Unit 4- Outcome 1 Health

Define the element of sustainability; Affordability

*Affordability*: The people who should be targeted by the programs are least likely to afford them. ¬ Therefore, costs for the user should be eliminated or kept to a minimum. Funding must be adequate to ensure the program is sustainable.

Define the element of sustainability; Appropriateness

*Appropriateness*: The program should address the specific needs of a targeted community or population. In order to be appropriate, it should: ¬ Involve the people ¬ Choose the right type of aid to reach poor people ¬ Focus on involving and educating women. ¬ Focus on education ¬ Ensure the cultural sensitivity of the program.

Give a description of the goal; *No poverty*

*Description*: -Poverty relates to deprivation of resources (or an inability to access resources) -Extreme poverty- living on less than US$1.25 per day. -Relative poverty- Living on less than 50% of the average income of a country. -This goal includes *eradicating extreme poverty currently measures as people living on less than US $1.25 a day. *Reducing by half the proportion of men, women and children living in poverty. *Implementing social protection systems

Identify some economic characteristics common to developing countries

*Economic*: -Limited range of industries, usually centred on farming and primary production. -Low average incomes -High levels of international debt in relative terms to their GDP. -Doesn't trade extensively on the global market

Identify some environmental characteristics common to developing countries

*Environmental*: -Lack of infrastructure -Inadequate housing -Lack of access to food -Unsafe water and sanitation

Describe SDG 2; Zero hunger

*Goal 2 is about ending all forms of hunger and malnutrition by ensuring that all people have access to nutritious food by promoting sustainable agriculture. * - Hunger is defined as the continuing lack of food needed for an active and healthy life. It includes: *Undernutrition- when people do not have enough food to meet their daily energy requirements. *Malnutrition- when there is a lack of specific nutrients required for the body to function effectively.

What are the reasons goal 1; no poverty, is important?

*Reasons why the Goal is important*: -Lack of income leads to a lack of resources and infrastructure including health care, food, water and shelter. -Poverty contributes to undernutrition which reduces immune function and increases mortality rates from preventable diseases particularly infectious diseases. -Lack of income reduces the capacity for a country to develop its economy which reduces levels of human development experienced. -Even though rates have decreased, over 800 million people still live in poverty.

Identify some social characteristics common to developing countries

*Social*: -High birth rates -Gender inequality -Low levels of education -Often a history of colonisation -Inadequate health systems -Lack of access to technology -Lack of social security systems -High levels of unemployment -Many developing countries have unstable governments and political unrest.

Define human development

Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives in accord with their needs and interests. It is about expanding people's choices and enhancing capabilities, having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and decisions affect their lives.

Define human development index

A tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries' levels of social and economic development. It provides a single statistic based on three dimensions- health, education and living standards- and four indicators- life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and Gross National Income per capita.

How may the factor; *Gender equality* influence health status and human development globally?

Women are often not given opportunities such as education, employment -Women may be the subject of violence which can increase the morbidity of women experienced across the world due to injuries and mental illness as a result. -Women have little say in family planning or marriage which effects human development as participating in the decisions that effect your life is a part of Human development. -Two thirds of the people in the world who lack basic literacy skills are female. This leads to women working in jobs that do not enhance their capabilities or freedoms, which are important aspects of human development. These jobs are often paid badly, dangerous and laborious, which directly puts their health at risk. Prostitution is an example of this, as it raises the levels of HIV/AIDS infections. Other examples include water collection and farm work. -Women hold an average 3% of seats in national parliaments in pacific islands and an average of 10% in Western Asia. The lack of input that women have in government can contribute to women having little say in the issues that affect their health, such as male perpetrated violence. Human development is also impacted as women do not have the chance to participate in the community in which they live or the decisions affecting their lives. -3000 women die each year from complications during pregnancy- 99% in developing countries. Women are often neglected with regard to health care and other services and essential supplies, which increases female mortality rates. -Women may be the last fed and may not receive enough nutrients, leading to malnourishment. Adequate nourishment is a basic need and having basic needs met is a fundamental aspect of human development. -Gender norms in many countries make men the sole decision makers. This can affect the role women play in society and directly affect their health. This impacts human development as women are not able to make decisions that affect their lives. Such gender norms also reduce the opportunities for women to lead lives according to their needs and interests.

Define the element of sustainability; Equity

Equity: The strategy should address the needs of all people including those most at risk. ¬ This includes women, the disabled, those living in poverty and those in rural and remote areas. ¬ Strategies should focus on addressing factors that prevent some people from improving health and human development.

What are the reasons SDG 3 is important?

Reasons why it's important: -Children under five still die everyday from preventable causes such as pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria. -Children born into poverty are almost twice as likely to die before the age of five, compared to those born into wealthier families. -In developing countries only half of all pregnant women receive sufficient antenatal care resulting in women dying each day from complications due to pregnancy and child birth. -AIDS remains a significant health issue.

Name the sustainable development goals required to know:

SDG 1: No poverty SDG 2: Zero Hunger SDG 3: Good Health and Wellbeing SDG 4: Quality education SDG 5: Gender equality SDG 6: Clean water and sanitation SDG 8: Decent work and economic growth SDG 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions.

Define sanitation

Sanitation refers to the safe disposal of human urine and faeces, as well as the maintenance of hygienic conditions through garbage collection and the disposal of wastewater.

Provide examples of countries that belong under each mortality strata

Stratum A- Australia, UK, Canada, New Zealand Stratum B- China, Indonesia, Mexico Stratum C- Russian Federation, Ukraine Stratum D- India, Iraq, Sudan Stratum E- Ethiopia, Rwanda, Zimbabwe

How may the factor; *global marketing- Tobacco* influence health status and human development globally?

-*Tobacco*; Tobacco manufacturers have been targeting developing countries to make up lost revenue experienced in developed countries. The laws, taxes, regulations and public awareness campaigns that operate in many developed countries such as Australia are often non-existent in developing counties. Children have also been influenced by advertising campaigns in developing countries and rates of children who smoke have increased. The ability to purchase single cigarettes in many developing countries has contributed to this trend. The increasing rates of women smoking is also a concerning trend as smoking has traditionally been considered a male activity. -Increased rates of smoking in developing countries is contributing to an increased burden of disease, particularly in relation to an increase in lifestyle-related diseases, especially cancer, cardiovascular disease and respiratory conditions. -Tobacco smoking can also affect the human development of people in developing countries. As financial resources are often scarce as it is, money that is spent on tobacco may mean less money available to spend on food, clothing, education and basic health care. This impacts the standard of living for many people in developing countries and may prevent them from enhancing their capabilities and reaching their full potential.

How may the factor; *Climate and climate change* influence health status and human development globally?

-/Rainfalls patterns:/ These affect the supply of fresh water, which reduces the amount available for drinking and increases the risk of waterborne diseases. -/Rising temperatures:/ A rise in temperature can decrease the production of staple foods int he poorest regions, increasing rates of malnutrition. Human development can be negatively affected through reduced opportunities for trade. -/Communicable diseases such as malaria:/ These can spread to areas that have not been susceptible in the past due to changing environmental conditions. Many of these communities lack the health infrastructure to deal with this problem.

How may the factor; *Housing* influence health status and human development globally?

-/Water and sanitation/: As well as drinking, water is required for food preparation, bathing and washing clothes and dishes. Without adequate water and sanitation, the standard of hygiene can decrease and the house can become a breeding ground for disease and pests, which can lead to ill health. -/Ventilation and indoor air pollution:/ Many houses rely on solid fuels such as coal and woof for indoor heating but do not have adequate ventilation, such as chimneys, and therefore have high levels of indoor air pollution which increases the risk of pneumonia among children under give years, and chronic respiratory disease and lung cancer among adults. Chronic disease can impact on opportunities that people have including education and employment, which can decrease levels of human development. -/Heating and cooling:/ Many communities live in areas that are subject to extreme temperatures. If there is a lack of insulation and/or heating and cooling, there is an increased risk of death from pre-existing health problems (such as heart conditions) as the body attempts to maintain body temperature. The type of heating (such as solid fuels) can also increase the risk of respiratory diseases. -/Accidents due to dangers within the households:/ Living in houses that are not in a good state of repair can lead to accidents such as falls. -/food storage and cooking facilities:/ Having access to these resources allows individuals to have a more reliable food supply than someone lacking such facilities.

Describe SDG 6; Safe water and sanitation

-Clean water is essential for good health and survival. Every day each person requires 20-50 litres of water for drinking, cooking and hygiene. -Sanitation refers to the safe disposal of human urine and faeces, as well as the maintenance of hygienic conditions through garbage collection and the disposal of wastewater. This goal aims to: -Achieve universal and equitable access to safe, affordable and sustainable supply of drinking water. -Enable access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all. -Support the participation of local communities in water and sanitation management.

How may the factor; *physical infrastructure* influence health status and human development globally?

-Dangerous roads, flooded bridges or towns, malfunction of the water, electricity or gas supply and crashes of communication systems can all prevent communities accessing resources such as food, water and electricity, which are required for optimal health. Reduced access to education, employment, social activities and health care lowers the standard of living and affects human development.

Describe the reasons why SDG 8 is important

-Decent work and full and productive employment allows people to earn an income and improve their standard of living. -Decent work promotes dignity and a sense of pride. -Women, young people and those with disability continue to be discriminated against and are less likely to enjoy full employment. -Youth unemployment is three times higher than the rate for adults. -Economic growth is the only way to eradicate poverty.

Describe SDG 8; Decent work and economic growth.

-Decent work is productive work for women and men in conditions of freedom, equality security and human dignity. It involves opportunities for work that deliver a fair income; provide security in the work place and social protection for workers and their families. -Economic growth refers to an increase in the amount of goods and services produced per head of the population over time. The aim of this aim is to: -Enable sustained per capita grow and productivity. -Achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all, including young people and person's with disabilities, ensuring equal for work or equal value -End forced labour, slavery and human trafficking and end all forms of child labour, including the recruitment and use of child soldiers.

What are the reasons SDG 5 is important?

-Education and empowering women increases their chances of getting a job, staying healthy and participating in society. Women's empowerment brings about improvements in children's health. -Educating women and girls is important for economic growth and ending poverty. -Educated mothers have fewer and healthier children, they are 50 per cent more likely to immunise their children than uneducated mothers, and their children have a 40 per cent higher survival rate. -Educated girls marry later, are less likely to experience sexual violence, and are more likely to be able to protect themselves from HIV/AIDS and other diseases. -Women are still underrepresented in many aspects of political, economic and public life. -One in three women has been subject to physical or sexual violence.

How may the factor; *Education* influence health status and human development globally?

-Education promotes literacy, which can lead to higher socioeconomic status, including stable employment and income. This in turn improves access to essentials such as food, shelter and health care which improves health status by lowering morbidity levels. -Educated people are more likely to have an understanding of health promotion messages and take notice of them this improves health status globally as women are less likely to catch diseases therefore reducing the mortality rate of women across the world if they are educated. -Access to knowledge to a key component of human development and allows people to communicate effectively, which empowers them and gives them greater opportunities to participate in society. It also can break the cycle of poverty and ill health that many individuals, families and societies struggle against. -Educated women are more likely to have healthier children. They are more likely to adopt health-promoting behaviours such as having their children immunised and implementing methods to reduce the transmission of infectious diseases (decreased U5MR). -Educated women are more likely to have fewer children. This means that the children they do have generally have more opportunities and access to resources such as education, food and health care, contributing to higher levels of health status (lower morbidity and under 5 mortality rate) and human development.

Describe SDG 4; Quality education

-Ensuring that females and males have equal access to high quality pre-primary, primary, secondary and tertiary education and develop the vocational skills needed for employment. Quality education includes: -Learners who are healthy, well-nourished and ready to learn. -Healthy, safe and inclusive learning environments, -Content that provides life skills including numeracy, literacy and in areas such as gender, health, peace and nutrition. -Highly trained teachers -Outcomes that are linked to positive participation in society.

Describe the SDG 5; Gender equality

-Gender equality refers to the situation where women and men have the same level of power and control over all aspects of their lives. This goal seeks to: -End discrimination against females in all areas of political, economic and social life -End violence against women and girls in all its forms, including human trafficking and sexual exploitation. -Eliminate harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage and female genital mutilation. -Ensure women's full and effective participation and equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of decision making in political, economic and public life. -Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health -Adopt policies and legislation that supports gender equality and empowerment of women. .

What are the reasons why SDG 4 is important?

-Huge numbers of children and youth are not in school and large numbers of adults, two thirds of whom are women, cannot read or write. -Children have not learn basic skills despite being at school for four years. -Four in ten young women and men aged 15-24 do not have a job. -124 million children are not enrolled in school either due to lack of access financially and or geographically or conflict and displacement.

What are reasons why SDG2 is important?

-Hunger and malnutrition are the biggest contributors to child mortality, causing preventable deaths in children under 5 -Hunger weakens the immune system and hungry children are more likely to suffer from diseases such as pneumonia, measles, malaria and diarrhoea. -One in four children are stunted and one in seven children are underweight.

How may the factor; *peace and political stability* influence health status and human development globally?

-Loss of lives and injuries that occur during conflict increase mortality and morbidity rates. -Developing countries are often not in an economic position to sustain a war effort and provide basic resources to their citizens. The physical environment can be destroyed, which can limit access to supplies such as food and services such as health care. As a result, malnutrition is increased and conditions that may have been treatable during peaceful times, such as injuries and infections, are left untreated impacting on health status. -/Breakdown of law and order:/ Resources are often directed at fighting off challenges for power, leaving a country relatively lawless. This impacts on the daily life of the community, which affects human development. Anxiety levels can rise if people don't feel safe, which affects mental health. -/Trade restrictions and economic turmoil:/ The UN or individual countries may place trade restrictions on countries that are being governed illegally, causing economic hardship. -/unemployment:/ Rates of unemployment increase as the economy is strained. Poverty increases, limiting access to health promoting resources such as education, nutritious food, safe water and health care. -/Disruption to education:/ education systems also suffer as a result of economic and social breakdown. This reduces access to knowledge and the ability of people to develop to their full potential. -/Lack of health care:/ The health system may have its funds withheld, meaning basic levels of health care are not available. Health status can be reduced as people cannot receive basic treatment. Immunisation programs may be stalled, increasing child mortality rates.

How may the factor; *Physical environment* influence health status and human development globally?

-Many diseases are waterborne and transmit easily from the water source to the individual. Lack of sanitation infects water sources and leads to an increased rate of infectious diseases, such as diarrhoea, cholera and typhoid. -In communities where water is not available, it is often women who have to trek long distances to collect water and then carry it back. They may have to make this trip many times in one day, which reduces their ability to look after their children and pursue education or paid employment, and contributes significantly to the development of physical ailments such as musculoskeletal conditions. -Recurring illness from contaminated water can prevent children from reaching their full potential as education is interrupted.

What are the reasons that SDG 6 is important?

-Not all people worldwide have access to clean water. -Almost 1000 children daily die from diarrhoea caused by contaminated water and poor sanitation. Many others suffer from diseases such as intestinal worms, trachoma, cholera, Hep A and typhoid. -Lack of access to clean water and sanitation is also a major contributor to malnutrition and poverty. -Every US$1 spent on sanitation brings a $5.50 return by keeping people healthy and productive. -Billions of people lack access to sanitation facilities, such as toilets or latrines, people are going to the toilet in open spaces where it can end up in waterways.

What are the reasons why SDG 16 is important?

-People are currently living outside the protection of the law. tHey can be forced to leave their land and be denied access to healthcare and education. -Many people have no legal identity, as their birth was never registered, meaning they have no legal power. -Terrorism and violence cause death, injury and displacement. -Conflict destroys communities and infrastructure, disrupts markets, and see's available money being allocated towards buying arms rather than being used to provide education, health and social welfare. -Corruption is common in many developing countries.

Describe SDG 3; Good Health and wellbeing

-The goal intends to promote physical and mental health and wellbeing, and extend life expectancy by addressing the major causes of morbidity and mortality in developed and developing countries. -The goals aim is to reduce maternal mortality; prevent deaths of newborns and those under-five; end epidemics of communicable diseases; reduce the incidence of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes; and reduce the burden of disease associated with drug and alcohol misuse and road traffic accidents.

Describe SDG 16; Peace, justice and strong institutions.

-This goal is about building peaceful and inclusive societies that respect human rights. It is about reducing all forms of violence, strengthening laws, promoting human rights and working with governments and communities to find sustainable solutions to conflict. -Institutions relate to the rules, laws and government entities, as well as the informal rules of social interactions that exist within countries. Examples include the judicial and police institutions. The aim of the goal is to: -Reduce all forms of violence and related deaths. -End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against children. -Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels -reduce corruption -Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in global governance. -provide legal identify for all, including birth registration.

How may the factor; *Access to health care* influence health status and human development globally?

Being able to access health workers can assist int he prevention of disease (through immunisation and education) and can make available treatments for a range of conditions. -From a young age, most Australians are immunised against a range of conditions that kill many people in the developing world. Without this level of immunisation, diseases spread much faster and affect many more people, lowering life expectancy. High levels of disease prevent many children form accessing education and developing to their full potential, which affects human development levels. -Access to health care during pregnancy and childbirth is critical for the health of mothers and children. There are many complications that can arise during this period and skilled health care workers can significantly decrease the rates of maternal and infant mortality.

How does SDG8 promote sustainable human development and global health?

By achieving clean water and sanitation, many waterborne diseases such as cholera may be avoided. This may decrease the incidence of cholera and infant mortalities. By having safe drinking water and decreasing the incidence of cholera, more people may be able to attend schools and work because they are well. This may help enhance their skills and capabilities, which can also lead to a better standard of living. By having increased quality of water, which may lead to better educational outcomes, more people can pass on skills and knowledge (e.g. better health practices and literacy) to others. This may provide future generations with the skills and knowledge to avoid ill-health from waterborne diseases such as cholera, because they are aware of preventative measures (e.g. washing hands).

How may the factor; *Global marketing- Alcohol* influence health status and human development globally?

Global alcohol consumption has increased in recent decades, with most or all of this increase occurring in developing countries. Like tobacco companies, alcohol manufacturers are increasingly marketing their products towards people in developing countries. -Alcohol use is associated with deaths and the impact if alcohol use will increase in developing countries if this trend continues. Alcohol is a significant health concern in Australia despite education and public awareness campaigns relating to alcohol misuse. -Developing countries experiencing an increase in alcohol consumption are often those that have no cultural relationship with alcohol consumption and lack the resources to education the population about alcohol, control alcohol consumption and care for those suffering the negative effects associated with excessive drinking, such as liver disease, cardiovascular disease and cancer. -Alcohol use can dominate people's lives, which decreases the opportunities for them to develop to their full potential and to lead productive lives. If money is spent on alcohol, there may be less available to spend on food, clothing and shelter. This directly impacts on the standard of living and decreases human development.

How may the factor; *income* influence health status and human development globally?

If a country has a lower income (GNI) there will be higher rates of poverty. The cycle of poverty is often difficult to break. Poverty is defined in terms of income and impacts on health and human development through: - With an increased income people are able to /contribute to the country's economy/ and the government can then develop infrastructure -Income allows people to have /access to resources/, nutrition, health care, education, medication, decent housing, employment and sometimes water that promote health. -/Higher rates of malnutrition/: Generally the result of an inability to afford nutritious food. Malnutrition decreases immune function, which increases the risk of infection, and reduces the ability for individuals to reach their potential which impacts on human development. -/Higher rates of maternal mortality/: Poverty usually results in an inability to pregnant women to afford health care, nutritious food and education. All of these factors contribute to higher rates of maternal morality. -/Higher U5MR:/ Immunisation, adequate food intake, access to clean water and access to health care are often out of reach for those living in poverty, increasing childhood deaths. -/Lower levels of literacy:/ Reduced access to education results in lower literacy rates. This reduces opportunities for employment, which decreases opportunities for people to reach their full potential.

What are factors that influence health and human development in developing countries.

Income Gender equality Education Peace/Political stability Access to health care Global marketing Physical environment

How may the factor; *Global marketing- processed foods* influence health status and human development globally?

Many people in developing countries have neglected their traditional diets, which are often low in fat, for Westernised foods. These are often high in fat, salt and/or sugar and contribute to a more energy-dense diet. This is contributing to an increased incidence of lifestyle diseases such as obesity, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Processed foods contribute to the high rates of overweight, obesity and related conditions such as cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes in Australia. -These causes of burden of disease are on the rise in developing countries. Higher rates of obesity will result in higher rates of the associated health conditions including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and diabetes. -Many low and middle income developing countries now face a *'double burden of disease'*. They are still experiencing high rates of malnutrition and other conditions associated with poverty in addition to high rates of conditions associated with wealth such as obesity and cardiovascular disease. -Quite often, the effects of obesity and malnutrition exist side by side in the same community. Chronic disease associated with a high intake of processed foods also impacts on *human development*. For example, people with diabetes or CVD may not be able to earn an income, which reduces their standard of living and may prevent them from leading productive lives.

Define sustainability

Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

What is the World Health mortality strata?

The World Health Organisation classifies countries into five mortality strata based on the mortality rates of children under five years of age and adult males aged 19-59. The five strata are: Mortality strata A- Very low child mortality and very low/low adult mortality B- Low child mortality and low adult mortality C- Low child mortality and high adult mortality D- High child mortality and high adult mortality E- High child mortality and very high adult mortality

What are the details of the three dimensions and the four indicators used to determine the human development index (HDI)?

The three dimensions are health, education and living standards. The indicator of health is life expectancy at birth; An indication of how long a person can expect to live; it is the number of years remaining to a person at birth if death rates do not change. The indicators of education are mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling. Mean years of schooling is the average number of years of education achieved by those aged 25 years and over. Expected years of schooling is the number of years of education expected for a child of school entrance age. The indicator of living standards is Gross National Income per capita. The overall income of a country after expenses owing to other countries have been paid, divided by the population of the country. Using the four indicators, the Human Development Index is a number between 0 and 1. The close to 1, the greater the level of development experienced.