Unit 3 Final Exam
ein plein air
*"in the open air"* - French -artists take easels and canvases outside and use new paint that comes in a tube -Impressionists really started this outdoor painting movement -no more painting in the studio; went outside to do urban paintings and countryside paintings -applies specifically to painting outdoors, as opposed to in a studio, notably employed by the impressionists -this is because they could easily store paint now and move from studio to outdoor spaces and revisit places to continue painting
Brillo Soap Pads Box
*Andy Warhol, Brillo Soap Pads Box,* * 1964. Silkscreen print on painted wood, * *17" × 17" × 14"* *POP ART* -accessibility to public; everyone can relate to the work because the objects were relatable
Marilyn Diptych
*Andy Warhol, Marilyn Diptych,* * 1962. Oil, acrylic, and silkscreen* *on enamel on canvas,* *two panels, each 6'10" × 4'9"* *POP ART* -silkscreen prints: paint presses through screen material
The Scream
*Edvard Munch* *The Scream* *ca. 1893* *SYMBOLISM*
What are the major tenants of earth work?
-natural landscape for art -stones, water, gravel, soil -left unprotected by the natural elements, so outside mainstream since works of art are usually preserved in a high manner
What are the major tenants of minimalism?
-no biography or metaphors of any kind -new focus on the art of the material -sleek, geometric work, that kind of avoids conventional aesthetics, often times repeats -looked like Factory built commodities -brought other factors of viewing a piece into view, like weight, height, gravity, and light
non-figural art
-not representing objects of nature or reality -abstract painting -objects in painting do not resemble anything real
What are the major tenants of Pop Art?
-popular imagery, commonplace objects, people of everyday life -shift towards modernism -Pop Culture --> Fine art -embraced post WWII manufacturing and the media boom -endorsed the market (goods, think- brillo pads)
Andre Breton & the Surrealist Manifesto
-published by Breton as a booklet in 1924 -defines surrealism: "Psychic automatism in its pure state, by which one proposes to express- verbally, by means of the written word, or in any other manner- the actual functioning of thought"
Readymade
-term coined by Marcel Duchamp to describe art from manufactured objects (urinal guy) -choice of object is a creative act -cancelling the true function makes it art
Yves Klein Blue
Answer
color-field painting
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gesture
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Futurism
F.T. Marinetti, 1909 - Futurist Manifesto "We declare that the splendor of the world has been enriched by a new beauty: the beauty of speed. A racing automobile with its bonnet adorned with great tubes like serpents with explosive breath ... a roaring motor car which seems to run on machine-gun fire, is more beautiful than the Victory of Samothrace. . ." -radical, anti-feminist
Impression: Sunrise
*Claude Monet* *Impression: Sunrise, ca. 1872* *IMPRESSIONISM* -urban scene, sun reflects on the water, *painterly style* of brush strokes (loose and open), hazy vibe, you can see parts of the white canvas coming through to convey light (big deal)
Rouen Cathedral: The Portal (in Sun)
*Claude Monet* *Rouen Cathedral: The Portal (in Sun), 1894* *Oil on canvas, 39-1/4" × 26"* *IMPRESSIONISM*
Untitled
*Donald Judd, Untitled, 1969.* *Galvanized iron and Plexiglas,* *10 units, each 6" × 27-1/8" × 24" * *MINIMALISM* -sense of quiet and calmness popart did not have -simplicity; breaking things down to simplest form
Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California
*Dorothea Lange,* * Migrant Mother, Nipomo,* *California, February 1936.* *Gelatin-silver print.* *AMERICAN REGIONALISM* -depicting people in everyday situations
The Rehearsal on Stage
*Edgar Degas, The Rehearsal on Stage,* * c. 1874. Pastel over brush-and-ink drawing* *on thin, cream-colored wove paper, laid* *on bristol board, mounted on canvas,* *21-3/8" × 28-3/4"* *IMPRESSIONISM* -depicts ballerinas (they were prostitutes at the time), he loves to paint them -he was inspired by photography, really loose brush work, lighting is similar to a stage setting
Street, Dresden
*Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Street, Dresden* *ca. 1908* *GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM* -a little less figural, colors are empasized
Fallingwater (Edgar Kaufmann House) Mill Run
*Frank Lloyd Wright* * Fallingwater (Edgar Kaufmann House)* *Mill Run, Pennsylvania. 1937* *ARTS & CRAFTS ARCHITECTURE* -matching nature, fitting in with landscape -use dark wood and greenery
A Sunday on La Grande Jatte
*Georges Seurat* *A Sunday on La Grande Jatte* *1884-86. Oil on canvas, 6' 9" x 10'* *Art Institute of Chicago* *POST-IMPRESSIONISM* -Sunday in the park, and although the park is full no one is interacting with eachother
Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash
*Giacomo Balla* *Dynamism of a Dog on a Leash, ca. 1912* *FUTURISM*
Guerrilla Girls
*Guerrilla Girls,* *Poster, 1985* *FEMINIST ART* -problematic, very tongue-in-check -women artist -reclined woman similar to Grande Odalisque
Paris Street, Rainy Day
*Gustave Caillebotte* *Paris Street, Rainy Day* * 1877. Oil on canvas, 83-1/2" × 108-3/4"* *IMPRESSIONISM* -tall buildings, grand
At the Moulin Rouge
*Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec* *At the Moulin Rouge, 1892* *POST-IMPRESSIONISM* -post-impressionism elements: fuzzy forms
Autumn Rhythm (Number 30)
*Jackson Pollock, Autumn Rhythm* *(Number 30), 1950. Oil on canvas,* *8'9" × 17'3"* *ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM* -Abstract Expressionism artists are interested in tapping into a subconscious state -action art
Nocturne in Black and Gold, The Falling Rocket
*James Abbott McNeill Whistler,* *Nocturne in Black and Gold,* *The Falling Rocket, 1875.* *Oil on panel 23-3/4" × 18-3/8"* *JAPONISME/EARLY IMPRESSIONISM* -huge fascination with all things Japanese, European; upper class starts wearing kimonos, excited by new culture -art has kind of off perspective and the scene is flattened (like Manet's work) -Whistler captivated by Japonisme, especially prints -print is cut off in a strange way -expressive work, brings up emotional qualities -Ruskin critiqued it and wrote a really bad review of the piece. Whistler sues Ruskin for slander and it's taken to a really high court. Court ruled in Whistler's favor- got his name cleared. -moody, cut off like wood-block in a funny way, emotional -could be flickering japanese lanterns, a night sky, fireworks -noting at his painting being "musical compositions illustrated visually" -ultimately damaged in his court case against Ruskin
Collage Arranged According to the Laws of Chance
*Jean (Hans) Arp* *Collage Arranged According to* *the Laws of Chance,* *ca. 1916-17* *DADA* -collage: claims he cut them out and "dropped them on"
Composition
*Joan Miró, Composition* *1933. Oil on canvas, 51-1/4" × 63 1/2"* *SURREALISM* -there is a mysterious form with a face
Villa Savoye, Poissy-Sur-Seine
*Le Corbusier* *Villa Savoye, Poissy-Sur-Seine* * France. 1929-1930* *INTERNATIONAL STYLE* -clean white façades that can fit any where in the world
Fountain
*Marcel Duchamp, Fountain , 1917* *Porcelain plumbing fixture* *and enamel paint* *Photograph by Alfred Stieglitz* *DADA* -urinal named a fountain
No. 10
*Mark Rothko, No. 10* *1950, Oil on canvas* *ABSTRACT EXPRESSIONISM* *color-field painting*: emotion, dependent on the colors chosen together
The Bath
*Mary Cassatt, The Bath* *ca. 1892* *IMPRESSIONISM* -women in everyday life -flat, appears the child might fall right off his lap
Object (Luncheon in Fur)
*Meret Oppenheim Object (Luncheon in Fur)* * 1936. Fur-covered cup, spoon, and saucer* *overall height, 2-7/8"* *SURREALISM* -furry teacup- unsettling
Dada
*Nihilistic* - Challenge the Status Quo - Humor (pun and French wit) - The Absurd Nonsensical Zurich, Berlin, Dresden, Barcelona, New York ... -nonsensable; reaction to violence from the war, scarred by the war and wanted to be distracted from the horrors of the war
La Bouteille de Suze (Bottle of Suze)
*Pablo Picasso* * La Bouteille de Suze (Bottle of Suze)* * 1912. Pasted paper, gouache* *and charcoal* *25-3/4" × 19-3/4"* *CUBISM* -synthetic cubism
Les Demoiselles d'Avignon
*Pablo Picasso, Les Demoiselles d'Avignon* *1907 Oil on canvas, 8' x 7' 8''* *Museum of Modern Art, New York* *CUBISM* -analytic cubism
Still Life with Chair-Caning
*Pablo Picasso, Still Life with Chair-Caning* *ca. 1912* *CUBISM* -synthetic cubism
Vision after the Sermon (Jacob Wrestling with the Angel)
*Paul Gauguin, Vision after the Sermon* *(Jacob Wrestling with the Angel), 1888* *Oil on canvas, 2' 4 ¾" x 3' ½"* *National Gallery of Scotland* *SYMBOLISM*
The Treachery of Images
*René Magritte, The Treachery of Images* *1928-1929. Oil on canvas* *1' 11 5/8" x 3' 1". LACMA* *SURREALISM*
Spiral Jetty
*Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty * *1969-1970. Mud, precipitated salt crystals,* *rocks, and water, length 1,500' × width 15'* *(457 × 4.5 m). Great Salt Lake, Utah.* *EARTH WORKS*
OH, JEFF... I LOVE YOU, TOO... BUT...
*Roy Lichtenstein ,* *OH, JEFF... I LOVE YOU, TOO... BUT... * *1964. Oil and magna on canvas,* *48" × 48"* *POP ART* -easy to understand, approachable
Unique Forms of Continuity in Space
*Umberto Boccioni* *Unique Forms of Continuity in Space * *1913. Bronze, 43-7/8" × 34-7/8" × 15-3/4"* *FUTURISM* -pieces of the sculpture appear to be blown back
Improvisation 28
*Vassily Kandinsky, Improvisation 28* *ca. 1912* *GERMAN EXPRESSIONISM* *synesthesia*: the feeling you get from pieces -super bright colors express emotion
Night Café
*Vincent van Gogh, Night Café, 1888* *Oil on canvas, 2' 4 ½" x 3'* *Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven* *POST-IMPRESSIONISM* -vibrant colors, tubed paint
A Bar at the Folies-Bergère
*Édouard Manet* *A Bar at the Folies-Bergère, 1882* *Oil on canvas, 3' 11" x 4' 3"* *Courtauld Institute of Art Gallery, London* *IMPRESSIONISM* -Impressionism elements: fuzzy -the way she is standing and the reflection in the back is odd- an illusion
Freud
-"Interpretations of Dreams" -studied the subconscious, dreams, latent content/symbols -big impact on art like SURREALISM, symbolism, etc -"Sensor" keep us from seeing things in our conscious state
Futurist Manifesto
-F.T. Marinetti -rejection of the past and placed an importance on the new technology, speed, machinery, violence, youth -mostly trying to get Italy back on the world map -futurism- beauty in streamlined cars, fast cars, machine guns -beauty that shifts far from Greek and Roman past, into war and technology
Dada Manifesto
-Hugo Ball wrote this that made no sense; sound poetry that made no sense so that no one would understand it, therefore everyone would understand it -Tristan Tzara wrote one that literally makes zero sense too "To put out a manifesto you must want: ABC to fulminate against 1, 2, 3 to fly into a rage and sharpen your wings to conquer and disseminate little abcs and big ABCs, to sign, shout, swear, to organize prose into a form of absolute and irrefutable evidence, to prove your non plus ultra and maintain that novelty resembles life just as the latest-appearance of some wh*re proves the essence of God. " -manifestos read out loud as performance, dancing, random sound compositions -distrust toward unity
Japonisme
-Japanese art comes into Europe; influences the art in Europe -upper class artists -woodblock prints coming into Europe -flattening of space, objects flowing, off-perspective, cut-off landscape
Baron Hausman, Napoleon III, Hausmanization
-Napoleon III enlists Haussmann to redesign Paris in a way that mainly benefits the government control, sent them into debt (hella taxes) BUT they got sidewalks now!! -Grand Boulevards mean people cant unite and block streets, and allows the military to parade through the city (claimed for beautification) -coined "Haussmannization of Paris" -grand boulevards, linear buildings, centers on arch de triumph, sidewalks to prevent walking in sewage, gas light lamp posts -uprising of lower/working class, especially because living conditions were improving and disease was going down because people weren't constantly in sewage -wide tree lined boulevards and large apartment buildings
Ruskin vs. Whistler
-Ruskin was an art critic and Whistler was an artist -Whistler believed art was intended for anyone who appreciated it -Ruskin was a writer and critic and did not like Whistler's work, Ruskin was a socialist while Whistler believed art was for everyone, Ruskin wrote a letter and dogged on Whistler's painting, so Whistler sued him for libel -Newspapers discussed the meaning of art and whether it needs to have a meaning at all, Whistler won but his paintings got kinda ruined and both him and Ruskin professionally and mentally went down hill
German Expressionism
-Subjective feelings and the artist's state of mind privileged above objectivism -Symbolic color, exaggerated imagery -Depictions of sinister, anxiety-ridden aspects of the human experience
Bauhaus—basic principles of school
-a Cathedral of Socialism; Germany -architects, sculptors, and painters going back to their craft -learning science, design, and architecture -Walter Groupius, Fagus Factory, the original place where they stayed -it was all about function (form is important, but what is the point, if you don't have it functioned?) -people on the street can see in, artists in studio could see out -theater and costume design -Dada influence (nonsensical) -big part of understanding the color theory
pointillism
-a system of painting devised by George Seurat -the artist separates color into its composition -little dots, no blending
Dynamism
-describes an object's intrinsic and extrinsic motion (think the dog one where the whole thing is moving- Futurism) -futurist style
What are the major tenants of abstract expressionism?
-emotion over reality -distorted and exaggerated figures -vivid and shocking colors -subjective perspective
Surrealists
-explored irrational, strange, and absurd juxtapositions (to shock the viewer) -incorporated chance and spontaneity -interested in the unconscious and its various manifestations (dreams, for example) -*two branches of Surrealism*: naturalistic surrealism and biomorphic surrealism -dreams, anything unsettling
What are the basic tenants of Impressionism?
-first modern movement in painting (largely due to cities being built and the new tubed paint) -"Momentary, sensory effect of a scene, the impression objects made on the eye in a fleeting instant" -not all about fine detail -painting en plein air -pure, intense colors, loose brush strokes -criticized for "unfinished appearance" and "amateurish quality" -painters of the re
Anonymous Society of Painters & Etchers
-impressionists -Monet, Morisot, Renoir, Pissarro, Degas, etc -showed all the good radical impressionist works
tubed paint
-invented by Portrait painter John G Rand, made from tin with a sealed screw cap, was previously made from pig bladder -allowed for artists to leave the studio -oil painting could now be stored successfully -really helped impressionists flourish -allowed artists to create more colors since they didn't dry out super fast (mixing new colors was extremely time consuming & quick to dry out) -Pissarro: "Don't paint bit by bit, but paint everything at once by placing tones everywhere"
Industrial Revolution
-major advances in agriculture and textile manufacturing -created a need for more cities, people moving to cities to work in the mills -steam ships and railroads!!!! -spread of more ideas -led painters away from representation of sight into representation of feeling; moving into abstraction (think Van Gogh, Gaugin) -idea of man merging with machine -allowed for more wastage and experimentation -Europe: began around the 1780s mostly in Britain (peaked in the 19th century) -America: a lot of romanticism art here (peaked in the 19th century)
Studio Nadar
-previously was the studio of the Parisian Photographer Nadar -loaned his studio to the Anonymous Society -expressionists used this space because they were kicked out -first impressionist exhibit was done here on April 15, 1874
color theory
-started with the main three: red yellow and blue -these colors were preferred because mixing paint created unsaturated (dull) colors -theory and research was enhanced in the 18th century because of the research of purely psychological color effects -Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Michel Eugene Chevreul -19th century they figured out its actual red green and blue violet RGB -then they got into the cones and rods in the eyes, then figured out the industrial chemistry method to produce better synthetic pigments which led to better paint and the dye for photography -lots of advances were made in the BAUHAUS
Synthetic Cubism/Analytic Cubism
-synthetic can be a collage or painting and analytic cubism can only be a painting and configured by strategically placing shapes *analytical*: Barque and Picasso, elemental forms -basic form with multiple angles= simultaneity -more muted colors *synthetic*: letting go of the reigns, color -Popularization of the Style - New Practitioners -introduction of color, collage (newsprints, ads, etc) -words and word play
impasto
-thickly applied paint -technique of painting by laying on paint or pigment thickly so that it stands out from the surface -Abstract Expressionism; Rothko
the Factory
Andy Warhol's Studio in Midtown Manhattan Hipsters, artists, socialites, hub for experimentation Had the rock band The Velvet Underground (Lou Reed) perform there during some of his shows/exhibits Actress/Model Edie Sedgwick came around a bunch, and Warhol turned her into a celebrity through his art People like Bob Dylan, Mick Jagger, Dali, and Betsy Johnson Interesting fact: Designer Betsy Johnson really rose to fame because of her mingling at The Factory
silkscreen
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"Living Brushes"
Klein would paint women and they would be dragged on the ground
Louis Leroy & Impressionism
Louis Leroy critiqued impressionist work -coined the term impressionism -he didn't like Monet's work -journalist/ art critic for a satirical newspaper that coined the term "impressionists" on accident
symbolism
a late nineteenth-century movement based on the idea that the artist was not an imitator of nature but a creator who transformed the facts of nature into a symbol of the inner experience of that fact
Psychic Automatism, Automatic drawing
automatic drawing; not necessarily looking at the paper drawing -Freud theory *automatism*- strategy of writing or creating art aimed to access the unconscious mind, super surrealist stuff -think Freud and his subconscious latent dreaming stuff -believed the automatic drawings unlocked the subconscious -looking for sexual and psychological "forces" hidden under the surface
combine
combined art formed by different materials on a canvas -he would drape canvas and add on top of it -sheets and materials on the painting and paint them