Unit 5 Concept Quiz

Glocalism

"a complex dynamic involving the interaction of the global and local" interdependent and interconnected characterized by cultural borrowing

Consumerism

"global capitalists are developing homogeneous global products targeting especially the young and wealthy throughout the world, as well as turning children into avid consumers from a very early age"

Homogeneity

"homogenized popular culture underwritten by a Western 'culture industry' based in New York, Hollywood, London, Paris, and Milan" everything becoming the same

Westernization

An adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions (politics, economy, technology, language, law and lifestyle) of Western—especially European or American—countries

Diaspora/ Diasporic

A spreading out of a people from their place of origin

Cultural Borrowing

taking ideas and practices from another culture, ethic group or religion

Indiginezation

the action or process of bringing something under the control, dominance, or influence of the people native to an area

Genocide

the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation -the deliberate elimination of a group (such as Jews in Nazi Germany, Muslims in Bosnia, or Tutsi in Rwanda) through mass murder

Culture

"Referring to patterns of meaning and ways of life, it is frequently used to describe the whole of human experience" "the symbolic construction, articulation, and dissemination of meaning. Given that language, music, and images constitute the major forms of symbolic expression, they assume special significance for the dynamics of cultural interactions."

Americanization

"ruthless homogenizing force spreading the logic of Anglo-American capitalism and Western values at the expense of local and national cultures has become very influential" -Western norms and lifestyles are overwhelming more vulnerable cutlures -"cultural imperialism" -" Francis Fukuyama explicitly welcomes the global spread of Anglo-American values and lifestyles, equating the Americanization of the world with the desirable expansion of democracy and free markets"

McDonalidization

"the wide-ranging sociocultural processes by which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as the rest of the world" -routine operation of fast food service establishments undermine the expressions and forms of cultural diversity

Descent

-assigns social identity on the basis of ancestry the system by which members of a society trace kinship over generations

Political Identities

-direct consequence of the process of state formation -historical, not primordial -institutionally durable as opposed to being available for instant manipulation by those in power or seeking power -distinctive characteristics or group associations that individuals carry and that hold for those individuals' social connections or common values and interests with others in that group

settler vs native

-settlers have more resources, weapons and use violence to subdue natives settler colonization led to land deprivation, dominating native populations and

Multiculturalism

-view of cultural diversity in a country as something good and desirable -seeks ways for people to understand and interact that depend not on sameness but rather on respect for differences -stresses the interaction of ethnic groups and their contribution to the country. It assumes that each group has something to offer to and learn from the others -A multicultural society socializes individuals not only into the dominant (national) culture but also into an ethnic one

Ethnocide

A dominant group may try to destroy certain ethnic practices Forms of discrimination against ethnic groups include genocide

Race

A group of human beings distinguished by physical traits, -phenotypical differences -ascribed When an ethnic group is assumed to have a biological basis (distinctively shared "blood" or genes), it is called

Ethnicity

A social division based on national origin, religion, language, and often race. -self identify with certain culture

Anthropological Perspective

Comparative: comparison of cultural systems with many interwoven elements to show normalcy as cultural and historically contingent (vs. natural) Holistic: understand human societies as complete systems Empirical: direct observation and data collection Evolutionary: all cultures continuously evolve by adapting to change (stability not granted) Relativistic

Relativistic

Methodological Relativism: all social practices as data of the same type -institutions that serve particular social functions in specific times and place and that are embedded in complex webs of meaning Theoretical Relativism: assumption that all human actions make rational sense when understood in their own contexts

Ethnic cleansing

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

Culture

Symbolic- humans understand and manipulate the world using symbols such as words, gestures, and clothes Learned- formal or informal. enculturation is the process by which members of society pass on culture to new generations Adaptive- culture is not only capable, but is always in the process of change; all cultural systems change over time in response to shifts and context; culture does not cease to be culture because it adapts Shared- culture involves a shared understanding of symbols and their meaning that allows us to communicate, cooperate, and predict and understand one another's actions

Isomorphic

similar in form and relations refers to different types of flows

Homogeneization

argument that global cultures become more similar argument subspeciates into either an argument about Americanization or an argument about commoditization, and very often the two arguments are closely linked

Racial classification

ascribed, racial group someone is placed in based on observable phenotypes

Ascribed Status

a position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life - people have no choice about occupying this status -age, race, gender

Globalization of languages

a process by which some languages are increasingly used in international communication while others lose their prominence and even disappear for lack of speakers 1. Number of languages: The declining number of languages in different parts of the world points to the strengthening of homogenizing cultural forces. 2. Movements of people: People carry their languages with them when they migrate and travel. Migration patterns affect the spread of languages. 3. Foreign language learning and tourism: Foreign language learning and tourism facilitate the spread of languages beyond national or cultural boundaries. 4. Internet languages: The Internet has become a global medium for instant communication and quick access to information. Language use on the Internet is a key factor in the analysis of the dominance and variety of languages in international communication. 5. International scientific publications: International scientific publications, both online and print, contain the languages of global intellectual discourse, thus critically impacting intellectual communities involved in the production, reproduction, and circulation of knowledge around the world.

Plural society

a society combining ethnic contrasts, ecological specialization (i.e., use of different environmental resources by each ethnic group), and the economic interdependence of those groups Ideally, they should depend on one another's activities and exchange with one another -When different ethnic groups exploit the same ecological niche, the militarily more powerful group usually will replace the weaker one.

Mediascapes

both media- newspaper, TV, station, film production - images, narratives, created in films

Deterritorialization

brings laboring populations into the lower-class sectors and spaces of relatively wealthy societies, while sometimes creating exaggerated and intensified senses of criticism or attachment to politics in the home state

Achieved Status

come through choices, actions, effons, talents, or accomplishments and may be positive or negative -professor, felon, father, salesperson

Social Identity

comes from our group memberships -different social identities are statuses -can occupy multiple at the same time -parent, teacher, Republican -achieved and ascribed statuses

Ecumenes

community that shares something

Consumer Fetishism

consumer has been transformed though commodity flows and is consistently made to believe that they are an actor who is choosing

Levels of Culture

culture is deeper than what is seen -Cultural Practices: everyday activities, language, food, music -Cultural Logic: rationales and explanations for those practices -Worldview: assumptions people share about how the world works

Ideoscapes

diaspora of terms, discourses, and images, diaspora of intellectuals; freedom, democracy, nation

Constructed Ethnicities/ Constructed Primordialism

discourse of nation tries to trace to original community -mythology of common ancestry ties nation together -nations build shared community through everyday practices

Racism

discrimination against an ethnic group is assumed to have a biological basis

Financescapes

disposition of global capital= role of transformation of economic practices

Hybridity/Cultural Hybridization

effort to maintain a sense of balance among practices and customs of two or more different cultures refers to the mixing of cultural elements

Technoscapes

global configuration of mechanical and informational technologies - way people produce, work , and behave politically

Hypodescent

it automatically places children of mixed unions in the group of' their minority parent (hypo means "lower") -hypodescent divides American society into groups that have been unequal in their access to wealth, power, and prestige

Fetishism of Production

locality becomes a fetish that disguises globally dispersed forces that actually drive production process

Prejudice

means devaluing (looking down on) a group because of its assumed behavior, values, capabilities or attribute -hold stereotypes about groups and apply them to individuals

Place-bigamists

people whose enhanced mobility allows them to feel at home in more than just one place

Enculturation

process by which members of a society pass on culture to new generations -formal (institutional) -informal (watching, listening, participating) -embodiment:the representation or expression of something in a tangible or visible form

Phenotype

refers to an organism's evident traits, its "manifest and physiology. Humane display hundreds of evident (detectable) physical traits. They range from skin color, hair form, eye color. and facial features (which are visible) to blood groups, colorblindness, and enzyme production (which become evident through testing)

Cultural Colonialism

refers to internal domination by one group and its culture or ideology over others. One example is the domination over the former Soviet empire by Russian people, language, and culture and by communist ideology. The dominant culture makes itself the official culture. This is reflected in schools, the media, and public interaction. o flood ethnic areas with members of the dominant ethnic group.

Discrimination

refers to policies and practices that harm a group and its members. Discrimination may be de facto (practiced, but not legally sanctioned) or de jure (part of the law). -de facto discrimination is the harsher treatment that American minorities (compared with other Americans) tend to get from the police and the judicial system. This unequal treatment isn't legal, but it happens anyway. -segregation and apartheid

Separatism vs Majoritarianism

separatism- group feels like they don't belong to national majority want to be separate majoritarianism- state seeks to capture idea of nationhood( battle for people's imagination against minorities) and can't tolerate any threat over their control of peoplehood ideas

Ethnic group

share certain beliefs, values, habits, customs, and norms because of their common background. They define themselves as different and special because of cultural features. -distinction may arise from language, religion, historical experience, geographic placement. kinship, or "race" -may include a collective name. belief in common descent, a sense of solidarity, and an association with a specific territory, which the group may or may not hold

Ethnoscapes

shifting ground of ethnicity (relatively stable communities, transformed by human motion)- flows of people such as tourists, migrants, refugees, diaspora communities

Cultural Flows

the flows of symbolic constructions, articulations, and dissemination of meaning through dif. expressions like language, music, and images -"Roland Robertson, for example, contends that global cultural flows often reinvigorate local cultural niches"

Racialization

the formation of a new racial identity in which new ideological boundaries of difference are drawn around a formerly unnoticed group of people

Diversity

the practice or quality of including or involving people from a range of different social and ethnic backgrounds and of different genders, sexual orientations

Assimilation

the process or change that a minority ethnic group may experience when it moves to a country where another culture dominates -minority adopts the patterns and norms of its host culture It is incorporated into the dominant culture to the point that it no longer exists as a separate cultural unit

Disjuncture of Politics, Economics, and Culture

this disjuncture is tied to the complexity of the global cultural markets, these global markets are inherently complex bc of the differences in our political ideas, finances, ethnicities, and access to technology and the media -point of views depending on what scape you see it through, you get different perspective and dif reason for these disjunctures (cultural ideas or access to tech, etc)

Heterogeneization

which means region culture was widely disseminated and accepted by other societies and cultures and meanwhile enhance the cultural diversity in local society -process of cultures becoming different from one another