unit 3 bio

Chloroplast

(in green plant cells) a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place

Cell membrane

the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell

Eukaryotes

A eukaryote is any organism whose cells have a cell nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membrane

Vesicle

a fluid- or air-filled cavity or sac, in particular

prokaryotes

a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. Prokaryotes include the bacteria and cyanobacteria

Ribosomes

a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins, found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins

Properties of ALL cells

all cells, whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, have some common features. The common features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are: DNA, the genetic material contained in one or more chromosomes and located in a nonmembrane bound nucleoid region in prokaryotes and a membrane-bound nucleus in eukaryotes

Lysosome

an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane

Selectively permeable

cell membrane is one that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by means of active or passive transport

Nucleus

the central and most important part of an object, movement, or group, forming the basis for its activity and growth

Membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotic cells contain many membrane-bound organelles. An organelle is an organized and specialized structure within a living cell. The organelles include the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and, in plants, chloroplasts

Golgi apparatus

Image result for Golgi apparatusen.wikipedia.org The Golgi apparatus gathers simple molecules and combines them to make molecules that are more complex. It then takes those big molecules, packages them in vesicles, and either stores them for later use or sends them out of the cell. It is also the organelle that builds lysosomes (cell digestion machines)

properties of eukaryotes

Like a prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic cell has a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. However, unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have: a membrane-bound nucleus. numerous membrane-bound organelles

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell. They are organelles that act like a digestive system which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell. The biochemical processes of the cell are known as cellular respiration

Properties of prokaryotes

Prokaryotes lack an organized nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotic DNA is found in a central part of the cell called the nucleoid

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Rough ER is found throughout the cell but the density is higher near the nucleus and the Golgi apparatus. Ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum are called 'membrane bound' and are responsible for the assembly of many proteins. This process is called translation

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum, or smooth ER, is an organelle found in both animal cells and plant cells. An organelle is a sub-unit within a cell that has a specialized function. The main function of the smooth ER is to make cellular products like hormones and lipids

Linear DNA

There is also cytoplasmic DNA free-floating in eukaryotic cells. These are also circular and normally contain short copies of chromosomal DNA sequences. Their function is not well understood. In prokaryotes, some species of spirochaetes and bacteria have been found with linear chromosomes

Cell wall

a rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria. In the algae and higher plants, it consists mainly of cellulose

Nucleolus

a small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase

Vacuole

a space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid

Cell Theory

a theory in biology that includes one or both of the statements that the cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of living matter

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information

Cytoplasm

the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus

Photosynthesis

the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct

Nuclear Membrane

A nuclear membrane, also known as the nucleolemma or karyotheca, is the lipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells

Endosymbiotic theory

A theory stating that the eukaryotes evolved through a process whereby different types of free-living prokaryotes became incorporated inside larger prokaryotic cells and eventually developed into mitochondria, chloroplasts, and possibly other organelles

Cellular respiration

Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products

Chlorophyll

Chlorophyll is any of several closely related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of algae and plants

Circular DNA

Circular DNA is DNA that forms a closed loop and therefore has no free ends that is a complete closed DNA. Examples include: Plasmids - mobile genetic elements. cccDNA - formed by some viruses inside cell nuclei. Circular bacterial chromosomes

Nuclear pores

Nuclear pore complexes allow the transport of molecules across the nuclear envelope. This transport includes RNA and ribosomal proteins moving from nucleus to the cytoplasm and proteins (such as DNA polymerase and lamins), carbohydrates, signaling molecules and lipids moving into the nucleus