unit 3 bio
Chloroplast
(in green plant cells) a plastid that contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place
Cell membrane
the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell
Eukaryotes
A eukaryote is any organism whose cells have a cell nucleus and other organelles enclosed within membrane
Vesicle
a fluid- or air-filled cavity or sac, in particular
prokaryotes
a microscopic single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles. Prokaryotes include the bacteria and cyanobacteria
Ribosomes
a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins, found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins
Properties of ALL cells
all cells, whether they are prokaryotic or eukaryotic, have some common features. The common features of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are: DNA, the genetic material contained in one or more chromosomes and located in a nonmembrane bound nucleoid region in prokaryotes and a membrane-bound nucleus in eukaryotes
Lysosome
an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane
Selectively permeable
cell membrane is one that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by means of active or passive transport
Nucleus
the central and most important part of an object, movement, or group, forming the basis for its activity and growth
Membrane-bound organelles
Eukaryotic cells contain many membrane-bound organelles. An organelle is an organized and specialized structure within a living cell. The organelles include the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, vacuoles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and, in plants, chloroplasts
Golgi apparatus
Image result for Golgi apparatusen.wikipedia.org The Golgi apparatus gathers simple molecules and combines them to make molecules that are more complex. It then takes those big molecules, packages them in vesicles, and either stores them for later use or sends them out of the cell. It is also the organelle that builds lysosomes (cell digestion machines)
properties of eukaryotes
Like a prokaryotic cell, a eukaryotic cell has a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and ribosomes. However, unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have: a membrane-bound nucleus. numerous membrane-bound organelles
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are known as the powerhouses of the cell. They are organelles that act like a digestive system which takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and creates energy rich molecules for the cell. The biochemical processes of the cell are known as cellular respiration
Properties of prokaryotes
Prokaryotes lack an organized nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Prokaryotic DNA is found in a central part of the cell called the nucleoid
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Rough ER is found throughout the cell but the density is higher near the nucleus and the Golgi apparatus. Ribosomes on the rough endoplasmic reticulum are called 'membrane bound' and are responsible for the assembly of many proteins. This process is called translation
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum, or smooth ER, is an organelle found in both animal cells and plant cells. An organelle is a sub-unit within a cell that has a specialized function. The main function of the smooth ER is to make cellular products like hormones and lipids
Linear DNA
There is also cytoplasmic DNA free-floating in eukaryotic cells. These are also circular and normally contain short copies of chromosomal DNA sequences. Their function is not well understood. In prokaryotes, some species of spirochaetes and bacteria have been found with linear chromosomes
Cell wall
a rigid layer of polysaccharides lying outside the plasma membrane of the cells of plants, fungi, and bacteria. In the algae and higher plants, it consists mainly of cellulose
Nucleolus
a small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interphase
Vacuole
a space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid
Cell Theory
a theory in biology that includes one or both of the statements that the cell is the fundamental structural and functional unit of living matter
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information
Cytoplasm
the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus
Photosynthesis
the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct
Nuclear Membrane
A nuclear membrane, also known as the nucleolemma or karyotheca, is the lipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells
Endosymbiotic theory
A theory stating that the eukaryotes evolved through a process whereby different types of free-living prokaryotes became incorporated inside larger prokaryotic cells and eventually developed into mitochondria, chloroplasts, and possibly other organelles
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products
Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is any of several closely related green pigments found in cyanobacteria and the chloroplasts of algae and plants
Circular DNA
Circular DNA is DNA that forms a closed loop and therefore has no free ends that is a complete closed DNA. Examples include: Plasmids - mobile genetic elements. cccDNA - formed by some viruses inside cell nuclei. Circular bacterial chromosomes
Nuclear pores
Nuclear pore complexes allow the transport of molecules across the nuclear envelope. This transport includes RNA and ribosomal proteins moving from nucleus to the cytoplasm and proteins (such as DNA polymerase and lamins), carbohydrates, signaling molecules and lipids moving into the nucleus