Unit 2B
In a certain country, the birth rate is high, the death rate is high, and there are many children that are part of the workforce. The country is most likely in which of the following stages of the demographic transition? A Stage 1 B Stage 2 C Stage 3 D Stage 4
A
The zone that has the greatest biodiversity A B C D E
A
Which of the following annual population growth rates is paired with the correct doubling time? A 1% . . 700 years B 2% . . 35 years C 3.5% . . 12 years D 5% . . 350 months E 7% . . 70 months
B
Which of the following is a characteristic of tropical rain forests? A They rarely receive more than 100 centimeters of rain per year. B Their soils typically have a high pH. C Their soils are relatively poor in nutrients. D They do not exhibit a great deal of species diversity. E They generally occur in the rain shadows of mountain ranges.
C
Which of the following is the zone of a pond or lake in which rooted, emergent plants such as cattails and rushes are located? A Benthic B Limnetic C Littoral D Profundal E Riparian
C
Wolves were reintroduced into Yellowstone National Park in 1995. In addition to tracking changes in the wolf population, scientists were interested in how the wolves would affect other parts of the Yellowstone ecosystem. In particular, they were interested in changes to the population of elk, the wolves' primary prey. The graph below shows the population size of the wolf and elk populations over time. Based upon the data presented in the graph, which of the following best identifies the highest wolf population size? A 20 B 120 C 170 D 190
C
Dandelions grow quickly and produce many seeds, ensuring that at least some plants will survive and produce seeds themselves. Which curve best represents the survivorship of dandelions? A B C D
D
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following countries. (A) Australia (B) Brazil (C) Chile (D) Russia (E) United States of America Country with the largest area of boreal forests A Australia B Brazil C Chile D Russia E United States of America
D
During an El Niño-Southern Oscillation event, which of the following best describes conditions in the eastern part of the tropical Pacific Ocean (e.g., near Peru and Ecuador)? A Sea Surface TemperatureRainfallLowLow B Sea Surface TemperatureRainfallLowHigh C Sea Surface TemperatureRainfallHighLow D Sea Surface TemperatureRainfallHighHigh E Sea Surface TemperatureRainfallHighNormal
D
The current world population is closest to which of the following? A 1 million B 500 million C 1 billion D 5 billion E 20 billion
D
The great grasslands of the world have which of the following primary characteristics in common? A They are restricted in occurrence to the region between 30° north latitude and 30° south latitude. B Due to high humidity, fires are uncommon and rarely affect large areas. C They are typically created by overgrazing by livestock. D Seasonal cycles of temperature and precipitation produce abundant vegetative growth. E High winds blow seeds of trees away such that only grasses exist.
D
This area has the lowest amount of naturally available freshwater per capita. A (A) B (B) C (C) D (D) E (E)
D
This biome contains plants that are adapted to prevent water loss due to the low average rainfall and high temperatures year-round. A Savanna B Boreal forest C Tropical rain forest D Desert
D
Which of the following biomes is best characterized as an area that forms the narrow band along the coast that experiences a range of environmental conditions (including daily changes in sunlight, temperature, and water) ? A Open ocean B Lakes C Coral reefs D Intertidal zones
D
Which of the following is a biome found at 30°30° NN and 30°30° SS as seen in the diagram? A Rain forests B Tundras C Coniferous forests D Deserts
D
Which of the following is generally true of K-strategist species as compared to r-strategist species? A They reach sexual maturity earlier. B They have more young. C They are more likely to be invasive species. D They have longer life spans. E Their population cycles are more rapid.
D
Desalination is used to supply much of this region with freshwater. A (A) B (B) C (C) D (D)
D (india)
Reasons that human populations historically have settled in floodplains include which of the following? The soil in floodplains is usually fertile. The terrain in floodplains tend to be flat. Floodplains are close to rivers for transportation. A I only B II only C I and II only D II and III only E I, II, and III
E
The country with a population about three times that of the United States is A Australia B Bangladesh C China D Ethiopia E India
E
The location of the greatest remaining natural biodiversity A B C D E
E
Which of the following does NOT exert a major influence on Earth's overall climate? A The annual amount of solar radiation that reaches Earth's surface B The concentrations of the specific gases in Earth's atmosphere C The distribution of land masses and oceans, in combination with Earth's topography D The daily rotation of Earth on its axis, and its annual revolution around the Sun E The seasonal development of temperature inversions in geographical basins
E
The country of Sudan has an estimated annual growth rate of 2 percent. At this rate of growth, approximately how many years will it take for the population of Sudan to double? A 30 years B 35 years C 50 years D 80 years E 140 years
B
Which environment is characterized by the highest diversity of tree species? A B C D E
B
Five different species of warblers, seed-eating birds, live in the same species of conifer trees. All of the birds migrate to coniferous forests during the summer, and different species reside in different areas in the same tree. They feed on the seeds of the conifer trees, but the different species do not mate with each other. Which of the following best explains why the different warbler species can all have habitats in the same conifer trees? A Not all the warblers are residents in the forest at the same time of the year because of different migration patterns. B Physiological differences in beak structure allow the warblers to consume different species of seeds through symbiotic relationships. C Resource partitioning of the seeds reduces competition, and the five different species can live in the same tree. D Niche overlap occurs between the five different species, and living in the same tree increases competition for seeds.
C
If the population of a country grows at a rate of approximately 5 percent per year, the number of years required for the population to double is closest to A 5 years B 10 years C 15 years D 25 years E 35 years
C
Approximately what percent of the population in Country II is under age 15? A 1% B 5% C 10% D 25% E 50%
D
Which of the following species is most likely to provide extensive parental care to its offspring? A SpeciesNumber of Fertilized Eggs Produced per YearOyster5,000,000,000 B SpeciesNumber of Fertilized Eggs Produced per YearFish8,000 C SpeciesNumber of Fertilized Eggs Produced per YearRabbit12 D SpeciesNumber of Fertilized Eggs Produced per YearBobcat2
D
Which of the following age structure diagrams represents a population that most likely has a negative growth rate? A B C D E
D (equal at top and bottom)
A country with an age distribution like that shown in the figure above, is most likely a country that A is experiencing rapid growth B is experiencing slow or no population growth C is experiencing a high death rate D has 40% of the population under age 15 E is a less-developed country
B
Based on the data in the graph, which of the following best describes the reproductive strategy of rabbits? A KK-selected species B rr-selected species C Type II survivorship D Type IIII survivorship
B
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the data table below that shows the annual anchovy catch and average sea surface temperature off the coast of Peru from 1995 through 2001. The high sea surface temperature in 1998 was most likely due to A global warming B El Niño C eutrophication D salinization E Pacific Annual Oscillation
B
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following possible relationships between organisms in an ecosystem. (A) Commensalism (B) Parasitism (C) Mutualism (D) Predation (E) Competition Exemplified by ticks feeding on a deer A Commensalism B Parasitism C Mutualism D Predation E Competition
B
If a country has a crude birth rate of 24 per 1,000 and a crude death rate of 8 per 1,000, the natural annual percent increase of its population is A 0.6% B 1.6% C 3% D 16% E 32%
B
If the population of a country is growing at a rate of 1.75 percent per year, the population will double in approximately how many years? A 30 years B 40 years C 50 years D 70 years E 140 years
B
In a typical forest ecosystem, dead trees and fallen trees are most important because of their role in which of the following? A Providing a valuable source of timber B Providing habitats for wildlife C Contributing to soil erosion D Increasing water runoff E Removing carbon dioxide from the air
B
Phytoplankton are most abundant in the upper few hundred feet of most bodies of water because A they can most readily hide from predators there B sunlight does not penetrate to great depths in water C as primary producers, they must be accessible to many other organisms D they are benthic organisms E they feed on zooplankton, which are found only in the top layers of water
B
Which of the following areas receives the most intense solar radiation at the time of year shown in the diagram, and why? A The Antarctic Circle, because it is closest to the Sun. B The Tropic of Capricorn, because this latitude is nearly horizontal to incoming solar radiation. C The equator, because it is the hottest region and therefore receives the most intense solar radiation. D The Tropic of Cancer, because solar radiation spreads out over a wider area at this latitude.
B
Which of the following best describes soil in many tropical rain forests? A They lack soil horizons. B They are quickly depleted nutrients when the forest is removed. C They are similar to soils in grasslands. D They are well suited for growing a wide variety of crops. E They are deep and well drained.
B
Which of the following changes would most likely lead to a mammal population exceeding its carrying capacity? A An increase in mortality of adults during mating season B A decrease in the food supply immediately after offspring are born C An increase in the number of predators immediately after offspring are born D A decrease in the number adult females during mating season
B
Which of the following countries is most likely represented in the age structure diagram shown above? A Country A B Country B C Country C D Country D
B
Which of the following is the source of energy driving the circulation pattern labeled C in the diagram? A The Coriolis effect B Solar radiation C Earth's magnetic field D The spinning core of Earth
B
Which of the following pairs of statistics would most likely indicate the highest quality of life in a country? A High rate of teenage pregnancy and low gross domestic product B High life expectancy and low infant mortality C High crude birth rate and low literacy rate D High level of export and low social status of women E High emigration rate and low total fertility rate
B
Which of the following statements is best supported by the population doubling times indicated on the map? A Australia and China both have a greater population than the other countries have. B India has a higher population growth rate than China and Australia have. C The countries with the shortest doubling times have higher population densities than the other countries have. D The countries with the longest doubling times are less developed than the other countries.
B
Which of the following statements is true of aquatic biomes? A Freshwater and marine biomes are evenly distributed on Earth. B Freshwater biomes are a vital source of drinking water. C Freshwater biomes supply a greater portion of Earth's oxygen than marine biomes. D Marine biomes include streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes.
B
Which age-structure diagram best depicts the ages in a population that is in stage 3 of the demographic transition? A B C D
B (triangle)
As a country goes through the demographic transition, the greatest rate of population growth takes place during which phase? A The preindustrial B The pretransitional C The transitional D The industrial E The postindustrial
C
In a fish species, the number of eggs that hatch and survive for one year varies depending on the number of eggs that were produced. As the number of eggs produced increases past a threshold number, the survival rate of the offspring decreases. Which of the following statements best explains why only a limited number of offspring can survive in a fish population? A Resource partitioning allows similar species to coexist in the same ecological community. B The number of fish surviving after one year is proportional to the number of eggs produced. C The chance of survival decreases when there is intraspecific competition for resources among surviving yearlings. D More yearling fish survive beyond one year when there is an abundance of prey species present.
C
Most deserts on Earth are located near the 30° north and 30° south latitudes because humidity is lower at 30°. The best explanation for the lower humidity is that A warm air rises at 90° latitude, cools, and sinks at 30° B cool air rises at 30° latitude, warms, and sinks at the equator C warm air rises at the equator, cools, and sinks at 30° latitude D trade winds transfer moisture away from 30° latitude E rain-shadow effects are most pronounced at 30° latitude
C
Most of the Earth's deserts are at approximately 30° latitude, north and south, because these latitudes are characterized by A generally warm ocean currents B predominantly low atmospheric pressure C descending dry air currents D slow-moving jet streams E enhanced solar radiation
C
The most populous countries in the world are China, India, and A Indonesia B Russia C the United States D Japan E Mexico
C
The snowshoe hare (a member of the rabbit family) is the primary prey for the Canadian lynx. The Canadian lynx is a wild feline that is slightly larger than a bobcat. Scientists plan to investigate the relative sizes of the hare and the lynx populations over a 3-year period. Based on predator-prey dynamics, which of the following identifies the hypothesis most likely to be supported by the study? A A decrease in the lynx population size will lead to a decrease in the hare population size. B A decrease in the hare population size will lead to an increase in the lynx population size. C An increase in the lynx population size will lead to a decrease in the hare population size. D An increase in the hare population size will lead to a decrease in the lynx population size.
C
The total fertility rate in country A was 6.8 in 1980. Which of the following statements best supports the change in the total fertility rate in country A between 1980 and 2015? A The total fertility rate increased as a result of improved health care and better nutrition. B The total fertility rate remained constant even though there was improved access to clean water. C The total fertility rate decreased as a result of a delay in age of first marriage and increased contraceptive use. D The total fertility rate decreased as a result of increased infant mortality rate.
C
What is the population doubling time in years for a country with an annual growth rate of 3.5 percent? A 0.5 B 3.5 C 20 D 24.5 E 70
C
Which environment is most likely to be characterized by dry scrub with frequent fires? A B C D E
C
Which of the following best explains the change in the moose population from 1995 to 1997? A The large moose population led to a significant increase in the wolf population from 1995 to 1996, leading to increased predation of moose by wolves. B The high density of moose in the population led to a large number of moose emigrating from the island in search of mates and territory. C Plants in the area could not support the large population of moose in 1995. D The small number of wolves on the island could not support the large number of moose in 1995.
C
Which of the following causes the air to rise high into the atmosphere in the areas labeled A, B, and C on the diagram? A El Niño circulation patterns B The rotation of Earth shifting the direction of the air upward C Warm, moist air that is less dense than the surrounding air D Rain shadows over mountain ridges
C
Which of the following characteristics in the table best supports the claim that Country AA is a more developed country and that Country BB is a less developed country? A Population size B Land area C Infant mortality rate D Net migration rate
C
Which of the following countries has achieved replacement-level fertility? A Country A B Country B C Country C D Country D
C
A country currently has a population of 100 million and an annual growth rate of 3.5 percent. If the growth rate remains constant, what will be the population of this country in 40 years? A 150 million B 200 million C 300 million D 400 million E 800 million
D
The graph below shows the results obtained when two species of Paramecium were grown together in the same medium. The graph above best exemplifies A the demographic transition B sustained logarithmic growth C the edge effect D competitive exclusion E the normal distribution
D
The world population growth rate in 2015 is about 1 percent. It is expected to drop to 0.5 percent by 2050, partly because of increased access to birth control in developing nations. Another likely cause for the expected decline is A a decrease in the spread of pandemic diseases like Ebola B an increase in the total fertility rate in developed nations C an increased global food supply as a result of climate change D increasing numbers of women entering the workforce in developing nations E medical advances that will increase the life spans of people in developing nations
D
Traveling southward from the Arctic regions of Canada to the tropics of Panama, one passes through several biomes - tundra, coniferous forest, temperate deciduous forest, and tropical rain forest. This pattern of change in vegetation is primarily the result of A primary and secondary succession B the invasion of exotic species C an increase in mean annual temperature and a decrease in mean annual precipitation D an increase in both mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation E an increase in the total annual hours of sunlight
D
Which of the following best describes the change in the carrying capacity of the human population if growth is limited by conditions set forth by the Malthusian theory? A The carrying capacity will increase, and the human population size will grow exponentially. B The carrying capacity will remain constant, and the human population size will stabilize. C The carrying capacity will remain constant, and the human population size will experience an overshoot. D The carrying capacity will decrease, and the human population size will experience a dieback.
D
Which of the following best explains why City B regularly receives less precipitation than City A? A As air rises up the side of the mountain near City B, the temperature and the relative humidity increase, causing increased precipitation on the other side of the mountain over City A. B Air that is forced upward on the side of the mountain near City B leads to the formation of stratospheric clouds. C The urban heat island from City B causes a warmer climate that leads to reduced cloud formation. D The rain shadow effect causes City B to be drier because the mountain blocks precipitation from reaching the city.
D
Which of the following best illustrates an abiotic component of the environment affecting a biotic component of the environment? A Composted manure is added to agricultural soil during spring tilling. B Coral reefs modify the direction of an ocean current. C Plants release O2 into the atmosphere during photosynthesis. D Low phosphorus content in soil limits the growth of vegetation. E A thick planting of ground cover reduces soil erosion on a hillside.
D
Which of the following is most likely the primary cause of high death rates in phase I? A Loss of breeding-age males due to warfare B Loss of breeding-age females due to disease C Large percentage of elderly individuals in the population D Infant and childhood mortality E General starvation due to famine
D
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the figure below. A, B, C, and D represent population growth curves, E represents the carrying capacity. Represents the maximum number of individuals that can be supported by a particular ecosystem on a long-term basis A B C D E
E
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following countries. (A) Australia (B) Brazil (C) Chile (D) Russia (E) United States of America Country with the largest area of temperate deciduous forest A Australia B Brazil C Chile D Russia E United States of America
E
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the following possible relationships between organisms in an ecosystem. (A) Commensalism (B) Parasitism (C) Mutualism (D) Predation (E) Competition Exemplified by starlings displacing bluebirds from nesting sites A Commensalism B Parasitism C Mutualism D Predation E Competition
E
Which of the following is a true statement about replacement-level fertility? A It equals the average number of children a woman will give birth to during her child-bearing years. B It equals the annual number of live births per 1,000 people in a population. C It equals the natural increase of a population in one year. D It is found by subtracting the number of emigrants from the number of immigrants in one year. E It is greater in countries with high infant-mortality rates than in countries with low infant-mortality rates.
E
Which of the following regions of the ocean is LEAST likely to contain photosynthetic organisms? A Intertidal zone B Zone of coastal upwelling C Pelagic zone D Euphotic zone E Abyssal zone
E
Which of the following world regions contain the greatest area of rain forest? A Canada and the United States B Eastern and Western Europe C Russia and China D Australia and New Zealand E Brazil and Indonesia
E
Cycads are gymnosperms that were diverse and abundant during the Mesozoic era. Extant species of cycads share many traits with those from the Mesozoic era. Cycads bear cones, are long-lived with slow growth rates, show late reproductive maturity, and have very few offspring. Based on this description, the cycads are A KK-strategists with a Type I survivorship curve. B rr-strategists with a Type III survivorship curve. C KK-strategists with a Type III survivorship curve. D rr-strategists with a Type II survivorship curve.
A
Directions: Select the choice that best fits each statement. The following question(s) refer to the figure below. A, B, C, and D represent population growth curves, E represents the carrying capacity. Represents the biotic potential of the species A B C D E
A
El Niño, a periodic warming of ocean surface waters, occurs in which of the following regions? A Tropical East Pacific B Gulf of Mexico C Arctic North Pacific D Temperate West Atlantic E Tropical Indian Ocean
A
If a city of population 10,000 experiences 100 births, 40 deaths, 10 immigrants, and 30 emigrants in the course of a year, what is its net annual percentage growth rate? A 0.4% B 0.8% C 1.0% D 4.0% E 8.0%
A
In Mediterranean climate regions like portions of California, a wetter-than-normal winter often leads to greater severity of fires the following summer. This seeming paradox occurs because increased rain leads to A greater accumulation of chapparal biomass B higher pollination rates of annual flowers C greater recreational use of parklands D greater erosion and damage of access roads E decreased summer rainfall
A
In the desert regions of the southwestern United States, daily high and low temperatures will frequently fluctuate by 40°F40°F (33°C)(33°C) or more. Which statement below best explains the large variation in temperature? A There are no bordering oceans or large bodies of water to provide a stabilizing humidity to the air. B The nearby Rocky Mountain range provides a rain shadow effect in the evenings to the west. C The flat, light-colored sand formations typical in deserts reflect light from the Sun during the day, but not at night. D Desert plants have long tap roots that pull water from deep in the soil, cooling the desert at night.
A
The K-selection reproductive strategy maximizes survival of offspring by producing A few offspring with high levels of parental care B few offspring with low levels of parental care C many offspring with high levels of parental care D many offspring with low levels of parental care E many offspring without parental care
A
The largest area of old-growth forest in the United States is located in A Alaska B Montana C California D North Carolina E Michigan
A
This biome is characterized by long dry seasons and is dominated by grasses, shrubs, and grazing animals. A Savanna B Boreal forest C Tropical rain forest D Desert
A
Which of the countries listed in the chart above is most likely to have limited educational opportunities for women? A B C D E
A
Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the graph for the population of wolves between 1975 and 1985? A The population declined following depletion of food resources after a population overshoot. B The population reached its carrying capacity in 1980 because there was abundant prey. C The population increased exponentially when a new predator species was introduced to the island. D The population declined slightly and then returned to its carrying capacity following the outbreak of a disease.
A
Which of the following is most typically associated with the transition from a rural to an urbanized society? A Reduced birth rates B Reduced need for sewage-treatment facilities C Increased rates of population growth D Increased air quality in urban areas E Increased stabilization of microclimate in urban areas
A
Which of the following species is most likely to be an invasive species if introduced into a favorable new habitat? A SpeciesNumber of Fertilized Eggs Produced per YearOyster5,000,000,000 B SpeciesNumber of Fertilized Eggs Produced per YearFish8,000 C SpeciesNumber of Fertilized Eggs Produced per YearRabbit12 D SpeciesNumber of Fertilized Eggs Produced per YearBobcat2
A
