Unit 4- Internet of things(IOT)

The Internet, itself a significant component of the IoT, started out as part of DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) in

1962 and evolved into ARPANET in 1969. In the 1980s, commercial service providers began supporting public use of ARPANET, allowing it to evolve into our modern Internet.

Stage 1 (Sensors/Actuators)

A thing in the context of "Internet of Things", should be equipped with sensors and actuators thus giving the ability to emit, accept and process signals

Stage 4 (Cloud Analytics)

Data that needs more in-depth processing gets forwarded to physical data centers or cloud-based systems.

Small Devices −

Devices, as predicted, have become smaller, cheaper, and more powerful over time. IoT exploits purpose-built small devices to deliver its precision, scalability, and versatility.

Stage 2 (Data Acquisition Systems):

The data from the sensors starts in analogue form which needs to be aggregated and converted into digital streams for further processing. oThis stage performs these data aggregation and conversion functions

Sensing Layer

The main purpose is to identify any phenomena in the devices' peripheral and obtain data from the real world.

Actuators

can also intervene to change the physical conditions that generate the data.

Consumer connected devices include

smart TVs, smart speakers, toys, wearables, and smart appliances.

Challenges of IoT

1. Security 2. Privacy 3. Complexity 4. Flexibility 5. Compliance

IoT − Advantages

1. improved customer engagement 2. technology optimization 3. reduced waste 4. enhanced data collection

oMotion Sensors:

Motion sensors measure the change in motion as well as the orientation of the devices. (linear and angular motions)

Active Engagement −

Much of today's interaction with connected technology happens through passive engagement.

Connectivity

New enabling technologies for networking and specifically IoT networking, mean networks are no longer exclusively tied to major providers

Stage 3 (Edge Analytics)

Once IoT data has been digitized and aggregated, it may require further processing before it enters the data center, this is where Edge Analytics comes in

oEnvironmental Sensors:

Sensors such as Light sensors, Pressure sensors, etc. are embedded in IoT devices to sense the change in environmental parameters in the device's peripheral

Sensors

They act as defining instruments that transform IoT from a standard passive network of devices into an active system capable of real-world integration.

M4DN.IoT (Management for Device and Network in the Internet of Things).

This solution integrates and controls the individual functionalities of the devices in an IoT network as well as the status and characteristics of this network.

The network layer

acts as a communication channel to transfer data, collected in the sensing layer, to other connected devices.

IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to

an IoT gateway or another edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally.

Global Positioning Satellites (GPS)

became a reality in early 1993, with the Department of Defense providing a stable, highly functional system of 24 satellites.

IoT devices are meant to work in unified group for people at home, in industry or in the enterprise. As such, the devices can be categorized into three main groups:

consumer, enterprise and industrial.

Position sensors

deal with the physical position and location of the device. The most common position sensors used in IoT devices are magnetic sensors and Global Positioning System (GPS) sensors.

An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use

embedded processors sensors and communication hardware

iot in agriculture

for indoor planting for outside planting

iot based smart farming

green houses compost animal farming/tracking offspring care field monitoring

In general, an IoT device can be explained as a network of things that consists of

hardware, software, network connectivity, and sensors.

The application layer

implements and presents the results of the data processing layer to accomplish disparate applications of IoT devices

The most important features of IoT

include artificial intelligence, connectivity, sensors, active engagement, and small device use

A sensor hub

is a common connection point for multiple sensors that accumulate and forward sensor data to the processing unit of a device.

Internet of Things (IoT)

is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these objects to collect and exchange data.

iot based smart home

remote control appliances weather smart home appliances safety monitoring intrusion detection systems energy and water use

Hence, the architecture of IoT devices comprises four major components:

sensing, network, data processing, and application layers

examples of industrial and enterprise IoT devices

smart meters, commercial security systems and smart city technologies such as those used to monitor traffic and weather conditions are

iot based smart city

structural health lightning safety transportation smart parking waste management

The data processing layer

takes data collected in the sensing layer and analyses the data to make decisions based on the result.

The development of computers began in

the 1950s

"wireless telegraphy,"

the first radio voice transmission took place on June 3, 1900, providing another necessary component for developing the Internet of Things

Kevin Ashton

was the first to describe internet of things in his 1999 speech

consumer use

wearable devices smart homes

IoT - Disadvantages

• As the number of connected devices increases and more information is shared between devices, the potential that a hacker could steal confidential information also increases. • If there's a bug in the system, it's likely that every connected device will become corrupted. • Since there's no international standard of compatibility for IoT, it's difficult for devices from different manufacturers to communicate with each other. • Enterprises may eventually have to deal with massive numbers maybe even millions of IoT devices and collecting and managing the data from all those devices will be challenging.