Unit 4 Test

Which of the following ideas during the Cold War era is most similarly to those depicted in the political cartoon above? (nuclear war cartoon with eisenhower and kennedy: "Lets get a lock for this thing")

(A) Americans debated the merits of a large nuclear arsenal and the power of the military-industrial complex

Which of the following was an immediate result of the oil embargo?

(A) An increase in fuel prices and fuel shortages.

What are the three ideals of American foreign policy according to Williams in the passage above? (William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy, 1959)

(A) Humanitarianism, Wilsonian and Rooseveltian government by consent, and imperialism

A historian would most likely use this illustration as evidence for

(A) Increased anxiety engendered by the Cold War.

Which U.S. government stance most directly led to the situation described in the passage above? (above: Eisenhower farewell address 1961)

(A) Increased internationalism after World War II

Which of the following factors was most responsible for creating the conditions depicted in the photograph above? (student lying dead on ground on college campus which people surrounding and one girl crying)

(A) Increasing civil unrest on college campuses across America that challenged U.S. military involvement in Southeast Asia.

Which of the following most closely resembles the artist's message in the political cartoon?

(A) Leaders of the U.S. and Soviet Union struggled to balance their foreign policy goals with the threat of nuclear war

According to the passage, what connection did nuclear tests and pop culture of the 1950s have?

(A) Monster movies, which played on the fears Americans had of nuclear fallout and the effects of radiation, became more popular

Later in the reading, Bailey argues that Americans by the late 1940s had discovered that the Communist Party of Russia was "the spearhead of a world revolutionary movement that had its center in the USSR." This interpretation of the Soviet Union's aims and goals best falls under which school of historical thoughts on the Cold War?

(A) Orthodox

The statements of both Truman and Reagan share the same goal of

(A) Restraining communist military power and ideological influence

The sentiments of independence described in the passage above were most similar to those of

(A) Revolutionaries inspired by the Enlightenment in the late 18th and early 19th centuries

Which of the following events MOST directly contributed to the attitudes expressed in the cartoon above?

(A) Soviet acquisition of atomic weapons in 1949

Congress responded to the oil crisis by passing

(A) The National Maximum Speed Law, which prohibited speed limits higher than 55 mph.

Which American president below also championed "the principles of self-determination" evident in the excerpt above? (Ho Chi Minh, Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Viet-Nam)

(A) Woodrow Wilson

What other trend in literature and movies during the 1950s stemmed directly from the "heralded technological breakthroughs" of the age as well?

(A) Works of science fiction, such as On the Beach

Why was this plan essential according to policy makers at the time?

(B) America needed Europe as a trading partner

Which of the following was a major consequence of the event shown in the image above?

(B) Declining public trust in the government.

Reagan's speech best reflects which of the following developments in U.S. foreign policy?

(B) Increased assertiveness and bellicosity

Later in the reading, Williams argues that "the over-all result if these considerations is that America's humanitarian urge... is undercut-even subverted- by the way it goes about helping them." Historian's who subscribed loosely to this view of American foreign policy actions in the context of the Cold War are categorized under which school of thought?

(B) Revisionist

Which of the following was the most immediate consequences of the activity shown in the illustration? (domino theory cartoon-- dominos representing countries)

(B) The U.S. tried to contain the spread of communism during the Cold War.

In a later passage (p.xxxvi), Rabe states that "U.S. Cold War leaders committed several grave errors" in its dealings with Latin American countries during the Cold War. All of the following are "grave errors" identified by Rabe EXCEPT

(B) The United States took a patronizing attitude towards Latin America, a break from the past in which relations based on mutual respect had existed between the United States and other nations in the Western Hemisphere.

Gaddis' main criticism of Cold War historians in the passage above is that... (John Lewis Gaddis, The United States and the Origins of Cold War, 1941-1947)

(B) Their interpretations are too narrow and do not take into account the variety of factors which influenced each nation's actions.

What two factors does Zinn believe were most responsible for the outcome of the Vietnam War?

(B) Vietnamese commitment to prosecuting and winning the war, and antiwar dissent towards the war in the U.S.

In the passage above, where does Rabe place most of the blame for the "cycle of violence" in these three countries? (Stephen Rabe, "Introduction," from The Killing Zone, 2007)

(B) anti-Communist forces operating in Guatemala, El Salvador, and Nicaragua

Which of the following groups or movements was most directly inspired by the event in the photograph?

(C) American artists and musicians who became increasingly outspoken American involvement in Southeast Asia.

The reasoning expressed in the previous passage most directly reflects which of the following continuities in U.S. history?

(C) Debates about the balance between liberty and security

The political cartoon was produced in reaction to events centered in what part of the world?

(C) Latin America

Which president focused his foreign policy specifically on preventing the vision above?

(C) Lyndon Johnson

Which country below was not threatened by the spread of communism after the Second World War?

(C) Mexico.

Gaddis later goes on to state that the Cold War "grew out of a complicated interaction of external and internal developments inside both the U.S. and the S.U." Cold War historians who subscribe to Gaddis' interpretation of the causes of the Cold War are categorized under which school of thought?

(C) Postrevisionist

In this illustration, Bert the Turtle advises finding (From Duck and Cover, civil defense film, 1951)

(C) Shelter from atomic bombs

In the passage above, Bailey is referring to what became known as...("America Faces Russia" 1950-Thomas A. Bailey)

(C) The Marshall Plan

Which of the following interpretations is most closely aligned with Bailey's argument in America Faces Russia?

(C) The breakdown of postwar peace was the result of Soviet expansionism in the immediate years following World War II, specifically Stalin's violation of promises made at Yalta and the spread of communism in Eastern Europe.

Truman issued the doctrine primarily in order to

(D) Bolster (support) noncommunist nations, particularly in Europe

Choose the statement below which is most accurate. (Howard Zinn, "The Impossible Victory: Vietnam," from A People's History of the United States, 1980)

(D) Both Zinn and Sulzberger agree that America was defeated in the Vietnam War.

Which of the following interpretations is most closely aligned with Williams' argument in The Tragedy of American Diplomacy?

(D) Despite its rhetoric, America has been, throughout its history, fundamentally an empire-building nation, and is far from blameless in the state of the Cold War.

The image above was likely created in support of

(D) Direct and indirect American military confrontations to stop the spread of communism.

The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) imposed an oil embargo

(D) In retaliation for U.S. support of Israel during the Yom Kippur War.

Rabe attaches a number of caveats to his "thesis that lists the people of Latin America as casualties of U.S. Cold War policies" (p.xxxvii). All of the following are addressed by Rabe EXCEPT

(D) Most Latin American governments during the Cold War were left-leaning, challenging the view that Right-wing anti-Communist forces were successfully aided by the United States.

Which of the following from the first half of the 20th century mostly closely resembles the argument raised in the previous passage?

(D) Reasons for U.S. entry into World War I

Of the following, which is mentioned in the passage above?

(D) The Blob

Participants in which earlier conflict would most closely identify with the sentiments of the excerpt above?

(D) The Philippine Insurrection following the Spanish-American War.

Before this section in the text, Zinn devotes several pages to an exploration of the findings of the Pentagon Papers, which he believes prove that...

(D) The decision making of the Johnson administration was clearly influenced by antiwar protestors at home.

Which action from the second half of the 20th century most clearly supports the position stated in the passage above?

(D) Vietnam era protests

Which of the following interpretations is most closely aligned with Gaddis' argument in the The United States and the Origins of Cold War, 1941-1947?

A) Neither side can bear sole responsibility for the onset of the Cold War, though U.S. policymakers were more constrained in their actions than their Soviet counterparts.