Unit 3 M/C

Why was Augustus concerned about Roman birthrates, and how did he act upon his concerns?

- Augustus realized that the empire depended on offspring to carry on the Roman cultural virtues and traditions. There did seem to be a problem with reproducing, so Augustus tried to promote childbearing by giving women freedom from male guardianship if they bore three

Why did Diana seek revenge against King Oeneus, and how did she exact it?

- King Oeneus doesn't honor Diana in certain rights, so Diana sent a wild boar to ravage his land (Diana is the goddess of the hunt); she sent a big boar to destroy everything (crops, people, dogs); Atalanta gets the initial hit on the boar (shows how respect of the gods is important)

Besides Christianity, what were some of the options available for Roman religious seekers?

- Neoplatonism which is the belief that every person has a spark of divinity that if nourished can reduce the distance between the human and the divine, was an option. The mystery cults were particularly popular as they offered universality

Who is Scylla, and what is her dilemma? What is her ultimate fate?

- She is the daughter of Nisus who fell in love with King Minos and betrayed her father in order to help Minos defeat the city. -This story is similar to who Dido's in that it studies the notion of a colony. Should Scylla have stayed loyal to her family or excepted and helped the invading empire?

What was the meaning of "republic" as a form of government?

-"Republic" - Latin word for "public matter" -Power rested with the people assembled together and magistrates served the state -3 parts: consuls (two males elected annually; executive authority), the Senate (body of elder statesmen; lifelong position), and the assemblies (adult male citizens; met in outdoor gatherings in which participants voted by group on issues presented by leading statesmen)

Compare and contrast The Odyssey and The Aeneid. Consider especially the use of epic conventions, the difference between an oral tradition and a literary epic, the role of the gods, and the heroes.

-Aeneas is divine (son of Venus), making him a better hero than Odysseus. -Both heroes are trying to get "home" (Aeneas' home is destroyed - he is going to Italy, where the Trojans originated) from the Trojan War; this time, we are talking about a Trojan instead of a Greek -They both have a god or goddess trying to prevent them from coming home -Aeolus and Poseidon are both present -Both have someone helping them - Venus helps Aeneas get home -A monarch helps them; we get the majority of the storyline as they recount it to other people -Both epics: divine intervention, vast setting, hero has supernatural strength (he carries his father out of the city), goes to underworld, in medias res (Aeneas has already fought the war and is now trying to get back), epic similes (everyone working in Carthage - beehive analogy), call upon the muses (line 7), stock epithets (clever Aeneas; serious Aeneas; dutiful Aeneas; pious Aeneas) -The Odyssey is in oral tradition - it is supposed to be listened to as a story; the Aeneid was written down (literary tradition), and was not meant to be told as a story due to all the symbolism and history within it

What is the legend about the founding of Rome?

-Aeneas was a Trojan hero who escaped from the destruction of his city after the Trojan War. A royal female descendant of Aeneas decided to dedicate her life to serving the gods. She became pregnant by the god of Mars and bore twin boys, Romulus and Remus. Her uncle didn't believe her miraculous conception and didn't want her sons to threaten his rule, so he threw the boys in the Tiber River. A shepard found them being suckled by a wolf and raised them as his own sons. After they had grown, Romolus killed his brother and became the first king of Rome. -Mythological founding of Rome in 753 BC

How was Roman life, throughout the Republic, influenced by Greek civilization?

-After conquering the great centers of Hellenistic culture, the Romans started adopting the art, literature, and learning of the Greeks. Many learned the Greek language and the extremes of wealth and poverty increased as individualism was embraced over obedience to the family. Despite Cato the Eldar's attempts to stop it, luxury and power began to erode at the Roman's core values.

Explain the events that led up to the assassination of Julius Caesar, beginning with the formation of the First Triumvirate.

-After the wars of Marius and Sulla and the apparent failure of the checks and balances, the First Triumvirate (rule by three men) was tried. -The "three-headed monster" consisted of Julius Caesar, Pompey (optimates), and Crassus (rich). -After Caesar's daughter Julia (Pompey's wife) died in childbirth and Crassus died leading an army, Caesar defied the Senate and Pompey and started a civil war. -After losing a decisive battle in Greece, Pompey fled to Egypt and was assassinated. -While in Egypt Caesar became involved with Cleopatra who later joined him in Rome. -He made reforms to the tax on grain, focused on public works, and even reformed the calendar. -After taking the title of dictator in 48 BCE he did not renounce after 6 months and took on many of the signs of a monarch. -He was assassinated right before he was planning on a military campaign on the ides of March. Many of his previous supporters (such as Brutus) were involved.

Augustus: how was he a creative statesman? What did he accomplish?

-Although he had the same power as an emperor, he pretended not to be. Augustus eliminated much of the provincial abuse by taking direct control of the provinces and sending out his representatives to govern them; usually drawn from the equestrian class (wealthy upwardly mobile nonnobles) whose advancements depended on their performance. -He established a form of government that let him rule without offending the traditions of conservative Romans -> widespread popularity -> it appeared that the Senate had a lot of power under his rule -Created praetorian guard -Let his conquered people have a sense of governing themselves; allowed some self-governance of the colonies - he was a peacemaker and took control subtly -Built roads in order to move his army; they were narrow - just big enough to move his chariots through -Worked on protecting the borders -Used his wealth to balance the national treasury -Planted Roman soldiers in different provinces - intermarriages - more diversity -Promoted child bearing - need people to grow up to be soldiers and to work -All about family values - encouraged marriage and children, discouraged divorce; knew that a strong family resulted in a strong government; cleaned up morality (had to exile his own daughter) -Ushered in the Pax Romana - "Roman Peace" -Lawmaker -Rebuilt Rome -Provided free entertainment - gladiator fights (wanted to keep the masses happy) -Created foreign service - equestrians -Cleared the sea of pirates - made it safe for trade -Created strong navy -Successors - Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero

What were the economic problems of this period? Consider both causes and effects.

-As certain families' accumulated astonishing wealth which they spent on exotic items from all over the empire, the currency starting flowing into the east. The supply of currency decreased. To try to fix the problem emperors tried inflating the economy by making more coins. This inflation hurt the poor enough to make them desperate.

The Roman Empire was nothing if not culturally diverse. Discuss this statement.

-As the Empire held a large array of ethnic groups, many spoke at least three languages (Greek, Latin, and their local dialect). Also there were many different climates and geological features from Britain to the deserts of North Africa. It was a practice to send garrisons away from their own regions

Describe the changing role of slavery in the Roman Republic.

-As the conquests produced more slaves, households changed from having a few slaves to rich households having hundreds of slaves. By the end of the Republic an estimated 35-40% of the population was slaves. Slaves started dominating the higher-status jobs as well as the undesirable jobs. Many Greek slaves become physicians or tutors/teachers to Roman children.

Besides the Punic Wars, how did the Romans expand their territory, and where was that new territory located? What were some of the short- and long-term repercussions of that expansion?

-Beginning with the Third Punic War, Rome seized control of North Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean. In the wars with Macedonia, Rome moves east taking control of Greece and some of the provinces of the Seleucids. -Rome was moving away from republican roots to empire (nation controlling other nations). Many felt that the wealth accumulated in conquest was eroding traditional Roman values of discipline and family loyalty.

Describe Macedonian geography. What problems did it pose for rulers of the region?

-Consisted of two distinct parts: the coastal plain to the south and east, and the mountainous interior -The plain offered fertile land for farming and lush pastures for grazing animals -The interior was remote; kings struggled to exert authority over the fierce tribes in the hills; reserves of timer and metals within mountainous interior -Kings failed to take full advantage of treasures because they couldn't control the remote tribes

What are some similarities and differences between Cynicism, Epicureanism, and Stoicism?

-Cynicism: a Hellenistic philosophy that locates the search for virtue in an utter indifference to worldly needs (be involved as little as possible); Diogenese was disgusted by the hypocrisy and materialism emerging around him in the transformed life of Athens as traditional polis life deteriorated; the more they rejected the goods and connections of this world (government, property, marriage, religion, luxury), the more they would achieve spiritual happiness; don't really believe anything -Epicureanism: a Hellenistic philosophy that held that the goal of life should be to live a life of pleasure regulated by moderation; Epicurus proclaimed that happiness came from seeking pleasure while being free from pain in both body and mind; women and slaves were his main followers; founded a school in Athens for men and women; believed that the world was made of atoms (material reality); gods are indifferent to them; don't worry about death (no afterlife) because you will come back; don't spend time worrying about things; connected to hedonism (absence of pain in body and mind); achieved through meditation, moderation, balance; put desires in a position where they can be reached - have realistic expectations; very selfish philosophy; we can't avoid all responsibilities; what if your pleasure is something really bad/destructive/criminal? -Stoicism: A Hellenistic philosophy that advocated detachment from the material world and an indifference to pain; founded by Zeno; argued for existence of a Universal Reason or God that governed the universe; everyone linked in a universal brotherhood; rational world with laws and structures; through self-control, they may achieve the tranquility that Epicureans and Cynics desired; hide emotions within; everything happens for a cause (no accidents); there is order to the world; logos - overarching reason; we can only control how we react to events outside of our control; don't love things that will cause you pain/problems; we can't hold on to things; should be involved in civic life

According to M. Aurelius, what is the proper attitude toward death?

-Death is natural and shouldn't be feared - the gods take care of the dead -We should constantly live like we are dying because we all have a fixed amount of time

Characterize Dido. Why does Aeneas desert her? Does he make the right choice? What is significant about the prayer Dido utters before her death?

-Dido is queen of Carthage; she escaped from Tyre because her brother killed her husband out of jealousy; she founds out her husband was murdered through a dream; she is a good leader - good at making laws, overseeing building, creating a cultured city; one building has cravings telling the battle of Troy; she is a strong, independent woman who doesn't need no man; rejects marriage proposals as a vow to her deceased husband; sister is Anna -Dido and Aeneas are similar: both rulers; both lost their spouses; both forced to leave their homes; both building new kingdoms -When Aeneas and his men land, Dido and her men could kill them; Venus comes up with a plan to keep him safe - she sends Cupid (Aeneas' brother) disguised as Ascanius (Aeneas' son) to make Dido fall in love with Aeneas; her kingdom suffers because she just wants to spend time with Aeneas - she goes on vacation, stops making laws and overseeing building, angers the locals who have previously asked for her hand in marriage, and she won't hurt Aeneas -Dido distracts Aeneas from his purposes (like Cleopatra) -Jupiter sends his messenger to tell Aeneas to care about his son's future and to found Rome

How did Diocletian address the administrative, military, and economic problems plaguing the Empire?

-Diocletian tried to fix the problems of communication, administration, and succession amongst the rulers by creating a tetrarchy (rule by four men). To keep the military from threatening political stability, Diocletian separated the provincial governors from commanding the armies. He also rearranged the armies into mobile legions deeper in the empire in order for them to be able to respond quicker to threats. In order to help the economy, he froze prices and wages, reformed the tax system to be based more on payments of goods, and identified "essential" occupations and made your occupation hereditary in order to try to solve the problem of a decreasing population. These economic reforms weren't successful due to a black market and weakened of the willingness for rich locals to contribute to games and public works

Explain why the period from 96 to 180 was a high point in the history of the Roman Empire.

-During this time from Nerva to Marcus Aurelius the City of Rome was transferred from a center of republican power to a glorification of imperial power. Roman civilization spread to the edges of the empire as armies fought as far away as Britain. Hadrian especially focused on establishing fortifications on the edges of the empire. Many roads were built as well.

How does Orpheus attempt to regain Eurydice? How does he cope with losing her again?

-Eurydice dies from stepping on a snake -He tries to regain Eurydice by entering into the underworld and charming the gods with his music. He is successful until he looks back at her right before she leaves the underworld, when she is taken again. -Orpheus refuses to ever love another woman, so he teaches the town how to love young boys

What were some of the most important features of Alexander's legacy?

-Founding of cities to re-create Greek life; culturally rich (Alexandria) - puts Greek governors in charge while he is out conquering other places -Most famous city - Alexandria of Egypt - Lighthouse (one of the 7 wonders), museum, library -Intercultural marriages -He never lost a battle; great military leader; his army followed him for 10 yrs - his strategies are studied -Obtained additional soldiers from the conquered peoples -Reinstituted the practice of Baal worship -Persians had to bow before him; Greeks refused -Died of alcohol, poison (by Aristotle's nephew?), grief, syphilis..? (age 33)

What was Erysichthon's crime and punishment?

-He was a irreligious character who chose to reject the traditions and religions of the past by cutting down the tree. He was punished by Famine.

What tactics did Alexander use to succeed in his campaigns?

-He was ruthless in battle and had no problem with killing any person in his way; very confident -He was generous to his new subjects - earned respect and got people to follow -Perfected sieges warfare with improved catapults and siege towers -Used mercenaries -Public speech/charisma/persuasion -He was swift; perfected idea of surprise attacks; people would surrender if they heard he was coming

What was childhood like for Roman boys and girls?

-If a child was not seen as physically perfect after birth, the child was killed. A healthy newborn was placed at the father's feet for acceptance (boys were picked up, girls were acknowledged). If the baby wasn't accepted, it would be "Exposed" - placed outside to die or to be taken in and raised as a slave -Law required the father to raise one daughter -Once accepted, the child received endless attention. Parents "shaped" their babies as they grew -At 6 or 7, children's education began. Both genders received education -By 12, boys graduated to higher schooling to prepare for public life -At 16, if the boy was talented, he began an advanced study of rhetoric

What was Isocrates' opinion of Greek democracy? How did Demosthenes' position differ from that of Isocrates?

-Isocrates expressed a disillusionment with democracy; he argued that the Greeks were incapable of forming a cohesive union without a leader like Philip; he believed that only Philip could unify the Greeks and empower them to face Asia as one people finally to vanquish Persia -Demosthenes argued for a position that rejected union under a tyrant like Philip in order to preserve Athens' traditional freedom and the self-government of the polis

What were the threats to the Roman Empire that appeared following the rule of Septimius Severus?

-Legions in various parts of the empire tried to put forth their own claims to the throne. While the legions were bickering, the borders were threatened. In the north, Germanic tribes started penetrating defenses. Queen Zenobia of Palmyra (in Syria) declared independence causing two wars until Rome won.

What were Philip II's main innovations in warfare?

-Long (13 feet) pikes kept opponents at distance -Incorporated infantry and cavalry -Mounted warriors surrounded enemy and struck at their flank, leaving lightly armed mercenaries to move in to deliver the final blow -Developed weapons for besieging walled cities - used a torsion catapult that twisted launching ropes to gain more force and fire rocks

What was Meleager's great accomplishment, and what happened afterward?

-Meleager kills the boar (heroism, bravery); Meleager is ultimately killed by his mom because he killed her brothers for taking from Atalanta (brothers didn't want her to have the honor)

How did the mystery religions differ from the older, civic forms of pagan religion?

-Mystery religions: ancient religions that encouraged believers to cultivate a deep connection with their deity; initiates swore not to reveal the insights they had gained during rites and ceremonies; the shroud of secrecy resulted in the name "mystery" religions -Most popular was the worship of the Egyptian goddess of Isis, who achieved a remarkable universality -Worship of Osiris (Isis' brother) -Worship of Mithra - Mithraism: popular among Roman soldiers; one climbed up different levels; convert stood in a covered hole and a bull stood over it to have its neck cut to "baptize the convert by the blood" -They took part in a purification ritual and an elaborate public celebration, including a procession filled with music and ecstatic dance where people acted as if they were possessed by the goddess or god, ending in the sacred space of the deity -They were all looking for meaning in a chaotic world -Concern for the afterlife was the biggest difference from the older, civic forms of pagan religion - our world is a world of trouble and they want something better afterwards

What was the role of the patron in Roman society? What was the role of the client?

-Patrons were powerful members of society that surrounded themselves with less powerful clients -Patrons provided clients with what they called "kindnesses," such as food, financial support, and help in legal disputes

Characterize the major Jewish groups that existed during the time of Jesus.

-Sadducees: This group consisted mainly of priestly families. They emphasized the sole worship at the temple and the adherence to the Torah by rejecting new ideas. They were willing to compromise with the Hellenized world and Roman rulers. -Pharisees: This group emphasized private worship and the purity and dietary laws in order to be separate from the non-Jews. They did except new ideas such as resurrection and the existence of angels which the Sadducees rejected. -Zealots: This group looked back to the success of the Maccabean rebellion and urged political revolt against Roman rule. -Essenes: This group avoided conflict by withdrawing from the world.

To which philosophical school do you think that this author belonged?

-Stoicism: reality comes from reason; happiness comes from accepting fate; don't wear emotions on their sleeves; virtues matter; not much is in your control -"Kinship" references - brotherhood

What were the causes and the outcome of the "Struggle of the Orders"?

-Struggle of the Orders: the political strife between patrician (somewhat rich; influential families; old blood) and plebeian (working population) Romans -Plebeians were unhappy due to debt slavery; they didn't have any voice; they couldn't marry patricians; as they got wealthier, they wanted more rights -Plebeians went on strike - didn't fight in military or work for patricians -The plebeians gradually won political rights as a result of the struggle -The Twelve Tables -Tribal/Plebeian Assembly - gave plebeians some legislative power (voice); 10 tribunes represented the plebeians and present their concerns to the assembly; tribunes considered sancrosanct (holy, protected)

In what way is The Aeneid a poetic statement of the ideals of Augustan Rome? In what ways is it propaganda?

-The Aeneid is propaganda for Augustus; it is to make the Romans look great

What were the main social activities of Romans?

-The Forum was the economic, political, and social center -Shopping, gambling, performing, exercising, playing ball, bathing, gossiping

Describe the geography of the Italian peninsula. How does it differ from the Aegean peninsula?

-The Italian peninsula offered advantages: large plains fostered trade, communication, and agriculture; abundant rainfall on western plain; calm, accessible harbors opened avenues for trade throughout Mediterranean; raise grapes for wines today; sunflowers, canola

The Punic Wars: what, when, where, and results? Which problems did these victories create?

-The Punic Wars were fought between Rome and Carthage over who would control the Western Mediterranean. -"Punic" comes from Phoenicians -First Punic War: This war was centered on the control of the Sicilian city of Messana during 264 BCE. The Romans won in 241 BCE through a decisive sea battle due to a new navy and strategy. Rome received control of Sicily and a large sum of money from Carthage. -Second Punic War: This war was fought over who had control over the city of Saguntum in Spain. (It fell in Carthaginian territory but the Romans had a previous treaty that divided spheres of influence at the Ebro River). Hannibal marched a large army into Italy by crossing the Alps (Battle of Cannae in 216 BCE) where he was successful until the Roman General Scipio sailed to Spain and took the Carthage's land and then sailed to North Africa. Forcing Hannibal to return home, Scipio defeated him at the Battle of Zama and Carthage sued for peace in 202 BCE. -Third Punic War: Due to Cato the Elder's speech (recorded by Plutarch), the Senate decided to crush Carthage for good in 146 BCE. -As a result of these wars, they were drawn into other conflicts. In the end, they gained control over Macedonia and Greece. The Roman's left the Greeks free (aka act as obedient Roman clients), but the Greeks weren't pleased which resulted in Rome taking full control. -These wars led to the sack of Corinth and the annexation of Greece and Pergamum, hence the creation of the province of Asia. -These conquests led to an influx of wealth in Rome, but they also had to administrate these newly acquired provinces.

What changes in the Roman Empire resulted from the founding of Constantinople?

-The Roman senate became no more than a city council and great estates (latifundia) in the provinces became more self-sufficient and independent. At the Battle of Adrianople Emperor Valens experienced a sound defeat to Germanic tribes which destroyed the idea of the invincibility of the Roman Empire.

In which ways did Etruscan civilization influence the Romans?

-The Romans adopted Etruscan engineering and used their newfound skills to drain their lowland marsh, which formed the center of the growing city of Rome, and to build the great sewers that drained water from the city -Adopted architectural features: arch and vault construction; modeled temples after Etruscans; -Learned to rely on divination -Adopted the toga and the fasces (bundle of rods surrounding an ax that was an emblem of authority) -Acquired Etruscan alphabet to write in their own Latin language -Buried their dead underground; decorated these rooms -In sculpture, started making busts to celebrate ancestors

What were the main features of Roman religion?

-The Romans saw their world as infused with spirits -It was guarded by three deities that protected the state - Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva -Formal worship took place at temples -The Vestal Virgins - 6 priestesses who presided over the temple of Vesta, the goddess of the hearth; kept the sacred fire of the hearth burning -Offered sacrifices -Valued moral seriousness

Give several reasons for the decline of the Roman Empire.

-The economic recession and inflation weakened the economy while diseases spread throughout the empire decreasing the population of the Roman people. The leadership was based more on military power and the emperors cared little about the traditional Roman values. Border wars spread out the military power and caused centrifugal forces. When the capital was moved from Rome to Constantinople, the Roman's hold on the Western Mediterranean was weakened. Finally, the Visigoths raided Rome. -410 AD - Visigoths took the city of Rome

Describe the conditions of urban life for the Roman rich. What were the main contrasts with the conditions for the urban poor?

-The houses of the wealthy featured elaborate, well-tended pleasure gardens and fountains -Most city dwellers lived in small houses or crowded, multistoried tenements ("Subura") -Low hygiene -Wealthy urban men and women carried little bouquets of fragrant flowers that they held to their noses to protect themselves from the smells of the city

What were Roman motives for expansion? How did Romans deal with conquered peoples?

-They claimed that they responded only to acts of aggression, so their expansion was self-defensive -Rome felt a continual land-hunger for glory and plunder that would let them acquire and reward clients -In part stemmed from their renowned courage and tenacity in battle; generosity in victory -Generous to conquered peoples

How did the Ptolemies rule Egypt? In what ways did they depart from their Egyptian predecessors?

-They promised to fulfill the traditional duty of the pharaohs to care for the temples/priests in exchange for protection of their legitimacy. -Parallel practicing of both Egyptian and Greek ways -Hellenistic queens took a more prominent role - controlled substantial wealth and spent it on public works; Cleopatra

What is the moral of the story of Baucis and Philemon?

-They were an older poorer couple who served the gods and gave them hospitality). Because of their service, they are given a big house and the gods turned them into two entwined trees (respect for the gods) -Asked to die together and stay together forever, which is why they become entwined as two trees -Love is great -Those who respect the gods come near to being gods. -Man and woman equal heroes

What changes in warfare took place under the Hellenistic kings? What was the impact of the changes in warfare on slavery?

-To cover larger territories, the scale of warfare was broadened with larger armies -armies mostly consisted of mercenary foots soldiers -war elephants were introduced with the contact with eastern provinces -Because it was customary to enslave the losers in a battle, the number of slaves increased dramatically with the continuous warfare. As a result households could have hundreds of slaves and the dehumanizing of slaves increased.

What parts do Venus and Juno play in The Aeneid? Why do they back opposing sides? How does this affect Aeneas?

-Venus: gets Aeneas into Carthage; hides him in a fog (like Athena did to Odysseus); sends Cupid to make Dido fall in love with him (equivalent to Aphrodite) -Juno: married to Jove/Jupiter; doesn't want Aeneas to get to Rome because she knows that Rome is going to defeat Carthage (prophesied); this is a problem because Carthage is her favorite city; thinks that preventing Aeneas getting there, she will save Carthage; she also doesn't want him to get home because his mom is Venus - she is still mad at Paris of Troy; Juno likes Venus' plan because it will prevent Aeneas from making it to Rome; (equivalent to Hera)

What are some of the themes of Hellenistic literature?

-Very young men and women fall in love (usually at first sight), but circumstances separate them. They must endure hardships and surmount obstacles before they can by reunited -Portray young woman as resourceful and outspoken individuals -Sought to provide an escape from the realities of cosmopolitan life -Expressed an ideal affection within marriage; increased freedom of women to choose their partners; emphasis on love within the family

What changes took place in Macedonia after Alexander's reign? What changes took place in the Greek city-states?

-Violent fighting broke out among the Macedonians shortly after he died -The Macedonian generals carved up the great empire into new, smaller kingdoms that became the successors to Alexander's conquests

Which roles did women play in Roman society? How were marriages arranged?

-Women instilled the values of Rome in their children and raised them to be responsible and obedient citizens. -Marriages were arranged to make politically advantageous alliances between families and to ensure the continuation of the family through children. -Two ways to give a woman away: family of origin might transfer her to her husband's control or she might remain under her father's "hand," never becoming a full part of her husband's family

What was the significance of Euclid's geometry? What were the later achievements that built upon his work?

Geometry based on increasingly complex atoms and postulates; Elements became the standard text on the subject; found multiple theorems and proofs -Laid foundation for Hellenistic astronomy

Which problems did the Gracchi (two brothers) face in the late 2nd century B.C.? What was the agenda of each, and what was the result of their efforts?

They faced problems from the decline of small farmers and the rise of large-scale, cash-crop agriculture which resulted in unemployment. Also property qualification limited the poor from going into the army. -Tiberius: He proposed land redistribution. The law passed but only a small sum of money was put towards it and Tiberius was politically murdered when he ran for reelection as tribune. -Gaius: He appealed to a broader sector by building granaries, roads, and bridges to improve distribution of grain and fix the price of the grain where it was affordable. He also supported the equestrian tax collectors. He was murdered by those who realized that the patron-client system was being threatened. -The Gracchi set the atmosphere for the subsequent violence in the political arena; helped set down the two views of populares (popular support/progressive) and optimates (conservative/Senate/aristocracy).