UNIT 5 Notes AP Human Geography

What is the difference between clustered, dispersed, and linear settlement patterns?

Linear: lined up on either side of transportation source; road, near river, canal to have access to it Dispersed: away from others Nucleated: all ppl have houses together & probably have farms away from house

Shifting Cultivation

Products: rice, maize, jams, veg. Subsistence Climate: humid/high temp./abundant rainfall Located: tropical rainforest, S.E. Asia, Central & West Africa Pros: more land, helps fertilize soil Cons: move a lot, land decline, release CO2 into air, loss of tress= loss of O2

What are some positive consequences of the Green Revolution?

increased food production & a relative reduction in hunger at a global scale -contributed to good health of many ppl worldwide

What agricultural innovations have resulted in ongoing debates over environmental, cultural, and health impacts?

(eg biotechnology, GMOS, organic farming, aquaculture) have resulted in ongoing debates over environmental, cultural, and health impacts -fertilizers/pesticides have sparked trend of organic farming

Why were particular patterns chose? `

1. clean H20 source 2. flat/gentle land for easy building 3. low altitude-high one may not have enough o2 or fertile land 4. good natural drainage 5. not natural hazards

How do humans alter the landscape to increase food production?

1. terrances 2. irrigation. 3. Deforestation 4. Draining wetlands

What is in each ring of thunen model? (4)

1. Dairy and market garden- quick transportation, costly land small place 2. Forest- need short transportation b.c heavy 3. Grains and Field crops- lots of land, crops not fragile or perishable 4. Ranching and livestock- no need to transport animals walk, easy transport, huge amounts of cheap land

How did the Green Revolution begin, and how did farming change as a result of the Green Revolution?

Began w/ the development of high-yield seeds (e.g. rice, wheat, maiz) resulting in the increased use of chemical and mechanized farming -use of higher-yield seeds & expanded use of fertilizers. Miracle seed diffused fast and many countries recording dramatic productivity increases

How are environmental systems affected by land use/land cover change?

Environmental systems are affected by land use/land cover change (eg irrigation , desertification, deforestatioin, wetland, dertuction, conservation, efforts

How does von Thunen's model explain the contemporary distribution of agricultural regions, horticulture, and wheat?

Farmers makes profit by growing wheat on land located less than 10,00o km from market. Beyond 10,000 km, wheat is not profitable b/c cost of transporting it exceeds gross profit, Demonstrate farmers located closer to maker tend to select crops w. higher transportation $ per hectare of output, whereas more distant farmers are likely to select crops that can be transported less expensively

How do markets, economies of scale, tranportation, and gov't policies affec the location of food-processing facilities?

Markets- von thunen w/ the correlation of product to market. Ex: specialized crops need to be close to market in order to ensure profitability Economies of scale- more produced=cheaper production cost, there are some areas where transportation and operating costs are too expensive to make a profit Transportation- some factors (ex: perishability) of a product affects the cost of transportation) Gov't policies- subsidies affect location by making it more attractive to be located in a certian area Ex: proccessing facility that gets low taxes they might be persuaded to mive to that aricular town

What patterns of diffusion resulted in the globalization of various plants and animals?

Patterns of diffusion (columbian exchange) resulted in globalization of various plants and animals

Organic Farming

Products: cotton, regular fruits/veg. Can be any as long as it doesn't use chemicals/GMOS Climate: mild Location: US, Argentina, Australia, Europe., India, Russia, etc Commercial and subsistence Pros: no GMOS, support healthy soil, not exposed to chemicals, food last longer, natural fertilizer, climate-friendly Cons: no subsidies, big industrialized farms, make knowledge, more observant, marketing challnge.

Livestock

Products: meat, wool, leather, eggs, & manure Pros: help eco, development, & provides raw materials Cons: degrade land, deforestation, & burns grass Commercial Location: US, Brazil, Argentina, Portugal, Spain, & Urguay Cllimate: warm

Dairy

Products: milk, cheese, ice cream no GMOS (natural) Location: Minnesota, US Climate: cold, keep dairy fresh Pros: free milk, work in any conditions Cons: stressful

Mediterranean

Products: olives, grapes, avocadoes, Commercial and subsistence Location: mostly around the Mediterranean Pros: economically high Cons: dry climate, and heavily rainfall and soil

Truck Farming

Products: tomatoes, lettuce, melons, beets, broccoli, celery, etc Commerical Climate: long growing season & humid climate Location: USA, New England, Australia, India, Europe, etc Pros: decent living, self-employment, stability/flexibility Cons: less product to sell, expensive to buy products, labor intensive

Grain

Products: what, corn, rice, rye, oats, barley, soy sauce, etc, Pros: fed ppl and livestock Cons: uses a lot of GMOS & fertilizers & take up a lot of land Can be grown in any type of climate, its annual plants Commercial

Intensive Wet Rice

Products: white rice, rice paper, rice milk, rice flour, & rice Krispies Climate: tropical Location: Southeast Asia Pros: no arable land is ever wasted Cons: not enough land Commerical

Where were the early hearths of domestication of plants & animals?

SW Asia, Southeast Asia, Sub-Saharan Africa, Americas Animal Hearth: SW Asia, thought to have hearth for domestication of largest # of agri animals, others include East asia, Europe, Central Asia, Central America, and Peru

Pastoralism

Subsistence Products: milk, hide, clothing. Do not kill animals will eat dead ones Climate: semiarid/arid Location: Central, East & SW Asia, & N. Africa Pros: Practical way to survive on not arable land Cons: always on the move

How are agricultural regions influenced by the natural environment?

b/c depending on climate/vegetation/season time it can affect what can be grown where -one factor that conributes to diff types of agriculture is climate, soil, and land forms

nucleated pros/cons

better commun united trading easier easy to defend travel a lot to farm disease spreads easily

Nucleated= ? Dispersed= ?

clustered scattered

What are some negative consequences of the Green Revolution?

environmental damage resulting from irrigation & chemical use (e.g. pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers) and the cost of technology and seed -failed to provide famine relief for ppl in sub-Saharan africa b/c lack of resources. -land is now overgrazed by animals and soils have been exhausted from overplanting, which led to desertification w/ Saharan desert. Continues to claim more land space, soil erosion has become a problem

Linear pros/cons

good equal access to certain resources organized neat receive aid from ppl next to you hard to communicate little privacy

What are 3 things assumed with the thunen model

isolation- only one market area ubiquitous land characteristics- flat land. uniform fertility transportation-no infasturctue, old day transportation

How did new technology and increased food production improve life?

led to better diet, longer life, & more ppl available for work factories -2nd agri revolution began in w. Europe during lows which intensified agri by promoting higher yields per acre & per farmer. This preceded the Industrial Revolution making it possible to feed rapidly growing cities Better nutrition boosted England's pop., creating the 1st neccessary component for Industrial Rev

How does von Thunens model explain rural land use based on transportation costs associated with distance from the market

location, transportation costs, and land use may be applied on diff, scales. Famers in areas far away from major markets are less likely to grow highly perishable products or crops that are bulky and expensive to transport Closer to market=crops w/ higher transportation costs Farther: select crops that can transported less expensively

now places that have shifting cultivation and green revolution

look at map

Dispersed pros/cons

lots of land to farm more $ less ppl to manage in that area poor comm, less protection harder tranportation more competition

How are pattern of food production and consumption influenced by food choice issues?

patterns of food production and consumption are influenced by food choice issues (eg. organic farming, value- added speciality crops B/c ppl are worried about fertilizers/pesticides it has sparked trend of organic agr,

What are some regions of specialty farming that do not conform to von Thunens concentric ringS?

regions of speciality farming (e.g. south Florida, cali central valley) do not always conform to von thunens model. specialty crops are defined as fruits, veggies, nuts, dried, fruit, and horticulture corps. crops have limited but increase demand

Market Garden

relatively small-scale production of fruits, veggie, and flowers as cash crops

What are some environmental issues related to agriculture?

sustainability, soil degregation, reduction in biodiversity, overgrazing, river & aquifer depletion (use up all good water), animal wastes, and extensive fertilizer and pesticide use

How has the role of women changed in food business?

women are the major par of the agricultural workforce and central to food production, especially staple crops. Do more work w. less support

How has the role of women changed the types of food that a fam consumes and the way food is prepared?

women have become more involved in agri and are still restricted from certain things