Chapter 8: States of Matter

Forces between particles

If the motion of particles slows the particles move closer together. This is because the attraction between them pulls them toward each other. Strong attractive forces hold particles close together. As the motion of particles increases, particles move further apart. The attractive forces between particles get weaker. The spaces between them increase and the particles can slip past one another. As the motion of particles continues to increase, they move even farther apart. Eventually the distance between particles is so great that there are little or no attractive forces between the particles. The particles move randomly ans spread out.

Particles in a gas

In a gas, particles move much faster and the attractive forces are weaker than the attractive forces in a liquid and a solid. When the distance between particles change then the attractive forces also change

Which state of matter is rarely found on Earth?

Plasma

Gas

A gas is matter that has no definite shape or volume. The particles are far apart and move freely. There are slight or weak attractive forces between particles

Liquids

A liquid is matter with a definite volume but no definite shape. Liquids flow and take the shape of their containers. Particles in liquids are free to move past other particles. The attractive forces in liquids are weaker than those in solids

Define Solid, Liquid, and gas in your own words.

A solid is something with a definite volume and a definite shape. Solid particles are tightly packed it has strong attractive forces, and its particles vibrate in place. A liquid is something with definite volume but no definite shape. Liquid particles move more freely and its attractive forces are weaker than the attractive forces in solids. A gas is something with no definite volume and no definite shape. Gas particles are far apart and move rapidly and freely. The attractive forces between gas particles are very weak or absent.

Solid

A state of matter with a definite shape and a definite volume

Types of Solids

All solid are not the same. For example a diamond and a piece of charcoal both contain particles that strongly attract to each other and vibrate in place. What makes them different is the arrangement of their particles. The arrangement of a diamond is a crystalline solid. It has particles arranged in a specific repeating order. Charcoal is an amorphous solid. It has particles arranged randomly. Different particle arrangements give these materials different properties

Cohesion

Cohesion is the attraction between similar molecules.

What two main factors determine the state of matter?

Particle motion and particle forces

Compare particle movement in solids, liquids, and gases

Particle movement in solids is slower than movement in a liquid and gas, particles stay close together and vibrate in place. Particle movement in liquids is faster than movement in a solid but slower than movement in a gas, particles move more freely. Particle movement in a gas is faster than particle movement in a liquid or solid. Particles move fast in random directions, on account of little or no attractive forces

Particles in a Liquid

Particles in a liquid move faster and more freely than particles in a solid. This is because of the weaker attractive forces in liquids. The farther apart the particles move the weaker the attractive forces. The weather forces also allow liquids to flow and take the shape of their containers

Particles in Motion

Particles such as atoms, ions, or molecules, moving in different ways make up matter. The particles that make up some matter are close together and vibrate back and forth. In other types of matter, the particles are farther apart, move freely and can spread out. Regardless of how close particles are to each other, they all move in random motion-movement in all directions and at different speeds. However, particles will move in straight lines until they collide with something. Collisions usually change the speed and direction of the particles movements

A measurement of how strongly particles attract to one another at the surface of a liquid is___________

Surface Tension

Forms of Matter

The 3 most common forms of matter are, solids, liquids, and gases. The fourth state of matter is plasma. Plasma is high energy matter consisting of positively and negatively charged particles. Plasma is the most common state of matter found in space. It can also be found in lightning flashes, fluorescent lighting and stars such as the sun.

Volume

The amount of space that a sample of matter occupies.

Forces between particles in a gas

The attractive forces between particles in a gas are weak or absent. This is why gases can spread out and fill their containers

Vapor

The gas state of a substance that is normally a solid or a liquid at room temperature is called vapor. For example water is normally a liquid at room temperature. When it is in a gas state, such as in air, it is called water vapor.

Density

The mass per unit volume of a substance

Surface Tension

The particles on top have no particles above so they are attracted to the ones below them and next to them which form a strong layer

Particles in a Solid

The strong attractive forces and slow motion of the particles keep them tightly held in their positions. The particles simply vibrate back and forth in place

A measurement or a liquids resistance to flow is known as its__________

Viscosity

Viscosity

Viscosity is the measure of a liquids resistance to flow. Honey has a high viscosity while water has a low one. Viscosity is due to particle mass, particle shape, and the strength of the attraction between the particles of a liquid. In general, the stronger the attractive forces between particles, the higher the viscosity. For many liquids, viscosity decreases when heat is applied. The heat makes the attractive forces weaker and allows particles to move faster. Large particles or ones with complex shapes tend to move slowly and have difficulty slipping past each other.

Describing Matter

You can describe matter by the shape, the color, the texture, and the odor of the matter.

Matter

matter is anything that takes up space and has mass