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Unit 4 MC review

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c. The establishment of a system of racial and social hierarchy in Spanish colonies in the Americas would support Barkey's claim that previous and contemporary states were less tolerant, because the casta system imposed a rigid social hierarchy that included legal discrimination against groups that were further down the social ladder.

Which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 would a historian most likely cite to support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman Empire and its predecessors and contemporaries in the first sentence of the second paragraph? A The recruitment of Italian and Dutch merchants and officers into the Portuguese and Spanish navies B The use of Hindu officials in the Mughal imperial administration C The establishment of racial categories of social hierarchy under the casta system in Spanish colonies in the Americas D The official protection granted to Protestant communities in some European states, such as France, following religious conflicts

Which of the following factors best explains why the Portuguese did not engage in direct trading relations with West African states until the fifteenth century? A Lack of the necessary navigational and maritime technology B Lack of European interest in African goods C A prohibition on external trade by the Islamic states of North Africa D Directives from the pope to limit Christian trade with Africa E Fear of dying from tropical diseases

Which of the following factors best explains why the Portuguese did not engage in direct trading relations with West African states until the fifteenth century? A Lack of the necessary navigational and maritime technology B Lack of European interest in African goods C Directives from the pope to limit trade between Christians and Africans D Fear of death from tropical diseases

Which of the following factors would contribute most to future revisions of Map 2 ? A Western Europeans' discovery of geographical scholarship from the Mongol khanates B The experiences of European merchants transporting Asian goods in the Indian Ocean C Spanish sponsorship of trans-Atlantic and trans-Pacific maritime exploration D Qing China's resumption of maritime expeditions to expand its tribute system

Which of the following historical developments most strongly contributed to the mapmaker's depiction of West Africa and the southern half of the world in Map 2 ? A Portugal's development of maritime technology and navigational skills B China's naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean basin C The limited geographical knowledge of western European mapmakers as a result of the region's commercial isolation D The decline of Mediterranean powers such as Genoa and Venice and the rise of Atlantic powers such as England, France, and the Netherlands

Which of the following is an illustration of this world economy theory? A China was not massively affected by world patterns in the period. B The rise of Protestantism and the Scientific Revolution transformed European cultures. C Latin America exported sugar and silver and imported manufactured items. D Britain had a relatively weak central government compared to France. E Christian missionaries opposed enslaving native peoples.

Which of the following is best concluded about slavery in British North America from the graph above and knowledge of the period? A The increase in the number of slaves reflected a probable increase in the demand for plantation laborers. B The American Revolution abolished slavery in the former British North American colonies. C By 1770, the number of slaves in British North America surpassed the number of slaves in Spanish America. D By 1770, slaves outnumbered immigrants in British North America.

Which of the following is most likely to have influenced eighteenth-century population trends in both Europe and China? A A sharp decline in average global temperatures B Introduction of Western Hemisphere crops C Innovation in birth control measures D Improvement in surgical procedures

Which of the following is most likely to have influenced eighteenth-century population trends in both Europe and China? A A sharp decline in average global temperatures B Introduction of Western Hemisphere crops C The rise of parliamentary governments D Innovation in birth control measures E Improvement in surgical procedures

c. In asserting to the Spanish king that the initial Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire had been marked by violence, greed, and injustice on the part of the conquistadors, Titu Cusi is most likely seeking to argue that the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire as unjust and illegitimate.

Which of the following is the most likely purpose of Titu Cusi's letter? A To encourage rebellion among the subjects of the Inca Empire B To gain help from Christian missionaries in completing the conversion of his subjects C To characterize the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire as unjust and illegitimate D To increase the political reach of the Inca Empire to its pre-conquest borders

c. Although the Spanish and Portuguese succeeded in imposing Roman Catholicism as the official religion in their American colonies and the Native American population did convert to Christianity, many Native American religious traditions were partly preserved in the syncretic beliefs and practices that emerged in the Americas after the European conquest.

Which of the following long-term changes in the period circa 1550-1700 best demonstrates that the actions described by de Estete in the passage failed to fully achieve their goals? A The development of a global economy based on Spanish exports of Andean silver B American foods becoming staple crops in Eurasia C The emergence of syncretic religious practices in the Americas D The growing Spanish dependence on coerced labor in the Americas

Which of the following most clearly differentiates the sixteenth century from the previous period in world history? A Establishment of nation-states in the Americas B Extension of sugar production to the Americas C Use of steamships D Interest in Asian spice trade E Existence of slave trade

d. Safavid exchanges with European trading posts directly expanded the geographic scope of Persian trade activities. For example, the passage explicitly states that the Dutch exported large quantities of Persian silk into Europe through the Indian Ocean.

Which of the following most directly contributed to the geographic expansion of Safavid trade during the period from 1450 to 1750, as indicated in the passage? A Sufi efforts to spread Islam along trade routes to the east B Safavid support for the conquest of India by the early Mughal emperors C The expansion of trade in gunpowder weapons in the Indian Ocean and Africa D Safavid exchanges with European trading-post empires in Asia

b. Spanish use of steel swords and gunpowder weapons, along with the relative immunity of the Spanish to diseases like smallpox, allowed them to conquer the Inca Empire.

Which of the following most directly facilitated the conquest alluded to in the passage? A Spanish control of the trans-Atlantic slave trade B Spanish advantages over native American populations in terms of technology and disease immunity C The completion of the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula D The establishment of a cash-crop plantation economy on some of the islands in the in the Atlantic Ocean

c. The expansion of the plantation system for growing sugarcane and other crops resulted in a sharp increase in the demand for labor in the West Indies, while rising sales of sugar and other colonial products in Europe provided planters with opportunities to obtain the capital needed to import a substantial number of enslaved Africans at the time of the painting.

Which of the following most directly led to the arrival of substantial numbers of Africans in the Americas at the time of the painting? A The collapse of the Inca and Aztec Empires as a result of Spanish invasion B The growth of industrial production in the United States C The expansion of the plantation system for growing sugarcane and other crops D The development of large-scale silver mining operations in South America

b. The author directly uses the statement that the Spanish "conquered all the towns" as evidence of his claim that the arrival of the Spanish "destroyed our people."

Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his claim that the arrival of the Spanish "destroyed our people"? A The Spanish spread infectious disease among the Maya. B The Spanish conquered all Maya towns. C Maya people became poor. D The Spanish assassinated the king's eldest son.

c. As reflected in the description of mulatto and mestizo brothers' economic contributions to the brotherhood, members of these groups had access to some economic resources. However, based on historical knowledge of the predominant racial and social hierarchy in Spanish colonies, it can be inferred that creoles had access to greater economic resources than mestizos and mulattos.

Based on the passage and your knowledge of world history, which of the following can be inferred about the economic hierarchy in San Juan Peribán? A Mulattoes and mestizos had no property rights and worked as tenant farmers on creole-owned plantations. B Creoles were predominantly employed in commerce and administration, whereas mulattoes and mestizos were predominantly employed in agriculture. C Mulatto and mestizo communities had some economic resources, but creoles were still economically dominant. D Creoles were being outcompeted economically by their mulatto and mestizo counterparts and were becoming impoverished as a result.

a. The passage describes how multiple ethnic and religious groups participated in interregional trade with kingdoms and countries in both Asia and Europe. This is similar to other Islamic empires, such as the Ottoman Empire, which is also mentioned in the passage.

Based on the passage, in which of the following ways were Safavid Persian trading practices similar to those of other land-based Islamic empires during the seventeenth century? A The participation of multiple ethnic and religious groups in interregional trade B The deployment of a large navy to protect trading interests in the Indian Ocean C The restriction of trade in luxury manufactured goods, such as silk D The development of an export economy focused on agricultural production

Based on the passage, it could be inferred that the high prices of firewood in seventeenth-century Zacatecas were a result of which of the following processes? A The global decrease in average temperatures after circa 1400 C.E. B The depletion of natural resources caused by Aztec chinampa farming C The transfer of crops and pathogens during the Columbian Exchange D The introduction of European practices of resource extraction

Before 1700, Spain governed its American colonies through a system of A appointed administrators B independent merchants C written constitutions D chartered companies E elected presidents

Before 1870, the European presence in Africa was characterized primarily by A military conquests of large territories administered as military states B intense colonization and settlement of large areas C active international interaction through trade and diplomacy D coastal enclaves for trade and a few settlements E frequent coastal raids along with racial segregation imposed on conquered peoples

Between 1450 and 1750, which of the following were produced on large plantations by slave labor for the world market? A Wheat and barley B Corn and beans C Bananas and oranges D Wool and beef E Sugar and tobacco

Between 1500 and 1800, Europeans were primarily interested in tropical colonies in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans and in the Caribbean because A large profits could be made from products like sugar, coffee, and pepper B the major European states were competing with each other for imperial hegemony C these colonies had strategic military importance D these areas had small populations and were thus easy to control E many Europeans were interested in getting away from Europe's wintry climate

Bolívar was describing the effects of which of the following economic policies? A Feudalism B Mercantilism C Socialism D Capitalism

b. The fifth paragraph states that, until the Dominican friars began their missionary efforts, the Maya had been "ignorant of the word and the commandments of God." This statement is used as evidence for the implicit argument in the passage that Maya society underwent a dramatic cultural change by converting to Christianity in the sixteenth century.

Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his implicit argument that Maya society underwent a dramatic cultural change in the sixteenth century? A Dominican friars knew the Maya language. B The Maya were converted to Christianity. C The Maya nobility lost its social status. D Maya people before the conquest were illiterate.

Which of the following processes contributed to the emergence of syncretic and new religions in both the Eastern and Western Hemispheres during the sixteenth century? A Increases in global interactions B Resurgence of religious piety C Rejection of indigenous traditions D Adoption of local religions by colonizers

Which of the following provides the most accurate description of the Columbian Exchange? A European food to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere diseases to Europe; African population to Europe B African livestock to the Western Hemisphere; European technology to Africa; Western Hemisphere food to Europe C Western Hemisphere technology to Africa; African food to Europe; European population to the New World D European technology to Africa; Western Hemisphere population to Africa; African food to the Western Hemisphere E African population to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European diseases to the Western Hemisphere

Which of the following regions was LEAST affected by the expansion of European trade networks in the period 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.? A The Atlantic basin B The Mediterranean basin C The Indian Ocean D Oceania

Which of the following represents a significant change in Africa between 1450 C.E. and 1750 C.E.? A Bantu-speaking people spread iron metallurgy to East and Central Africa. B Europeans established settler colonies in East and Central Africa. C Most enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic instead of the Sahara. D Islam was introduced and widely adopted in North Africa.

Which of the following resulted from the arrival of western Europeans in India and China during the time period 1450 to 1750 ? A The spread of infectious diseases in India and China and a drastic drop in their populations B The establishment of small European enclaves in India and China C A massive drain of silver and gold from India and China D A great expansion in slave labor in India and China E A major disruption of the economies of India and China

Which of the following statements would challenge the arguments made in the passage? A Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa B The role of Dutch trading companies in Southeast Asia C The use of slaves and the plantation systems in the Americas D European imports of sugar and tobacco

Which of the following was a major change in global patterns of religious beliefs and practices in the period 1450-1750 C.E.? A The emergence of syncretic religions led to an increase in polytheism. B Adherents of monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam increased both in number and in geographic scope as a result of conquest, trade, and missionary activities. C Intellectual movements such as the European Enlightenment weakened the authority of established religions and led to the growing popularity of atheism worldwide. D Messianic, revivalist, and fundamentalist movements came to dominate the indigenous religious traditions in Africa, Asia, and the Americas in response to Western imperialism.

Which of the following was a major change in transregional trade patterns from 1500 to 1700 ? A Japanese fleets gained control over most Pacific Ocean trade routes. B European manufactured goods came to dominate trans-Saharan trade. C Europeans created joint stock companies to engage in overseas trade. D Silk Road trade routes came under the control of Mongol rulers.

Which of the following was a major environmental effect of the European establishment of plantation agriculture in the Americas during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? A Global warming, caused by the burning of large areas of forest B Widespread deforestation and depletion of soil nutrients C Depletion of groundwater supplies caused by excessive irrigation in agricultural areas D Increases in the populations of major indigenous animal species

Which of the following was a major long-term effect of Vasco da Gama's voyage to India in the late 1490s? A It led to the integration of European merchants into the Indian Ocean economy. B It brought about the complete destruction of Muslim-controlled trade routes in the Indian Ocean. C It spurred the Mughal Empire to invest resources in becoming a major naval power. D It catalyzed the adoption of new European naval technology by states throughout the Indian Ocean basin.

Which of the following was a major motivation for European maritime expansion starting in the fifteenth century? A The desire to trade directly with Africans and Asians B The desire to spread democracy C The need for suitable land to establish settler colonies D The need for industrial resources

Which of the following was a major similarity among European colonial empires in the Americas in the period 1450-1750 ? A Widespread religious tolerance and diversity B Encouragement of the development of industrial manufacturing in their territories C Enslavement of African peoples and subjugation of Amerindians D Settlement of millions of Europeans in each of their colonial territories

Which of the following was an important continuity in the global economy from 1500 C.E. to 1700 C.E.? A Muslim merchants controlled most major trade routes. B Asian societies produced most of the world's manufactured goods. C Most goods were exchanged using overland trade routes. D Reliance on coerced labor systems declined.

Commander Cotton's reaction to the events in Jamaica, in the notice above, might best be understood in the context of which of the following? A The expansion of the trans-Atlantic slave trade across the Caribbean B Mounting resistance to slavery in the Americas, reflected in challenges to imperial authority C Growing profitability of plantation slavery in the Americas D The waning influence of religious ideas and millenarianism in nationalist conflicts

Which of the following was the most immediate effect of the Portuguese establishment of a school for navigation in the 1400s? A The development of overseas trade between West Africa and Europe B The establishment of regular trade contacts between Europe and the Americas C The decline of Venetian control of the trade in Asian luxury goods D The establishment of direct overseas trade links between India and Europe

Which of the following was the most important factor in enabling the Spanish to defeat the Aztec Empire? A The Spanish were able to field larger armies than the Aztecs were. B Spanish tolerance of Aztec religion and culture weakened Aztec resistance. C The Spanish were able to exploit the poverty in the Aztec Empire which caused a revolt of Aztec farmers against the Aztec ruling class. D The Spanish were able to form military alliances with other indigenous peoples who were enemies of the Aztecs. E The Spanish were able to devise effective countermeasures to the horse cavalry that formed the bulk of the Aztec army.

Which of the following was the most important factor in enabling the Spanish to defeat the Aztec Empire? A The Spanish were able to field larger armies than the Aztecs. B The Spanish were able to use their understanding of Aztec culture to create effective propaganda that weakened Aztec resistance. C The Spanish were able to exploit discontent within the Aztec state to trigger revolt of the lower classes against the Aztec ruling class. D The Spanish were able to form military alliances with other indigenous peoples who were enemies of the Aztecs. E The Spanish were able to devise effective countermeasures to the horse cavalry that formed the bulk of the Aztec army.

Which of the following was the most important factor in the development of new long-distance maritime commercial patterns in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? A The decline of the Mediterranean trade networks in the aftermath of the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople B The emergence of North America as a major grain exporting center C The abandonment of mercantilist policies in favor of free trade by most European nations D The European settlement and exploitation of natural resources in the Americas

a. The Spanish demands for precious metals alluded to in the passage, and subsequent Spanish discoveries of precious metals in the Americas, changed the global silver trade flow patterns, leading to a long-term shift in the balance of trade between Europe and Asia. As a result, some European countries benefited economically at the expense of Asian countries.

Which of the following was the most important long-term effect of the European acquisition of the wealth and resources of the Americas, as alluded to in the passage? A A lasting shift in the balance of trade between Europe and Asia B The decline of feudalism in Europe C A decrease in the influence of Christianity worldwide D The end of Chinese maritime exploration in the Indian Ocean

b. An account by an Inca who was also present would be important in attempting to establish the reliability of de Estete's characterization of the events described in the passage because it would present the Native American perspective on Spanish actions.

Which of the following would be most useful in establishing the reliability of de Estete's depiction of the events in the passage? A An account by another Spanish conquistador who was also present B An account by an Inca who was also present C An account by another European of a similar event D An account by a Spanish official in Madrid reporting the event

Which of the following would best support the assertion that hierarchies based on racial classification emerged after 1500 C.E. to maintain the authority of new elite groups in the Americas? A The use of terms such as mestizo, mulatto and creole B The increasingly common use of European names in the Americas C New maritime technology facilitating long-term voyages by Europeans D The introduction of slavery to the Americas after the voyages of Columbus

Which of the following would best support the conclusion that the Columbian Exchange involved more profound consequences than did earlier biological exchanges in world history? A Previous exchanges did not involve societies at radically different levels of technological development. B Previous exchanges did not involve the world's two hemispheres. C The Columbian Exchange involved the peaceful transfer of animals, plants, and diseases. D The Columbian Exchange was accompanied by the spread of missionary religions.

Which of the following would complicate generalizations made from this world economy theory? A France's absolute monarchy and military conquests B Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa C The role of Dutch trading companies in Southeast Asia D The use of slaves and the plantation systems in the Americas E European import of sugar and tobacco

Which of the following would illustrate an objection to this world economic theory? A African imports of European guns B The use of serfs to produce grain for export in Poland C The development of manufacturing in colonial Latin America D Import of European art works by planters in the United States south E The plantation system in the Caribbean

Dara Shikoh's intellectual collaborations as described in the passage are most consistent with which of the following policies of imperial states such as the Mughal Empire in the period 1450 to 1750 C.E.? A Recruiting subject peoples for imperial expansion through military conscription B Attempting to build support for imperial rule by accommodating religious and ethnic diversity C Sponsoring the development of religious architecture to legitimize imperial rule D Attempting to enforce imperial power by requiring cultural assimilation

Ideas such as those expressed by Vieira in his sermon would have the most significant influence on which of the following? A Enlightenment challenges to imperial governments in the Americas B Enslaved persons' resistance to authorities in the Americas C Growing resistance by plantation owners to European mercantilist practices D Challenges to traditional gender hierarchies in the Americas

In recent decades, many world historians have challenged the commonly held view that Europeans controlled the largest share of world trade in the seventeenth through the eighteenth centuries. Which of the following evidence from the period would best support this historical reinterpretation? A Prices for Chinese goods were much higher in Europe than in China. B European trading companies often backed their long-distance trading ventures with the threat of military force. C Asian trading companies dominated trade in the Indian Ocean region. D European merchants transported only a fraction of the goods shipped globally.

a. The Portuguese in the sixteenth century were among the first European nations to become involved in Indian Ocean and East Asian trade networks. European diplomats and merchants in the Indian Ocean region often supported missionary activity for the purpose of spreading Christianity in the region as well.

The activities of Inez de Leyria's father as described in the passage best support which of the following conclusions about the period 1450-1750 C.E.? A The intensification of commercial and diplomatic activity across Eurasia was accompanied by increased missionary activity. B The arrival of Nestorian Christians along the Silk Roads introduced European missionaries to China. C Russian expansion in Asia encouraged Christian missionary activity in China. D The intensification of regional patterns of trade in the Indian Ocean spurred Chinese merchants to convert to Christianity.

The agriculture and labor systems that the Portuguese developed on the Atlantic island of Madeira in the 1450s were implemented in which of the following places a century later? A Nova Scotia for cod fishing B Falkland Islands for sheep herding C Hawaii for pineapple cultivation D Brazil for sugar production

c. Sugar production in the Caribbean and, to a lesser extent, on the American mainland was a key feature of the Atlantic trading system. Sugar was the most important American cash crop of the period and its cultivation brought profound economic and demographic changes to American societies.

The existence of a sugar mill in the Mexican town in the passage indicates that the region of Mexico in which the lawsuit took place was part of which of the following? A The Manila galleon trade route B The pre-Columbian pochteca traveling-merchant network C The Atlantic trade system D The indentured-labor migration system

c. Improved ship designs and navigational technologies brought on by European innovations to Arabic technologies allowed sailors to navigate around Africa, expanding trade routes.

The expansion of trade routes along the coast of Africa as shown on Map 2 was most directly facilitated by which of the following? A Expanding Chinese influence as a result of maritime voyages under the Ming dynasty B Changes in fishing practices in the Indian Ocean C Improved ship designs and navigational technologies D Commercial decline in Europe as a result of the global cooling of climate known as the Little Ice Age

b. Just as the introduction of diseases of Afro- Eurasian origin devastated populations of Amerindians who lacked natural defenses against these diseases, the relative biological isolation of Hawaiian islanders prior to the European contact made them highly susceptible to Afro-Eurasian diseases.

The historical trend represented by the table is most similar to which of the following? A The spread of the Black Death along the Silk Roads in the fourteenth century B The impact of the Columbian Exchange on American populations in the sixteenth century C The effects of the trans-Atlantic slave trade on West African populations in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries D The results of the development of reliable birth control methods in the twentieth century

The images above best provide evidence of which of the following consequences of colonial expansion in the period 1450 to 1750 ? A The extension of regional trading networks and the consolidation of centralized power B The spread of new food crops and the development of syncretic forms of religion C The restructuring of the family and the growth of the plantation economy D The transfer of wealth to new elites and the development of new gender roles

a. The symbolism of the image can be read as a claim that Portuguese maritime exploration is aided and protected by God, and, in an object made by a Portuguese artist in a Portuguese trading post in India, this claim demonstrates how the increase in global connections made possible by European maritime exploration expanded the geographic reach of Christianity.

The implicit claim made by the image about a connection between religious devotion and maritime exploration best demonstrates which of the following in the period circa 1450-1750 ? A Increasing global connections expanded the reach of existing religions. B Church authorities argued that religious diversity should be respected and protected. C The intensification of cross-cultural interactions resulted in the development of syncretic religions. D Religious motivations for European exploration and colonization were secondary to economic motivations.

b. By ruling in favor of the mestizo and mulatto brothers' candidate, the judge's decision shows that colonial authorities could and did act in a way that was at odds with the established ethnic and racial hierarchy of colonial Mexican society, if doing so would help mitigate intercommunal tensions and preserve public order.

The judge's decision in the case is best understood in the context of colonial authorities' policy of A encouraging the spread of indigenous Christian practices, such as the cult of the Virgin of Guadalupe B ensuring that intercommunal conflicts were brought under control before they could disrupt public order C maintaining the continued inflow of coerced labor through the asiento system D favoring Spanish-born rather than American-born individuals in official appointments and promotions

d. Both sources emphasize the importance of silver from the Americas in enabling Europeans to participate in world trade, particularly in Asia.

The main arguments of the two sources are most similar in their emphasis on the A importance of European-manufactured exports to Asia B different economic relationships that specific European states had with Asia C exceptional qualities of European states that enabled them to dominate the global economy D significance of European access to precious metals from the Americas

The map above illustrates which of the following? A The most frequent destinations for African emigrants of the twentieth century B Predominant areas of origin and destinations of African slaves in the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries C Proportional flows of African agricultural commodities during the nineteenth century D Winds and water currents that affected trans-Atlantic and trans-Saharan trade

a. The use of ivory to construct the plaque, a substance not native to Europe, suggests that the Portuguese trade outpost at Goa had expanded European access to precious luxury goods. Indeed, the primary reason why Europeans established trading posts in the region was to obtain direct access to luxury goods in Asia that were otherwise very expensive when sold in Europe.

The material used to create the plaque best reflects which of the following historical situations in the Indian Ocean region in the period 1450-1750 ? A Trade networks continued to flourish and gave Europeans direct access to precious luxury goods. B European luxury goods became increasingly popular among Asian populations in the region. C Natural resources from the Americas allowed Asian producers to diversify the products they sold to European merchants. D European artisans in the region increasingly copied Islamic and Indian styles in their artistic productions.

c. The Kongolese crucifix is an example of syncretic fusion of Christian iconography and African beliefs about the power of female spirituality.

The object in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following cultural processes in the period circa 1450-1750? A The spread of Ethiopian cultural traditions in West Africa B The influence of the Columbian Exchange on artistic traditions C The development of religious syncretism as cultural traditions spread D The intensification of pre-existing religious conflicts and rivalries

d. Trade routes had brought both European merchants and missionaries to Japan, eventually leading to a backlash against foreign influences such as Christianity under the Tokugawa regime.

The object shown in the image is best understood in the context of which of the following developments between 1450 and 1750 ? A The introduction of Chinese religious and cultural influences in Japan B The fall of the Tokugawa Shogunate and restoration of direct imperial rule C The growth of Russian cultural influence in East Asia as a result of the Russian expansion into Siberia D The influence of European merchants and missionaries along Asian maritime trade routes

b. In Europe, South Asia, and other world regions, merchant elites benefitting from increased global commerce increasingly projected their newfound wealth by patronizing artists.

The painting can best be used as evidence for which of the following world historical trends that took place during the period 1450 C.E. to 1750 C.E.? A The use of art to glorify rulers B The sponsorship of art by new elites C Governments using art to foster nationalism among their populations D The diffusion of African artistic traditions across Indian Ocean trade routes

a. The author states that she never married, had five children, and acquired property on her own. She did so at a time when it was more common for women to marry and acquire property as a consequence of marriage or inheritance.

The passage best supports which of the following statements? A A small number of women were able to acquire wealth and property on their own. B Slaves were permitted to maintain families of their own. C Women contributed to the family income by weaving textiles. D Women were the legal heads of the household in most families.

d. The treaty clearly indicates that the Maroons used violence and that their use of violence allowed them to secure a treaty with the British government acknowledging their freedom and awarding them lands of their own.

The passage could best be used to explain which of the following developments in the Americas in the period 1500-1750 ? A Enslaved peoples and their descendants were frequently recruited into the armies of colonial empires. B Some of the descendants of enslaved peoples gradually came to own large sugar plantations. C Some enslaved peoples won their freedom by taking legal action against plantation owners in colonial courts. D Enslaved peoples and their descendants used violent means to escape oppression and maintain their freedom.

The photograph above of the Süleymaniye mosque in Istanbul exemplifies which of the following historical processes? A The interaction of humans and the environment B The synthesis of established cultural traditions and new traditions C Competition between traditional elites and the wealthy urban class for control of cultural traditions D The spread of missionary religions over global trade networks

a. The portrait of Jahangir holding a picture of the Virgin Mary directly illustrates the emperor's continuation of his father Akbar's tradition of encouraging religious tolerance of religious traditions in the Mughal Empire.

The portrait of Emperor Jahangir in Image 2 is best seen as evidence of which of the following? A The Mughals' toleration of different religious traditions within their state B Indian artisans producing artistic works for export markets C The increased sponsorship of artists by new economic elites D Jahangir's creation of a syncretic belief system incorporating Christianity and Islam

c. The production of the ivory plaque in a Portuguese territory in the Indian Ocean is most directly situated in the creation of a Portuguese trading-post empire that spread throughout the Atlantic and Indian oceans.

The production of the plaque in Goa is best understood in the immediate context of which of the following? A The establishment of plantation economies B The spread of printing-press technology C The development of trading-post empires D The decline of Asian states such as the Mughal Empire

The quotation above comes from a 1526 letter to a European monarch form a king located A on the eastern coast of Africa B on the western coast of Africa C on the Pacific coast of Central America D on the Pacific coast of South America E in the Pacific Islands

d. The passage condemns the Spanish conquistadors' greed and demands that they release the Inca ruler from his captivity. These sentiments show the emergence of Inca resistance to the Spanish conquest.

The sentiments expressed in the passage most directly indicate A opposition to growing syncretic religions B concerns about the spread of epidemic diseases C frustration over the establishment of forced labor systems D resistance to European colonial expansion and control

The sermon delivered by Vieira is best seen as evidence for which of the following? A The development of new religions in the Americas B The mixing of African and European cultures in the Americas C The impact of European colonization on the native population of the Americas D The intensification of traditional peasant labor in the plantation system

The success of European powers in penetrating the Asian trading system by 1600 can best be explained by the A Asian demand for luxury goods B European use of steam power C high demand for European agricultural produce in China and India D lower prices of European manufactured products E opening of rich silver mines in Peru and Mexico

The table best supports which of the following conclusions about Japanese trade in the seventeenth century? A Chinese goods were becoming less desirable than Dutch goods. B Japanese imports of foreign goods were funded primarily by the export of precious metals. C Imports from China and Europe discouraged local production in Japan. D Chinese and Dutch imports accounted for only a small fraction of all imports to Japan. E Japan's ruling samurai elite became wealthy and powerful due to their control over local markets and merchants.

The trade illustrated by the map contributed most directly to which of the following? A The Glorious Revolution B The French Revolution C The Haitian Revolution D The Cuban Revolution

The transfer of which of the following as part of the Columbian Exchange had the greatest effect on human migration patterns before 1800? A Sugarcane B Potatoes C Cattle D Tobacco

c. The synthesis of African, American, and European cultures was often a gradual process that occurred in many colonies throughout the Americas (and beyond). The fourth and fifth paragraphs make specific mention of the music, dance, and religious festivals that included Brazilian, Portuguese, Indian, and African elements.

The transformation described in the fourth and fifth paragraphs best reflects which development in the Americas from the period 1450-1750 ? A The Columbian Exchange B The growing reliance on cash crop plantation agriculture C The synthesis of African, American, and European cultures D The prevalence of racial prejudice among members of Brazil's elites

The trend shown on the graph above is best explained by A increased production of cash crops like sugar B growth of silver mining in New Spain C industrialized textile mills' demand for raw cotton D African slave-trading kingdoms' demand for European trade goods

The trend shown on the graph above is best explained by the expansion in the production of A cotton B sugar C tobacco D rice E coffee

Vieira's assertion that Solomon and the Queen of Sheba had a son diverges from the traditional Hebrew account. Which of the following best explains Vieira's choice to tell this version of the story? A By the seventeenth century, scholars had more information about the events discussed by Vieira. B Vieira wished to tailor his sermon to appeal to Brazil's ethnically and racially diverse population. C Vieira was influenced by Jesuit anti-Semitism and wished to undermine the Hebrew account. D Vieira was attempting to encourage intermarriage between Brazilians of African and European descent.

What similar view of Doña Marina is portrayed in both images? A She is portrayed as a heroine. B She is portrayed as a victim. C She is portrayed as a collaborator with the Aztec elite. D She is portrayed as an essential part of the negotiations.

Which of the following accurately describes the effect of the spread of Christianity among most Amerindian societies after 1500 C.E.? A Christianity completely supplanted Amerindian religious beliefs and practices shortly after the conquest. B Amerindians maintained local customs by combining indigenous beliefs with elements of Christianity. C Amerindians' resistance to Christianity resulted in widespread European conversions to indigenous religions. D Amerindian religious beliefs and practices were respected by Europeans who considered them equal to Christian beliefs and practices.

Which of the following accurately describes the function of the mit'a system in the Inca Empire? A To gain tribute in the form of prisoners of war for ritual sacrifice B To raise a mercenary army to fight the Aztec Empire and Maya city-states C To compel Inca subjects to work on various state projects for a fixed term each year D To replace the nuclear family as the basic social unit of Inca society

a. Map 2 depicts trades routes from both the east and west of Eurasia extending toward the Americas, connecting Eurasia to the American continents and indicating the existence of global trade routes.

Which of the following aspects of Map 2 can best be used to support the claim that a truly global trading system developed during the period from 1450 to 1750 ? A Trade routes extending east and west from Eurasia toward the Americas B Extensive overland trade routes in Eurasia C The existence of Mediterranean trade routes connecting Europe, Asia and Africa D The continued presence of multiple long-distance trade routes to India

Which of the following best characterizes world trade in the period 1450 to 1750 ? A Commodities from Africa dominated trade with China and India. B The demand for Asian commodities was financed by New World silver. C International conflict declined because of growing cooperation among international traders. D European dominance of China began. E The African slave trade declined.

Which of the following best describes Alfred Crosby's argument in the passage above? A Various Amerindian groups did not have contact with each other before 1492. B Amerindians' long isolation from the rest of the world had placed them at a biological disadvantage. C The genetic makeup of the native population of the Americas remained unchanged until 1492. D By 1492 Amerindians generally had migrated for shorter distances than had other groups.

Which of the following best describes patriarchal gender systems? A Women are not allowed to work. B Women are confined to the home. C Women can be bought and sold. D Women are inferiors and must be protected by men. E Women are not allowed by men to serve as political rulers.

Which of the following best describes the Mughal Empire? A A political-economic-social system that recognized equality of all citizens B A system in which an Islamic minority ruled over a Hindu majority C A government based on an examination system D A social and political system that sought to value equally its Islamic, Christian, Hindu, and Buddhist populations E The rule of a Hindu majority over a Buddhist minority

Which of the following best describes the impact on African society of the trade depicted on the map? A Gender and family roles were restructured as the male population in West Africa diminished. B Bantu peoples increasingly migrated southwards and eastwards. C African societies became increasingly monotheistic as they adopted Islam. D African states underwent significant urbanization as rural agricultural populations diminished.

Which of the following best exemplifies mercantilism as it was practiced in the Atlantic trading system by 1750 ? A The belief of colonists in the Americas that free trade was desirable B Colonial government policies in Europe that prevented the private accumulation of precious metals C International agreements by European governments to protect the freedom of the seas D The protection of European merchant companies by their respective governments

A historian could best use the passage as evidence for which of the following? A The Spanish authorities' preference for Spanish-born rather than American-born individuals in administrative appointments B The resistance encountered in the process of attempting to convert the indigenous population to Christianity C The creation of a new political and economic elite in the immediate aftermath of the European conquest D The disappearance of the Amerindian population due to the spread of infectious Eurasian diseases

A historian examining Mesoamerica in the sixteenth century would best utilize the sources above to analyze which of the following topics? A The process of introducing the encomienda system B How Christian ideas were communicated to and understood by Amerindians C Conflicts between the Jesuits and the Franciscans D The extent of the decline of the Amerindian populationv

A historian might argue that the trade described in the passage reflected a turning point in world history primarily because the opium trade A shifted the pattern of historic European trade imbalances with China B marked the transition from mercantilist trade toward capitalist free trade C was the first time that Europeans used migrant labor to grow crops for global distribution D relied upon industrial techniques of production and modern consumer marketing

A historian researching the effects of epidemic disease on the population levels of seventeenth century colonial Peru would probably find which of the following sources most useful? A Church records of baptisms and funerals B Accounts by Spanish doctors of cases of miraculous healings C Transcripts of court cases involving inheritances D Petitions from Amerindian groups to the colonial government requesting tax relief

A historian researching the trans-Atlantic slave trade in the period 1600—1800 would find which of the following sources most useful for determining patterns in the points of origin, the destinations, and the numbers of slaves involved in the trade? A Census and tax records of European settlers in the Americas B Legal regulations pertaining to enslaved and freed Africans in British colonies C Records of the cargoes of Spanish and British ships in the trans-Atlantic trade D pamphlets published by antislavery societies

A historian would most likely use Map 1 to research which of the following developments in the period 1450-1750 ? A The efforts of wealthy Renaissance patrons to encourage the fine arts and scientific research B The ways that European cartography drew on earlier knowledge from the Islamic world and merchant activity in the Mediterranean C The influence of Crusades against the Ottoman Empire on the commercial expansion of Italian city-states D The consolidation of the Russian Empire, its expansion into Siberia, and its challenge to imperial China

b. During the early modern period, improvement of maritime technologies by Europeans was a major factor in allowing Europeans to sail around the world and to establish their commercial and military advantage in the maritime world.

Which of the following best explains Europe's ability to gain a greater share of global trade in the early modern period? A Easing of tensions among European states B Adoption and improvement of maritime technologies by Europeans C Europeans' increased interest in foreign languages and cultures D Diffusion of European manufacturing technology and processes to Asia

b. An important feature of this Muslim dynasty's strategy for effectively ruling a large, religiously diverse population remained frequent representations of the religious harmony deriving from their leadership.

A historian would most likely use the image in Source 1 as support for which of the following assertions? A Mughal rule in India was generally supported by practitioners of Hinduism. B Mughal rulers were interested in portraying themselves as champions of religious harmony. C Mughal subjects resisted converting to Islam, despite the many benefits that doing so would confer. D Mughal art rejected realism and focused on allegorical and symbolic depictions of reality.

b. The Christ Child image standing atop a triumphant sailing vessel suggests that the intent of the artist was to claim that Portuguese naval voyages and activities in the region have divine sanction.

A likely purpose for including the religious figure in the plaque was to show that A salvation for the Portuguese inhabitants of Goa could be obtained only by rejecting material wealth B Portuguese naval activities in the Indian Ocean region were favored by divine forces C because of their belief in the prophecy of Jesus, the Muslim inhabitants of Goa could also obtain salvation D Jesus was going to provide the Portuguese with new sailing technologies for their ships if they continued to follow him

An important reason for China's rapid population increase in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was A the introduction of new crops from the Americas B the end of the bubonic plague in Asia C the widespread adoption of the European three-field system D unprecedented immigration from the Mughal and Ottoman empires

Based on the chart and your knowledge of world history, which of the following most directly enabled the Dutch to establish and enforce a monopoly on the Southeast Asian clove trade in the seventeenth century? A The nutritional benefits of the Columbian Exchange B The development of powerful joint-stock commercial companies C Dutch advances in mapmaking and navigational skills D Advances in medicine that improved Europeans' ability to survive tropical diseases

Based on the description of the discovery of silver in Zacatecas in the second paragraph, which of the following conclusions about Mota y Escobar is best supported? A He had no firsthand knowledge of Mexico. B He was an opponent of the practice of slavery. C He was critical of the motivations of the Spanish conquistadors. D He questioned the economic usefulness of silver mining.

c. The painting shows and celebrates the marriage of a Muslim and a Hindu ruler, indicating that the ruling dynasty ought to be respected by members of both religions. Because India has a long history of religious and ethnic conflict, the joining of these two people is meant to reflect the legitimacy of both religious traditions and is meant to bolster support for the dynasty.

Based on the location of the painting, it can be inferred that its primary purpose was to A inspire religious devotion among the Golkonda rulers' ordinary subjects B serve as a model for Indian court painters in training C bolster the legitimacy of the Golkonda dynasty by celebrating its past D impress foreign dignitaries and other visitors with the might of the Golkonda military forces

d. The Portuguese established trading posts in Africa and especially in the Indian Ocean region of Asia along maritime routes that were heavily trafficked by merchants so that they could control commerce and force local merchants to purchase passes (cartazes) that allowed them to sail safely through the area.

Which of the following best explains a similar motivation behind the establishment of Portuguese trading posts in Africa and the establishment of Portuguese trading posts in Asia? A The trading posts in both regions were intended to prevent economic collapse following the disintegration of powerful local empires. B The trading posts in both regions were intended to facilitate commercial cooperation between European states. C The trading posts in both regions were intended to facilitate the transfer of slaves to the Americas. D The trading posts in both regions were intended to allow the Portuguese to control access to heavily trafficked maritime routes.

b. The earliest British- and French-sponsored voyages in the North Atlantic, conducted by explorers such as Henry Hudson, Giovanni da Verrazzano, and Jacques Cartier, all attempted to find potential trade routes to Asia.

Which of the following best explains a similarity between the earliest English and French voyages across the North Atlantic in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? A They succeeded despite receiving little support from their respective state governments. B They were often launched in the hopes of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia. C They were ended after encountering violent resistance from Portuguese and Spanish naval forces. D They helped convince western European monarchies to abandon mercantilist policies in favor of free-trade policies.

c. Spanish voyages in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans greatly increased European interest in transoceanic travel and trade, not only because European states wanted to obtain wealth and power in the Atlantic and Pacific regions but also because many Europeans became interested in discovering and mapping new lands and seas and discovering new plants, animals, natural features, and peoples.

Which of the following best explains an effect of Spanish voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in Europe in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? A They encouraged many governments to expand the use of coerced labor in Europe. B They led to the rapid spread of epidemic diseases such as smallpox. C They greatly increased interest in transoceanic travel and trade in other European countries. D They led to the introduction of new staple crops such as sugar.

c. Beginning with the arrival of the English sea captain James Cook in 1778, Hawaiian islanders were exposed to Afro-Eurasian diseases against which they had no immunity, such as influenza, smallpox, and measles.

Which of the following best explains the overall population trend shown in the table? A Large-scale migration from the Pacific Islands to the Americas for plantation labor B Conflict between Pacific Island states C The spread of epidemic diseases as a result of contact with Westerners D The expansion of the Japanese empire in the Pacific

Which of the following best explains the relative volume of trade to different destinations as shown on the map? A The need for labor in new mining centers B The traditional use of enslaved soldiers by the Ottoman Empire C The increasing demand for labor on cash crop plantations D The growing desire for household servants among emerging commercial elites

b. Brunias' painting was seen as a challenge to social conventions when it was painted because it showed some people of color behaving in ways similar to Europeans, a perspective that questioned common depictions of Caribbean society as built on racial hierarchies that placed African slaves and their descendants at the bottom.

Which of the following best explains why the painting was seen as a challenge to social conventions when it was painted? A Women were rarely the subject of paintings in European art of the period. B Caribbean society was built on racial hierarchies that generally reserved elite status for people of European ancestry. C In most cultures of the period, children were not considered worthy of being portrayed in art until they reached adulthood. D Caribbean society was predominantly matriarchal, with men expected to play strictly domestic roles in the household.

Which of the following best illustrates the argument described in the passage above? A Spanish and Portuguese plantation owners imported large numbers of African slaves to work their fields. B Amerindians were killed in large numbers by diseases such as smallpox and measles. C Some Amerindian societies prior to European contact had high population densities and large urban centers of comparable scale to those in Europe. D The Spanish system of forced labor in mines such as those in Potosí resulted in thousands of deaths among the Amerindian population.

Which of the following best supports the conclusion that after 1450 C.E. interactions between the hemispheres created syncretic systems of religious belief? A Amerindian groups in the American Southwest converted to Catholicism after Spanish missionaries arrived. B A Peruvian native wrote a letter to the king of Spain asking for his protection from Spanish diseases. C Northern Mexican peasants referred to the Christian saint Mary as Tonantzin, which was the name of a local deity. D An eighteenth-century African American poet and slave remembered little of her native religion, despite having been born in Senegal.

Which of the following best supports the contentions of the world economic theory in the passage? A China was not massively affected by world patterns in the period. B The rise of Protestantism and the Scientific Revolution transformed European cultures. C Latin America exported sugar and silver and imported manufactured items. D Britain had a relatively weak central government compared to France.

Which of the following changes best justifies the claim that the late 1400s mark the beginning of a new period in world history? A The rise of the Aztec and Inca empires B The economic recovery in Afro-Eurasia after the Black Death C The incorporation of the Americas into a broader global network of exchange D The emergence of new religious movements in various parts of the world

Which of the following characterized economic systems in Latin America and in Southeast Asia during the sixteenth century? A Both focused on porcelain manufacturing. B Both incorporated forced labor. C Both redistributed land to peasants. D Both produced grain for the European market. E Both focused on small farm-to-market agriculture.

a. Jerónimo de Bañuelos y Carrillo mentions in the second paragraph that China was receiving enormous amounts of silver from Peru, enough to construct a palace. Indeed, Europeans used silver (the primary source of monetary value in China) extracted from silver mines in Peru and other regions of the Americas to obtain valuable Chinese goods. The exchange of silver for Chinese and other Asian goods became a key in the development and expansion of a truly global economy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Which of the following claims made in the second paragraph would a historian likely cite to demonstrate how European expansion created a truly global economy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? A The Chinese emperor could build a palace from all the silver that arrives from Peru. B Many Spanish merchants have successfully avoided paying taxes to the king of Spain. C Merchants of different ethnic groups seek to engage in trade with China. D The ships that Spanish merchants use are often not registered.

c. Barkey contends that non-Muslims were not persecuted in the Ottoman Empire but then immediately states that they were second-class citizens who endured prejudice. Since Barkey does not clarify what she means by "persecution," this statement appears to be contradictory.

Which of the following claims that Barkey makes in the passage appears to contradict most directly her assertion in the first sentence of the first paragraph? A Ottoman administration played an important role in fostering tolerance in the empire. B Ottoman tolerance helped maintain peace and order. C Non-Muslims were second-class citizens who endured prejudice. D The Ottoman Empire's policies ensured that interethnic strife did not occur.

a. The passage shows that Ottoman authorities, represented by the Sunni religious scholars, condemned some Sufi practices and sought to suppress them.

Which of the following conclusions regarding the Ottoman Empire is best supported by the passage? A Ottoman policies sought to limit the activities of some religious groups. B Many members of the Ottoman religious establishment practiced Sufism. C Ottoman rulers promoted an inclusive and tolerant interpretation of Islamic doctrine. D Ottoman policies toward Sufism caused conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and other Muslim states.

Which of the following consequences of the Columbian Exchange most affected Amerindians in the sixteenth century? A Diseases caused pandemics. B Newly introduced crops replaced indigenous American crops. C The influx of African slaves displaced Amerindians. D European livestock disrupted Amerindian agriculture.

Which of the following describes an accurate similarity between the Qing and Russian empires in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? A Both relied heavily on maritime trade as a source of material goods. B Both successfully resisted pressure from industrialized powers. C Both were heavily influenced by the intellectual work of Jesuit missionaries. D Both had vast territories with peoples of various ethnicities and languages.

Which of the following describes the effect of skin color, ethnicity, and former slave status in Latin America in the late nineteenth century? A There was little effect for most people. B People of African descent were not affected, but Latin American Indians continued to suffer discrimination. C Marriage alliances among all classes and castes eliminated the effect of all three. D Large numbers of people of color migrated to the newly "Reconstructed" southern United States. E There continued to be discrimination on the basis of all three factors.

Which of the following describes the most important cause of the demographic changes associated with the Columbian Exchange? A The spread of New World diseases to Afro-Eurasia and environmental damage in the Americas B The introduction of New World food crops to Afro-Eurasia and the spread of epidemic diseases to the Americas C Environmental degradation in Afro-Eurasia and the spread of Afro-Eurasian food crops to the Americas D European settlement in the Americas and the forced migration of Native Americans to Afro-Eurasia

All of the following were significant environmental effects of the trade illustrated on the map EXCEPT A the spread of Afro-Eurasian diseases in the Americas B soil depletion and erosion from intensive agriculture in the Caribbean C American foods becoming staple crops in Africa D air pollution resulting from the increased exploitation of fossil fuels

All of the following factors contributed to significant growth in worldwide population from 1750 through 1900 EXCEPT A decline of epidemic disease B introduction of Western Hemisphere food crops to new areas C expansion of land under cultivation D new grain crops developed in the Green Revolution

All of the following have been African contributions to cultures in the Americas EXCEPT A African forms of religious observance B African musical forms C knowledge of how to grow African crops D African folklore E African monetary systems

d. The fourth and fifth paragraphs of the passage describe the arrival of the Spanish, but they do not use it as evidence to illustrate the toll of the "pestilence" on Maya society. It is likely that the author of the source was unaware of the causal connection between the Spanish conquest of Mexico and the spread of new infectious diseases. Since the arrival of the Spanish is not used as evidence in support of the author's argument about the "pestilence," it is the correct answer to the question.

All of the following pieces of evidence in the passage directly support the author's claim that the "pestilence" was "terrible" EXCEPT: A The Maya king died in the epidemic. B Fear of the disease drove Maya people to commit suicide. C The disease killed members of the Maya elite, including elders and priests. D The disease led to the arrival of Dominican friars.

All of the following resulted from the growth of the Atlantic slave trade in Africa EXCEPT A the shift in trade focus from Saharan routes to the coast B destabilization of local African societies C the exclusion of Africa from the emerging global market D increased violence through widespread use of firearms

a. The Ottomans' use of non-Turkic troops as a core part of their army shows that ethnic tolerance and diversity might benefit the empire in certain circumstances, as Barkey argues.

All of the following statements about the Ottoman Empire in the period 1450-1750 are factually accurate. Which would most strongly support Barkey's claim regarding the Ottoman state and toleration in the passage? A The Ottoman army increasingly relied on the contributions of the Janissary corps, which was mostly composed of soldiers of non-Turkic origin. B Some Ottoman sultans such as Selim I refused to accept the legitimacy of the Safavid rulers of Persia because they were Shi'a Muslims. C Some Ottoman sultans such as Suleiman the Magnificent patronized Sufi mystics, whose heterodox practices were sometimes condemned by the Sunni religious elite. D The Ottoman government required any cases involving a dispute between Muslims and non-Muslims to be resolved according to Islamic law.

a. Article 4 requires Captain Quao and his Maroon troops to destroy other rebel Black forces in exchange for the British granting them land and making other concessions, demonstrating that the British government was attempting to use diplomacy to gain the cooperation of one rebel group to suppress other rebel groups.

Article 4 of the treaty is best explained as evidence of how states in the period 1450-1750 sought to A suppress resistance to their rule by co-opting local groups B grant military titles as a way of encouraging the loyalty of their subjects C provide financial incentives to minority populations to participate in local administration D promote intermarriage between different ethnic populations in order to reduce conflict

As described in the second paragraph, the arguments made by the supporters of the opium trade were most similar to the arguments made in the early nineteenth century by supporters of the continued use of A artisanal and craft production, as opposed to the factory system B mercantilist trade practices, as opposed to free trade C African slave labor on sugar plantations in the Americas D women's and children's labor in the production of luxury goods in Chinese households

During the period 1450 to 1750, which of the following commodities was most responsible for transforming the global economy? A Salt B Tea C Opium D Silver

During the period 1600—1800, the leaders of China, Korea, and Japan all had policies that A promoted trade and expansion B encouraged emigration and colonization C opened their countries to European merchants D regulated interactions with foreigners E led to wars involving all of East Asia

During the seventeenth century, one of the reasons Africans participated in the Atlantic slave trade was A the demand for weapons among African elites B bribery of African leaders by Caribbean plantation owners C the desire of African leaders to dominate the Atlantic trade network D the ambition of African leaders to gain a foothold in the Americas

For the period circa 1580-1650, which of the following most directly caused the price fluctuations shown in the chart? A The replacement of traditional landed elites by new commercial elites in many parts of Eurasia B The declining military power and international influence of the Mughal Empire C The establishment of Caribbean plantation economies based on the production of cash crops by slave labor D The intensification of competition among European states over the control of profitable maritime trade routes

For the period circa 1650-1790, the differences between clove prices in Southeast Asia and those in Amsterdam best support which of the following conclusions? A Imperialism economically benefited those Asians who collaborated with the Europeans and harmed those Asians who resisted European control. B Imperialism led directly to the articulation of anticolonial ideologies based on Enlightenment principles. C Imperialism was undertaken mostly to prevent the expansion of rival European powers and resulted in the colonization of areas of no direct economic interest to Europeans. D Imperialism economically benefited European merchants and governments while leading to the economic decline or stagnation of Asian producers.

Historians consider the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries to be a time of great change in cultivation methods and in the physical landscape of Latin America. Which of the following pairings was most responsible for these changes? A Terraces and cacao B Encomiendas and corn C Horses and potatoes D Slave labor and sugar

c. In the period 1450-1750, states such as Qing China sought to centralize their rule by increasing the power of their bureaucracies. Because foreigners living in powerful states did not have local power bases on which they could rely and because their positions were wholly dependent on the government's favor, they were more likely to remain loyal to the government.

In the context of the period 1450-1750, which of the following most likely explains why the Qing government employed the scholars shown in the image? A States sought to recruit foreign experts to industrialize their economies. B States sought to legitimize their rule by recruiting foreigners from prestigious universities. C States sought to centralize their rule by including foreigners whose positions were dependent on the state to serve in the bureaucracy. D States sought to recruit foreigners who could help factions within the state bureaucracies solve their differences.

In the excerpt, Bolívar expresses which of the following? A Concern about the lack of restrictions on capital investments B Outrage at the effects of mercantilist policies C Disgust with the extravagant spending of socialist governments D Rebellion against the restrictions of feudalism

In the period 1450 to 1750, the intensification of connections between the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere had which of the following effects on religious practices? A Christianity became more uniform as it spread through the Americas. B Buddhism spread widely in Africa. C Syncretic forms of religion such as Vodun developed. D Splits in Islam became less intense.

In the period 1450—1750, which of the following, produced on large plantations by slave labor, were significant commodities in the growing world market? A Grains such as wheat and barley B Tropical fruits such as bananas and oranges C Animal products such as wool and beef D Cash crops such as sugar and tobacco

In the period 1500 to 1750, the population of the Portuguese colony of Brazil grew rapidly and became predominantly African. Which of the following best explains these demographic changes? A The adoption of indigenous food crops by African migrants B Portuguese loss of colonial holdings in the Indian Ocean C The rapid natural increase of Brazil's early slave population D The increase in global demand for cash crops such as sugar

In the period 1550-1750, most of the world's ten largest cities were located in which of the following regions? A The Middle East B Western Europe C North Africa and southern Europe D South Asia E East Asia

d. The increase in maritime trade along the coast of Africa allowed Europeans to bypass the inland routes controlled by African merchants, leading to a gradual decline in the overland Trans-Saharan trade.

In the period after circa 1450, trade along the routes shown on the map declined in large part because of the A decrease in the demand for African manufactured goods in Europe B collapse of European economies in the wake of the bubonic plague C disruption caused by the adoption of new gunpowder weapons D increase of maritime trade along the African coast

In the three centuries after Columbus' voyages, most of the people who came to the Western Hemisphere originated in which of the following regions? A Southern Europe B Northern Europe C Western Africa D Eastern Africa E East Asia

a. Christian missionaries, often with state support from Spain and Portugal, were very successful in converting many Native Americans to Catholic Christianity in Central and South America. Due to the European conquest of the major indigenous states in the Americas, there was little state resistance to Christian missionary activity.

In which of the following regions between 1450 and 1750 was Christian missionary activity met with the LEAST amount of resistance by non-European states? A The Americas B The Middle East C The Indian subcontinent D Central Asia

Many forced and free migrants practiced the religious beliefs of their homelands as a way of adapting to unfamiliar experiences and environments in their destination societies. Which of the following processes best supports the historical argument above? A African slaves in the Americas integrating African beliefs into their practice of Christianity B Japanese elites of the Tokugawa period encouraging the spread of Buddhism to promote cultural cohesion C Chinese migrant laborers in the United States converting to Christianity in order to better fit into the dominant culture D The indigenous rulers of Islamic states in Southeast Asia adapting aspects of Islam to local cultural and religious traditions

Most agricultural laborers in the Ottoman Empire were A slaves B free peasants C serfs D sharecroppers E indentured servants

Muslim maritime activities in the Indian Ocean would be most disrupted by which of the following sixteenth-century developments? A The voyages of Chinese treasure fleets led by Zheng He B The arrival of Portuguese and other Europeans C The spread of epidemic diseases D The growth of the African slave trade

Navarro's economic observations expressed in the passage above are best understood in the context of which of the following? A The Spanish-Portuguese colonial rivalry in the Atlantic B The influx of silver from the Americas into the Spanish economy C The practice of governments devaluing their currencies by reducing the proportion of precious metals in their coins D The beginning of large-scale importation of silver by China from Spanish mines in the Americas

On a global scale, which of the following most directly led to the expansion of the trade between Europe and Asia in the time period reflected in the chart? A European merchants' role in exporting European manufactured goods to Asia B The consistently high demand for European luxury goods among Chinese customers C The shifting balance of trade as a result of the circulation of American silver D The collapse of existing Indian Ocean trading networks

Some world historians have argued that the growth of European influence in the period 1450—1750 was due in large part to non-European inventions. The history of which of the following technological developments best supports this contention? A The compass B Silk weaving C Steam power D The stirrup

Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) primarily because they A needed to resolve their territorial disputes after the discovery of ocean routes to the Americas and the Indian Ocean B were concerned that the Western Hemisphere's native peoples be treated humanely by the European conquerors C needed to agree on the official languages for Central and South America in order to keep out English and French D wanted to protect the existing religions in South Asia and the Western Hemisphere E did not wish to disrupt the plant and animal life of the Western Hemisphere with the introduction of foreign species

c. In the period 1450-1750, European merchants established trading relationships with merchants and states in Asia, from which Europeans obtained valuable goods (such as the tea that Sun Yuting mentions in the passage) that they then resold in their home markets and in their colonies. Indeed, it was largely these expensive Asian goods that allowed European companies to finance their global commercial enterprises.

Sun Yuting's analysis of the factors that contributed to the relative economic strength of China and Great Britain best illustrates which of the following continuities from the period 1450-1750 ? A The expansion of empires led to the collapse of existing trade networks. B The transfer of European navigational technology expanded global trade significantly. C The global circulation of goods was fueled by European merchants' access to Asian markets. D The establishment of state monopolies in certain industries led to higher prices for luxury items.

The Columbian Exchange involved which of the following new connections in the era 1450-1750? A European food to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere diseases to Europe; African population to Europe B Western Hemisphere technology to Africa; African food to Europe; European population to the Western Hemisphere C European technology to Africa; Western Hemisphere population to Africa; African food to the Western Hemisphere D African population to the Western Hemisphere; Western Hemisphere food to Europe and Africa; African and European diseases to the Western Hemisphere

The Mughal Empire and the Ottoman Empire before 1700 C.E. shared which of the following characteristics? A Both empires were able to expand without meeting strong resistance. B Both empires formally restricted foreign trade. C Both empires were ruled by a single religious official. D Both empires were religiously and culturally diverse.

d. The Maroons' conflict with the British took place within the context of European and especially British colonial expansion and the centralization of state power, which contributed to encouraging local populations to resist greater state power.

The actions of the Maroons that forced British colonial authorities to conclude a treaty with them are best explained as evidence of reactions against which of the following global trends in the period 1450-1750 ? A The persistent spread of epidemic diseases B The continuing impoverishment of indigenous populations resulting from agricultural transfers C The increase in armed conflict resulting from state rivalries over control of trade routes D The increasing expansion and centralization of state power

b. Portuguese leadership in the development of navigation technologies and cartography gave the small nation an opportunity to establish a maritime commercial influence that extended around the globe. Technologies such as the caravel, astrolabe, and improved maps and nautical charts called portolanos were important to early Portuguese maritime expansion.

The Portuguese presence in southern China as described in the passage was most directly enabled by which of the following? A The declining role of Muslim and Jewish merchants in transporting goods within Asia B Technological developments in cartography and navigation C Improvements in silver-mining technology D The creation of laissez-faire state policies

b. While the Spanish, Portuguese, and other Europeans were able to conquer extensive territory in the Americas, they were unable to challenge powerful states in Asia such as the Ottoman Empire, the Mughal Empire, and the Ming and Qing dynasties of China until after 1750.

The Spanish actions described in the passage differed from European attempts to promote Christianity in South and East Asia in the period 1450-1750 in that A in South and East Asia, Europeans relied on established minority groups for help in spreading Christianity B in South and East Asia, Europeans were unable to subjugate politically the powerful existing states C in South and East Asia, Europeans encountered strong local resistance and mass revolts against their attempts to establish political and cultural uniformity D in South and East Asia, Europeans became too closely involved in local sectarian conflicts to be able to effectively promote Christianity

c. In the sixteenth century, Portuguese sea captains had established forts and trading posts in a number of southern Chinese port towns, including Canton (modern Guangzhou) and Macao. Interactions in such trading posts had resulted in a limited number of Portuguese merchants and missionaries acquiring the language skills to communicate with the local Chinese population.

The ability of Portuguese merchants and explorers to communicate with the local population of Canton was most likely an effect of which of the following? A Mandarin had replaced Cantonese as the primary spoken language in southern China. B Migrations and commercial contacts led to the use of printing in southern China. C Portuguese merchants had established trading posts in southern China. D Portuguese had replaced Arabic and Persian as the language of trade in southern China.

Under the Japanese system of feudalism after 1600, the emperor served as the symbol of authority while real power was held by A the crown prince B the shogun C the samurai class D powerful merchants E Shinto priests

a. Both the Philippines and Mexico (as well as Peru) were Spanish colonies in the seventeenth century. Mercantilist trade regulations allowed Spanish or Creole merchants in the colonies to trade with merchants in other Spanish colonies and in Spain but limited Spanish colonies' trade with British, French, Dutch, or other European countries' colonies. The exclusive commercial contacts between Spanish merchants in Manila and Spanish merchants in Mexico are best described as a reference to these mercantilist regulations.

The author's claim that the Spanish inhabitants of Manila act as agents for the inhabitants of Mexico can best be described as a reference to which of the following? A The mercantilist trade regulations enforced by Spanish colonial authorities B The cultural connections between regions created by Catholic religious orders, such as the Jesuits C The differences between the administrative framework of European trading post empires and settler empires D The resentment of colonial-born Spanish Creole populations against their second-class status in imperial societies

b. The author describes the arguments of both sides to the debate and does not appear to openly criticize or endorse either side, suggesting that he is trying to present an objective view of the Sunni-Sufi rivalry.

The author's position on the religious controversy in the passage can best be described as that of A a strong supporter of the official Ottoman religious establishment B an impartial observer describing the controversy without taking sides C a practitioner of the Sufi way with its emphasis on increased spirituality D an advocate of the right of the people to freely choose their own religion

The building in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, shown above, is an example of which of the following concepts? A Syncretism B Iconoclasm C Isolationism D Cultural diffusion

d. The activism of the mulatto and mestizo members of the lay brotherhood suggests that Mexico's mulatto and mestizo populations were beginning to assert claims to rights that challenged the existing social hierarchy.

The dispute described in the court case is most directly an effect of which of the following processes in colonial American societies? A The economic tensions between landowning elites and landless peasants B The emergence of new syncretic forms of religious beliefs and rituals C The demographic collapse of the indigenous Amerindian population as a result of the spread of infectious disease D The formation of new identities as part of the restructuring of social hierarchies

The domestic labor of the enslaved woman in the sketch is most similar to the predominant form of slavery in which of the following regions? A Africa B The Caribbean C Russia D South America

The economic activities described in the passage contributed most directly to which of the following? A The emergence of the first truly global exchange networks B The beginning of the process of industrialization C The establishment of the first chartered and limited-liability commercial companies D The rapid growth of China's population under the Song and Ming dynasties

The economies of the southern colonies of colonial British America developed most like colonial economies in A Canada B the Dutch East Indies C the Caribbean and Brazil D Ireland and Scotland E Massachusetts and New York

c. The first Dutch traders and diplomats who established economic and political influence in present-day Indonesia were agents of the Dutch East India Company during the early seventeenth century. The Dutch East India Company expanded its influence to include almost all present-day Indonesia by the eighteenth century.

The establishment of Dutch economic and political influence in Southeast Asia as shown in Map 1 was most directly a result of which of the following? A Industrialization B Indentured labor migration C Joint-stock trading companies D Atlantic slave trade

The ethnic makeup of Zacatecas, as described in the passage, can best be used as evidence of which of the following? A The dependence of colonial economies on coerced labor B The social tensions that gave rise to the Latin American wars of independence C The development of indentured servitude as an alternative to slavery D The emergence of syncretic religious belief systems, such as Santería and Candomblé

b. Frank argues that "the Europeans were no more than a minor player" and Christian argues that Europeans "were at the center of the global networks of exchange created during the sixteenth century." This is a clear disagreement between the sources.

The two interpretations of economic history of the early modern period differ most strongly concerning A the motivations for European colonization of the Americas B the relative importance of Europe in the global economy C the significance of economic developments in Europe prior to 1500 D the justification for European claims of economic superiority

a. States such as China and Japan imposed restrictions on Christian missionary activity in hopes of reducing or eliminating foreign, particularly European, influence in their countries.

The use of objects such as the one shown in the image best illustrates which of the following historical processes from 1450 to 1750 ? A Some Asian states sought to limit foreign encroachment in their internal affairs. B Political leaders in Asia commissioned works of art to legitimize their rule. C Religious conversion by state rulers was often followed by the mass conversion of state populations. D The territorial expansion of Asian land-based empires limited European influence in many parts of Asia.

Unit 4 MC review

Kaugnay na mga set ng pag-aaral

Chapter 3 (Self-Esteem and Mental/Emotional Health)

FINALS REVIEWER (Physics)

art history pre test 1

T.O. 1C-135(R)-1-1

Davis Advantage - Chapter 5 End-of-Life Care

MGMT 300 - Chapter 6+7 Quiz

SIE Test 2

Computers 2 Photoshop Basics Review

Peds Skin

Ch. 12 - Financing: Loan Types

Module 6: Post-Class Quiz

Mortgage Loan Origination Activities

PS341

Ch. 19 - Safety

The Child with Cardiovascular Health Problems

Module 1 - Communications in a Connected World

Norton Guide - Essential Literary Terms

Midterm Practice

Chapter 16: Auditing Operations and Completing the Audit

Chapter 34 Rest and Sleep