ is producing less _____ than it needs to.

Substantia nigra; dopamine

Which of the following was demonstrated by the 1998 research of Ayabe-Kanamura, Saito, Distel, Martinez-Gomez, & Hudson?

The ability to identify an odor, and rate its pleasantness and its intensity, varies cross-culturally

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "Pain that signals some type of tissue damage is known as neuropathic pain"

The word "neuropathic" should be changed to the word "inflammatory"

Individuals suffering from congenital analgesia have a shorter life span due to ______.

Their injuries and secondary infections of injured sites

Why are olfaction and gustation called chemical senses?

They have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we ear or in the air we breathe

Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children?

They increase neurotransmitters activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control.

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?

Top-down

What is a binaural cue?

Two-eared cue to localize sound

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will _____.

Undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over.

Vestibular

Physical dependence on a drug is indicated by the user experiencing _____ as a result of discontinuing use of the drug.

changes in normal bodily functions

Human eggs and sperm each contain 23 ________, which are composed of long strands of ________.

chromosomes; DNA

Which one of the following processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse?

collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release

_____ is a neurotransmitter involved in mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior.

dopamine

Parsons et al. are doing a study comparing differences in brain activity levels between patients with schizophrenia and controls with no psychological disorders. Their hypothesis requires a high level of detail and good detection of differences over time. Which of the following is the best brain imaging technique to use?

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish?

groan and move her eyes

Clive Wearing could remember which of the following types of memory?

how to play the piano

In a resting state, sodium is at a higher concentration outside the cell and potassium is more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, the sodium levels _____ inside the cell.

increase

The sleep debt is the result of____.

insufficient sleep on a chronic basis

____ is the differences between hemispheres in the area underlying language function.

lateralization

In a ____ dream people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content.

lucid

Jennifer has been depressed for several months, and she decided to take an overdose of sleeping pills. After taking the pills, her breathing rate decreased dramatically, her heart slowed down, and her blood pressure decreased. Which brain structure is the drug acting on?

medulla

The ____ is located deep within the brain, and it includes structures such as the substantia nigra and ventral tegumental area.

midbrain

Polygenic means that most traits are controlled by ____.

more than one gene

Dmitris is in a car accident and his parietal lobe is injured. Which of the following is the most likely behavioral effect of his accident?

no sensation in his legs and feet

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of ____.

parasomnia

which of the following is not a forebrain structure?

pons

Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a "tracer" and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study?

positron emission tomography (PET)

_____ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall.

range of reaction

People often report that they have not been asleep if they are awoken during stage ________ sleep.

stage 1

The space between two neurons is called the ____.

synapse

The ____ of a neuron contain ____ that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.

terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

Glucose, a small uncharged molecule, can pass through the cell membrane, but sodium ions do not pass through the membrane easily. What is the most accurate explanation for these findings?

the cell membrane is semi-permeable.

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "the consequences of sleep debt include increased levels of alertness and mental efficiency."

the word "increased" should be changed to the word "decreased"

While the American Heart Association (AHA) suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, ________.

there is not adequate empirical support for its effectiveness

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________.

tolerance

Imagine yourself in a dark classroom reading PowerPoint slides. If an audience member were to check the internet using her cell phone and causing her screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the classroom. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit classroom during a discussion, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination varies dramatically between the two contexts. This is an example of ______.

Weber's law

which of the following is not a hindbrain structure?

amygdala

which type of chemical messenger do the male gonads secrete?

androgens

Shyla experiences a long delay between the time that she goes to bed and the time that she actually falls asleep. In addition, she wakes up several times during the night and has difficulty getting back to sleep. To diagnose Shyla with insomnia, it is necessary that she experiences these symptoms________.

at least three nights a week for one month